苏莱曼一世(鄂圖曼土耳其語:سليمان اول;土耳其語:I. Süleyman;1494年11月6日—1566年9月6日),也译作苏里曼一世[1],是奥斯曼帝国第10位和在位时间最长的苏丹(1520年-1566年在位),并同时兼任哈里发之职[註 1]。因为苏莱曼一世的功勋,他在西方尊称为苏莱曼大帝(鄂圖曼土耳其語:محتشم سليمان、现代土耳其語:Muhteşem Süleyman,拉丁語:Suleimanus Magnificus[註 2])[2],而他因在位时完成了对奥斯曼帝国法律体系的改造,在国内和东方又称为「立法者」苏丹苏莱曼(奥斯曼土耳其文:قانونى سلطان سليمان、现代土耳其文:Kanuni Sultan Süleyman、阿拉伯语:السلطان سليمان القانوني[註 3])。
苏莱曼大帝自己也是一位颇有造诣的诗人,他用波斯语和土耳其语写作,笔名是穆希比(奥斯曼土耳其语:محبى,现代土耳其语:Muhibbi),意为爱人。苏莱曼的一些诗句已经成为土耳其语谚语,比如著名的“每个人的归宿都一样,但故事的版本多种多样”[註 4]。1543年苏莱曼的少子穆罕默德逝世,苏莱曼建造了一个活动的纪年铭文以纪念这一年:“皇子中独一无二的,我的苏丹穆罕默德。”[42][43]除苏莱曼自己的作品外,许多苏莱曼在位时期的伟大天才把文学世界变得朝气蓬勃,他们之中包括富祖里和巴基。文学史家E·J·W·吉布(E. J. W. Gibb)注意到:“没有一个时期,甚至在土耳其,对诗歌的鼓励比这位苏丹(指苏莱曼大帝)在位时更多。”[42]苏莱曼大帝最有名的诗句是:
苏莱曼大帝的遗产并不仅仅局限在军事领域。苏莱曼大帝归真一个世纪后,法国旅行家让·德泰弗诺(英语:Jean de Thévenot)亲眼目睹了“这个国家雄厚的农业基础、农民的幸福生活、充裕的主食和苏莱曼超群的政府编制。”[73]苏莱曼对行政和立法体系的改革使他赢得了“卡努尼”(“立法者”)的称号,保证了他身后的帝国国祚长久,这一成就“足够让他之后的很多代颓废的后继者坐吃山空了”[74]。
^其他语言中的“苏莱曼大帝”还有:阿拉伯语:سليمان العظيم,波斯語:سلیمان کبیر或سلیمان قدرتمند,乌尔都语:سلیمان اعظم,希臘語:Σουλεϊμάν ο Μεγαλοπρεπής,斯洛維尼亞語:Sulejman Veličastni,塞爾維亞語:Сулејман Величанствени,烏克蘭語:Сулейма́н Пи́шний,羅馬尼亞語:Soliman Magnificul,斯洛伐克語:Sulejman Skvostný,保加利亞語:Сюлейман Великолепни,波蘭語:Sulejman Wspaniały,西班牙語:Solimán el Magnífico,德語:Süleyman der Große或Süleyman der Prächtige,義大利語:Solimano il Magnifico,法語:Soliman le Magnifique,俄语:Сулейманом Великолепным,葡萄牙語:Solimão o Magnífico,英語:Suleiman the Magnificent,日语:スレイマン大帝等。
^The Encyclopedia of World History 2001,第351頁,IV. The Early Modern Period, 1500–1800 > C. The Middle East and North Africa, 1500–1800 > 2. The Middle East, 1501–1808 > a. The Ottoman Empire > 1. The Rise to World Empire:"1548–49 Suleyman's second Iranian campaign. The Ottomans occupied Tabriz and Azerbaijan again but withdrew. Their only territorial gains from two years of warfare were Van, which was organized as a province, and some forts in Georgia."
^The Encyclopedia of World History 2001,第351頁,IV. The Early Modern Period, 1500–1800 > C. The Middle East and North Africa, 1500–1800 > 2. The Middle East, 1501–1808 > a. The Ottoman Empire > 1. The Rise to World Empire:"1553–55 Suleyman's third Iranian campaign. His forces ravaged parts of Iran but failed to force a showdown with the shah's army, which withdrew into the mountains of Luristan. In the peace agreement signed at Amasya (May 29, 1555), the shah recognized the existing boundaries and promised to end his propaganda and raids into Ottoman territory."
"Throne of my lonely niche, my wealth, my love, my moonlight.
My most sincere friend, my confidant, my very existence, my Sultan, my one and only love.
The most beautiful among the beautiful…
My springtime, my merry faced love, my daytime, my sweetheart, laughing leaf…
My plants, my sweet, my rose, the one only who does not distress me in this world…
My Istanbul, my Caraman, the earth of my Anatolia
My Badakhshan, my Baghdad and Khorasan
My woman of the beautiful hair, my love of the slanted brow, my love of eyes full of mischief…
I'll sing your praises always
I, lover of the tormented heart, Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears, I am happy."
Labib, Subhi. The Era of Suleyman the Magnificent: Crisis of Orientation. International journal of Middle East studies (London: Cambridge University Press). 1979年11月, 10 (4): 435–451. ISSN 0020-7438.
Severy, Merle. The World of Süleyman the Magnificent. National geographic (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society). 1987年11月, 172 (5): 552–601. ISSN 0027-9358.
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