環狀星雲

环状星云
發射星雲
行星状星云
M57,環狀星雲(哈伯太空望遠鏡)
Credit: NASA/STScI/AURA
觀測資料: J2000 epoch
赤经18h 53m 35.079s[1]
赤纬+33° 01′ 45.03″[1]
距離2567±115[1] 光年   (787±35[1] 秒差距)
视星等 (V)8.8[2]
視尺度(V)230″ × 230″[3]
星座天琴座
物理性質
半径1.3+0.8
−0.4
[a] ly
絕對星等 (V)−0.2+0.7
−1.8
[b]
值得注意的特徵-
名稱M 57、[1] NGC 6720、[1] GC 4447。
相關條目:星雲列表

環狀星雲M 57NGC 6720)是位於北半球天琴座的一個行星狀星雲[4]。這種天體是紅巨星在成為白矮星之前的演化過程中的最後階段,將氣體殼驅逐到周圍並電離所形成的天體。

歷史

這個星雲是法國天文學家查爾斯·梅西耶在1779年1月下旬搜尋彗星時發現的。兩週後,關於梅西耶獨立發現波德彗星(C/1779 A1)的報告傳到了法國天文學家安托萬·達奎爾·德·佩萊波瓦的手中,隨後,他在追跡彗星的過程中獨立地重新發現了這個星雲。達爾基耶後來報導說,它「……和木星一樣大,就像一顆正在消失的行星」(這可能是長久以來使用「行星狀星雲」這個術語的原因)[5]。梅西耶將它編入梅西耶目錄,作為第57個天體。梅西耶和德國出生的天文學家威廉·赫歇爾推測,該星雲是由多顆微弱的恆星形成的,但這些恆星無法用他們的望遠鏡解析[6][7]

在1800年,德國天文學家弗里德里希·馮·哈恩宣佈,他幾年前發現了環狀星雲的核心有顆微弱的中央恒星。他還注意到環的內部發生了變化,他再也找不到中央的恆星[8]。在1864年,英國業餘天文學家威廉·哈金斯檢查了多個星雲的光譜,發現了一些這類的天體,包括M57,有一些明亮的發射線,是發出螢光的發光氣體。哈京斯得出結論,大部分的行星狀星雲不是由不能解析的恆星組成,而之前都懷疑它們不是雲氣[9][10]。在1886年,匈牙利天文學家尤金·馮·戈達德(英語:Eugene von Gothard)首度拍攝到環狀星雲的第一張照片[8]

觀測

M57(黑色圓圈)在天琴座的位置。

M57位於構成夏季大三角星群西北頂角明亮的織女星南方。星雲位於天琴座β天琴座γ之間,距離β40%處[11],使它成為業餘天文學家極易找到的目標[12]

星雲盤面只有1.5 × 1 角分s的大小,因此無法用10 × 50 的雙筒望遠鏡解析[11]。最適合觀測的望遠鏡口徑至少要有20 cm(8英寸),但即使是口徑只有7.5 cm(3英寸)的望遠鏡也可以看出他的橢圓環形狀[12][13]。內部的孔洞可以用口徑10 cm(4英寸),100 X的放大解析出來[11]。更大的儀器將能顯示在東部和西部邊緣的幾個暗區,和盤面內部的一些暗弱的雲氣。中心恆星只有14.8等,因此難以看見[13]

性質

M57距離地球0.7 kpc(2,300光年[14],它的視星等8.8,攝影星等9.7。由過去50年拍攝的照片[15]顯示星雲的膨脹速率大約是每世紀1角秒,相當於每秒20-30公里。M57是由視星等15.75的中心白矮星或行星狀星雲核照亮[16],它的質量大約是1.2 太陽質量

這個星雲的內部全體泛著藍綠色調,這是雙電離的495.7和500.7奈米 發射譜線造成的。這些觀察到所謂的禁線只發生在每立方釐米只有幾個原子的極低密度條件。在環的外面區域,紅色部分是屬於來曼系 656.3奈米的發射譜線。電離或[N II]在654.8和658.3奈米的禁線也有助於紅色的呈現[15]

星雲結構

圖集

相關條目

註解

  1. ^ 半徑 = 距離 × sin(角直徑 / 2) = 2.3+1.5
    −0.7
     kly
    * sin(230″ / 2) = 1.3+0.8
    −0.4
     ly
  2. ^ 8.8 (視星等) − 5 × (log10(700+450
    −200
     pc
    distance / 10 pc)) = −0.2+0.7
    −1.8
    (絕對星等)

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 M 57. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心. 
  2. ^ Murdin, P. Ring Nebula (M57, NGC 6720). Paul Murdin (编). Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Institute of Physics Publishing. 2000. Bibcode:2000eaa..bookE5323.. ISBN 978-0-333-75088-9. doi:10.1888/0333750888/5323. Article ID #5323. 
  3. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为ODelletal2002的参考文献提供内容
  4. ^ Coe, Steven R. Nebulae and how to observe them. Astronomers' observing guides. Springer. 2007: 111. ISBN 1-84628-482-1. 
  5. ^ Olson, Don; Caglieris, Giovanni Maria. Who Discovered the Ring Nebula?. Sky & Telescope. June 2017: 32–7. 
  6. ^ Garfinkle, Robert A. Star-hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe. Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-521-59889-7. OCLC 37355269. 
  7. ^ Messier, Charles. Catalogue des Nébuleuses & des amas d'Étoiles. Connoissance des Temps for 1783. 1780: 225–249. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Steinicke, Wolfgang. Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue. Cambridge University Press. 2010: 42–43 [2016-04-29]. ISBN 0-521-19267-6. (原始内容存档于2016-06-12). 
  9. ^ Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine. William Huggins (February 7, 1824 – May 12, 1910). SEEDS. [2008-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-21). 
  10. ^ Huggins, W.; Miller, W. A. On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae. And On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 1863–1864, 13 (0): 491–493. JSTOR 112077. doi:10.1098/rspl.1863.0094. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Crossen, Craig; Rhemann, Gerald. Sky vistas: astronomy for binoculars and richest-field telescopes. Springer. 2004. ISBN 3-211-00851-9. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Crossen, Craig; Rhemann, Gerald. Sky Vistas: Astronomy for Binoculars and Richest-Field Telescopes. Springer. 2004. ISBN 3-211-00851-9. OCLC 52424007. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Dunlop, Storm. Atlas of the Night Sky. Collins. 2005. ISBN 0-00-717223-0. 
  14. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为Harrisetal2007的参考文献提供内容
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Karttunen, Hannu. Fundamental Astronomy. Springer. 2003: 314. ISBN 3-540-00179-4. 
  16. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为apj134的参考文献提供内容

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