M22 (星團)

M22
M22的核心
觀測資料 (J2000 曆元)
星座人馬座
赤經18h 36m 23.94s[1]
赤緯–23° 54′ 17.1″[1]
距離10.6 ± 1.0 kly(3 ± 0.3 kpc[2]
視星等 (V)+5.1[3]
視大小 (V)32 弧分
物理特徵
質量2.9×105[4] M
半徑50 ± 5 ly[5]
估計年齡12 Gyr[6]
值得注意特徵已知含有行星狀星雲的4個球狀星團之一。
其他特徵NGC 6656, GCl 99[7]
相關條目:疏散星团NGC天體表

M22梅西耶22,也稱為NGC 6656,位於人馬座,是靠近銀河系核心隆起的核球區域的橢圓形球狀星團。它是夜空中可見最明亮的球狀星團之一,可以用雙筒望遠鏡觀賞。最亮的恆星視星等為11等,使用8"望遠鏡可以解析出數百顆較亮的恆星[8]。M22的位置在星群"茶壺"的最北端,斗宿二(人馬座λ)的西北面,恰好位在黃道的南面。

觀測史

M22是亞伯拉罕·依勒英语Abraham Ihle在1665年8月26日發現的第一批球狀星團之一[2],在1764年6月5日被夏爾·梅西耶收錄到類彗星天體的目錄中。它是哈洛·沙普利在1930年首先仔細研究的第一批球狀星團之一。它發現大約有70,000顆恆星,並且有一個密集的核心[9]。之後,赫頓·阿普威廉·墨爾本英语William G. Melbourne在1959年繼續研究它[10]。由於它在紅巨星分支(RGB)有大量的色彩分布,與半人馬座ω中觀察到的相似,因此從1977年開始,它成為James E. Hesser英语James E. Hesser等人嚴格審視的天體[2][11]

性質

M22是距離地球最近的球狀星團之一,距離大約10,600光年。它跨越天空32'的弧度,相當於直徑為99±9光年;在M22中已經發現32顆變星。它投射在銀河系隆起的核球前面,因此對背景中的核球內的恆星有很好的微透鏡效果[6]

儘管它離我們相對很近,但這個貧金屬星團的光受到塵埃消光的抑制,其視星等只有5.5等,但仍是北半球中緯度地區(指歐洲和北美洲大部分地區)可見最亮的球狀星團[12]。然而,也因為它的位置偏南,在北半球可見的高度不會很高,所以不太為北半球的觀測者注意,不像同屬夏季的球狀星團M13和M5那樣令人印象深刻。

行星狀星雲

M22非常不尋常,因為它是4個包含行星狀星雲的球狀星團之一(其餘3個是M15NGC 6441帕洛瑪6。)。它是弗雷德·吉列英语Fred Gillett等人從IRAS衛星1986年的資料中發現的點光源(IRAS 18333-2357[13],吉列等人在1989年鑑定為行星狀星雲[14]。行星狀星雲中心的恆星是一顆藍星,估計這個行星狀星雲(命名為GJJC1)只有6,000年的歷史[2]

黑洞

在M22中發現兩個質量在10到20太陽質量黑洞。最初,是在新墨西哥州的電波望遠鏡甚大天線陣(VLA)發現,並在2012年得到錢卓X射線天文台的證實[15]。它們的探測表明,黑洞從星團中發射出的引力沒有之前認為的有效,並估計M22內總共有5到100個不同數量黑洞的推測[16]。恆星和黑洞之間的相互作用可以解釋星團異常大的核心[16]

圖集

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Goldsbury, Ryan; et al. The ACS Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. X. New Determinations of Centers for 65 Clusters. The Astronomical Journal. December 2010, 140 (6): 1830–1837. Bibcode:2010AJ....140.1830G. arXiv:1008.2755可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1830. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Monaco, L.; Pancino, E.; Ferraro, F. R.; Bellazzini, M. Wide-field photometry of the Galactic globular cluster M22. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2004, 349 (4): 1278–1290. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.349.1278M. arXiv:astro-ph/0401392可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07599.x. 
  3. ^ Galactic Globular Clusters Database (M22). [2020-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-03). 
  4. ^ Marks, Michael; Kroupa, Pavel. Initial conditions for globular clusters and assembly of the old globular cluster population of the Milky Way. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. August 2010, 406 (3): 2000–2012. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.406.2000M. arXiv:1004.2255可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16813.x.  Mass is from MPD on Table 1.
  5. ^ From trigonometry: radius = distance × sin( diameter_angle / 2 ) = 50 ly
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Gaudi, B. Scott. Interpreting the M22 Spike Events. Astrophysical Journal. 2002, 566 (1): 452–462. Bibcode:2002ApJ...566..452G. arXiv:astro-ph/0108301可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/338041. 
  7. ^ M 22. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心. [2006-11-15]. 
  8. ^ Burnham's Celestial Handbook, vol.3, p.1594-1599
  9. ^ Shapley, Harlow. The Mass-Spectrum Relation for Giant Stars in the Globular Cluster Messier 22. Harvard College Observatory Bulletin. 1930, 874: 4–9. Bibcode:1930BHarO.874....4S. 
  10. ^ Arp, H. C.; Melbourne, W. G. Color-magnitude diagram for the globular cluster M22. Astronomical Journal. 1959, 64: 28. Bibcode:1959AJ.....64...28A. doi:10.1086/107848. 
  11. ^ Hesser, J. E.; Hartwick, F. D. A.; McClure, R. D. Cyanogen strengths and ultraviolet excesses of evolved stars in 17 globular clusters from DDO photometry. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 1977, 33: 471. Bibcode:1977ApJS...33..471H. doi:10.1086/190438. 
  12. ^ Ivans, I.; Sneden, C.; Wallerstein, G.; Kraft, R. P.; Norris, J. E.; Fulbright, J. P. & Gonzalez, G. On the Question of a Metallicity Spread in Globular Cluster M22 (NGC 6656). Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana. 2004, 75: 286. Bibcode:2004MmSAI..75..286I. 
  13. ^ Gillett, F. C.; Neugebauer, G.; Emerson, J. P.; Rice, W. L. IRAS 18333-2357 – an unusual source in M22. Astrophysical Journal. 1986, 300: 722–728. Bibcode:1986ApJ...300..722G. doi:10.1086/163846. 
  14. ^ Cohen, J. G.; Gillett, F. C. The peculiar planetary nebula in M22 (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 1989, 346: 803–807 [2020-08-17]. Bibcode:1989ApJ...346..803C. doi:10.1086/168061. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-09-23). 
  15. ^ Gary, Stuart. Astronomers discover twin black holes. ABC Science News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 4 October 2012 [5 October 2012]. (原始内容存档于2013-08-14). 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Strader, J.; Chomiuk, L.; MacCarone, T. J.; Miller-Jones, J. C. A.; Seth, A. C. Two stellar-mass black holes in the globular cluster M22. Nature. 2012, 490 (7418): 71–73. Bibcode:2012Natur.490...71S. PMID 23038466. arXiv:1210.0901可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/nature11490. 

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