经济

经济学
各国人均国内生产总值地圖（2024年）
各地區經濟
经济学分支
经济学方法
学科分支
经济学
经济体系
经济意识形态
其他经济形态
经济学主题首页
此條目介紹的是一定範圍內，組織一切生产、分配、流通以及消费活動和關係的系統之總稱。关于中國原本涵意的經世濟民，请见「經世濟民」。

經濟（英語：Economy）一詞用於統稱一定範圍（國家、區域等）內，組織生產、分配、流通、消費活動和關係的系統，通常以貨幣為媒介，以財貨或服务為結果。研究經濟問題、探討經濟發展規律、解釋經濟現象成因的社會科學，稱為經濟學。

詞源

中文

主条目：經世濟民

古時以「食貨」一詞泛指經濟財政之事[1]，例如漢書以降歷代史書中的「食貨志」記載了各時代的經濟現況（漢書之前的史記則名之為「平準書」）[2]。

至於经济的辭源出自东晋時代葛洪《抱朴子・内篇》中的“经世济俗”，意为治理天下，救济百姓。隋朝王通在《文中子・礼乐篇》则提出了“经济”一词：“皆有经济之道，谓经國济民”。

明清之际，政治秩序的巨大变动使得以王夫之、顧炎武、黄梨洲等为代表的一部分儒家学者开始理论反思，批判程朱理学和心学末流，提出学术要“经世致用”的口号。这种学术思想传播到了日本，影响了日本江户时代的学术，“经世论”开始在一些学者中流行。

但江户后期至明治时期，欧美思潮涌入日本。神田孝平首先在《经济小学》一書中用经济一词翻译英文的“political economy”[3]，然而也有人認為是福澤諭吉首先使用這樣的译法[4][需要較佳来源]。這段時期，日本学者开始用「経済(keizai)」一词指代因货币经济发展而带来的种种活动，并有了“经济指维系社会生活所必须的生产、消费、交易等活动”的説法。

此類与金钱、财物等实际问题相关的定义逐渐在日本流行，但這種用法與明清时期中文语境中“经济”的原始用法不同。當時日本亦有另一種译法“資生”，但是並未被普遍接受。而後用「經濟」一詞翻譯英文的「political economy」的这种译法又被梁啟超在《論自由》一文中從日文引入汉语[5]，也取代了嚴復在《原富》中的译法“計學”或是傳統的“生計學”、“平準學”，并进而在整个汉字文化圈内逐渐取代了经济一词的原本含义。

反對和製漢語者彭文祖在《盲人瞎马之新名词》 寫到，反對英文的economy翻譯成经济，認為是中國人瞎眼盲從。[6]

英文

英文中economy源自古希腊语οἰκονομία（家政术）。οἶκος为家庭的意思，νόμος是方法或者习惯的意思。因此，其本来含义是指治理家庭财物的方法，到了近代扩大为治理国家的范围，为了区别于之前的用法也被称为政治经济学。这个名称后来被马歇尔改回经济学。到了现代，如果单称经济学的话，是在政治经济学或者更广的层面来考虑经济，因此一般在指经济学的时候，经济学与政治经济学是同义的。

经济活动

用语

参考文献

  1. ^ 中華民國教育部重編國語辭典「食貨」詞條. [2014-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-08）. 
  2. ^ 中華民國教育部重編國語辭典「食貨志」詞條. [2014-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-08）. 
  3. ^ 中国教育资源网 经济学发展简史-经济学理论论文. [2009-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-30）. 
  4. ^ 日语维基百科
  5. ^ 梁啟超. 論自由 (梁啟超) (散文). 1902年5月 [2020年1月8日]. （原始内容存档于2020年2月15日） （中文）. 
  6. ^ 梁容若. 《中日文化交流史論》. 中國: 北京商務印書館. 1985 （中文（中国大陆））. 

外部链接

查看维基词典中的词条「经济」。

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