在第四次十字軍東征後,威尼斯變成拉丁帝國的一部分,由君士坦丁堡(拉丁帝國在1204年佔領了君士坦丁堡)來管轄。威尼斯則擴展它影響力,建立了愛琴群島公國(Duchy of the Archipelago)。當土耳其人在曼贊克爾特戰役中打敗拜占庭帝國後,這可能是君士坦丁堡對威尼斯具有決定性影響力的最後時刻。雖然拜占庭帝國在半世紀後重新掌握這座城市的控制權,不過當時國勢已經相當衰弱了。奧斯曼帝國的穆罕默德二世在1453年佔領了這座城市。而從拜占廷帝國劫掠來的許多財寶被帶回威尼斯,其中也包括威尼斯的象徵-圣马可飞狮。
威尼斯的行政架構與古羅馬共和的系統相似,是由一位被選出來的行政官(威尼斯总督)、一個類似參議院,由貴族組成的機構及許多擁有部分政治權力的公民所構成的,在15世纪前公民擁有權利去同意或拒絕每位新選出來的总督。教堂與許多私人建築是做為軍事使用,雖然威尼斯沒有終身職的騎士。聖馬克騎士(Cavalieri di San Marco)是唯一在威尼斯存在過的騎士階層,沒有任何一位公民可以接受外來的命令而沒有政府的同意。在獨立時期,威尼斯仍然保持共和,政治與軍事是完全的分離。但在一些情况下,总督也可以統御軍隊,例如第四次十字军东征期间的恩里科·丹多洛。就其它意義而言,戰爭代表商業的附屬品。因此,威尼斯早期製造了大量的雇員,來為任何地方服務,後來當統治階層佔有商業時,依靠著這些外來的雇員。
2017年6月,意大利被要求救助兩家威尼斯銀行——Banca Popolare di Vicenza和Veneto Banca以防止它們破產[63]。目前兩家銀行都已倒閉,其資產價值將由義大利聯合聖保羅銀行接管,該銀行將獲得52億歐元的補償。意大利政府將對關閉銀行的任何無法收回的貸款造成的損失負責。[64]
威尼斯長期以來一直是歐洲作家、劇作家和詩人的靈感源泉,也是印刷業和出版技術發展的最前線。歷史上兩位最著名的威尼斯作家,是中世紀的馬可波羅和後來的賈科莫·卡薩諾瓦。波羅是一位遠航到東方的商人。他與鲁斯蒂切罗·达比萨(Rustichello da Pisa)合著的《馬可·波羅遊記》记載了威尼斯人馬可·波羅從威尼斯出發至亚洲及從中國返回威尼斯旅遊的經歷、以及記述途中亞洲及非洲多國的地理及人文風貌。遊记是印刷术时代興起以前少见的流行之作,成書後影響了歐洲人對東方的認識及探索,卡薩諾瓦的自傳《生命史》(Histoire De Ma Vie) 則將他過去豐富多彩的生活與威尼斯聯繫起來。
此外,威尼斯也在亨利·詹姆斯的作品《阿斯彭論文》(The Aspern Papers)和《慾望之翼》The Wings of the Dove中佔有重要地位。它還在伊夫林·沃的《重返布莱兹海德庄园》和馬塞爾·普魯斯特的《追憶似水年華》中出現。以威尼斯為背景的著名兒童讀物則是由德國作家科妮莉亞·芬克(Cornelia Funke)撰寫的《盜賊之王》 。
^'An apocalypse happened': Venice counts cost of devastating floods. The Guardian. 10 February 2019 [13 November 2019]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-27). Work began in 2003 but has been dogged by delays and myriad issues, including a corruption scandal that emerged in 2014. The Venice mayor, Luigi Brugnaro, promised on Wednesday that the flood barrier would be completed.
^Rembert Eufe: „Sta lengua ha un privilegio tanto grando“ – Status und Gebrauch des Venezianischen in der Republik Venedig (= VarioLingua, 26). Lang, Frankfurt a. M./Berlin u. a. 2006, ISBN 3-631-53754-9, passim (Zugl.: München, Univ., Diss., 2004 u. d. T.: Merkantile maritime Expansion und sprachliche Überdachung).
^Pilgerreisen von Venedig nach Jerusalem im späten Mittelalter- Die Verträge mit dem Schiffspatron, Seite 2, Fabian H. Flöper, GRIN Verlag, 2011. ISBN978-3-656-04783-4
^Venice, page 71, Beryl D. De Sélincourt, May (Sturge) Gretton, Chatto & Windus, London 1907., reprinted BiblioBazaar 2010, ISBN978-1-177-40448-8
^Website des Technologieparks (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Vega Parco Scientifico Tecnologico di Venezia scarl, in: vegapark.ve.it, abgerufen am 6. Dezember 2016 (italienisch).
^Gemellaggi e Accordi. comune.venezia.it. Venezia. 11 December 2017 [2020-04-05]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-12) (意大利语).
延伸閱讀
研究
Bosio, Luciano. Le origini di Venezia. Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini.
Chambers, D.S. (1970). The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380-1580. London: Thames & Hudson. The best brief introduction in English, still completely reliable.
Contarini, Gasparo (1599). The Commonwealth and Gouernment of Venice. Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes." The most important contemporary account of Venice's governance during the time of its blossoming. Also available in various reprint editions.
Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice Misappropriated." Trames 6(2), pp. 192–201. A scathing review of Martin & Romano 2000; also a good summary on the most recent economic and political thought on Venice.
Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History" (2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary Companion" (2001).
Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography." Journal of Modern History 58, pp. 43–94. The classic "muckraking" essay on the myths of Venice.
Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice: Maritime Republic (1973) (ISBN 978-0-8018-1445-7) standard scholarly history; emphasis on economic, political and diplomatic history
Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002). The most important study of the life of Renaissance nuns, with much on aristocratic family networks and the life of women more generally.
Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297-1797. (2002) Johns Hopkins UP. The most recent collection on essays, many by prominent scholars, on Venice.
Muir, Edward (1981). Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice. Princeton UP. The classic of Venetian cultural studies, highly sophisticated.
Rösch, Gerhard (2000). Venedig. Geschichte einer Seerepublik. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. In German, but the most recent top-level brief history of Venice.
Caroline Fletcher, Tom Spencer (Hrsg.): Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon. State of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York 2005, ISBN 0-521-84046-5 (《威尼斯》在Google Books的內容。)
Giampaolo Rallo: Guida alla natura nella Laguna di Venezia. Itinerari, storia e informazioni naturalistiche (= Viaggi e natura.). Muzzio, Padova (Padua) 1996, ISBN 88-7021-735-3.
Fabrizio Fabbri: Porto Marghera e la laguna di Venezia. Vita, morte, miracoli. Un libro di Greenpeace (= Di fronte e attraverso, 599; Terra-terra). Jaca Book, Mailand; Alce nero, [Isola del Piano] 2003, ISBN 88-16-40599-6 (《威尼斯》在Google Books的內容。)
Mauro Bon, Emanuele Stival: Uccelli di laguna e di città. L’atlante ornitologico nel comune di Venezia 2006-2011, Marsilio, 2013.
歷史記錄
Sergio Barizza: Storia di Mestre (= Città nelle Venezie dall’unità ai nostri giorni. Band 9). Il Poligrafo, Padova (Padua) 1994, ISBN 88-7115-065-1.
Riccardo Calimani: Die Kaufleute von Venedig. Die Geschichte der Juden in der Löwenrepublik. Übers. von Sylvia Höfer. Claasen, Düsseldorf 1988, ISBN 3-546-41699-6.
Vincenzo Delle Donne: Venedig: Liebe, Leid und Laster. Epubli, Berlin 2021, ISBN 978-3-7541-4550-0.
Peter Feldbauer, Gottfried Lidl, John Morrissey: Venedig 800–1600. Die Serenissima als Weltmacht (= Expansion, Interaktion, Akkulturation. Band 18). Mandelbaum Verlag, Wien 2010, ISBN 978-3-85476-348-2.[1]
Reinhard Lebe: Als Markus nach Venedig kam – Venezianische Geschichte im Zeichen des Markuslöwen. Vom Verf. bearb. Neuausg. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-421-06344-3.[3]
Gerhard Rösch: Venedig und das Reich. Handels- und verkehrspolitische Beziehungen in der deutschen Kaiserzeit (= Deutsches Historisches Institut in Rom: Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom, 53). Niemeyer, Tübingen 1982, ISBN 3-484-82053-5.
Ennio Concina (Text), Piero Codato, Vittorio Pavan (Fotogr.): Kirchen in Venedig. Kunst und Geschichte. Übers. von Peter Schiller. Hirmer, München 1996, ISBN 3-7774-7010-4.
ital. OT: Le chiese di Venezia. L’arte e la storia. Magnus Edizioni, Udine 1995, ISBN 88-7057-153-X.
Richard J[ohn] Goy: Stadt in der Lagune. Leben und Bauen in Venedig. Übers. von Sieglinde Denzel. Knesebeck, München 1998, ISBN 3-89660-030-3.
Vgl. Richard J. Goy: Venetian Vernacular Architecture. Traditional Housing in the Venetian Lagoon. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1989, ISBN 0-521-34581-2; Neuausg. Cambridge University Press, New York 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-15490-1 (《威尼斯》在Google Books的內容。).
Norbert Huse: Venedig: Von der Kunst, eine Stadt im Wasser zu bauen. C. H. Beck, München 2005, ISBN 3-406-52746-9; (= Beck’sche Reihe, Bd. 1784). 1. Auflage [sic!], C. H. Beck, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-54821-5 (《威尼斯》在Google Books的內容。).
Giandomenico Romanelli (Hrsg.): Venedig. Kunst & Architektur. 2 Bände. Übers. aus dem Ital. und Engl. von Ulrike Bischoff. Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln 1997, ISBN 3-89508-592-8.
ital. OT: Venezia l’arte nei secoli. Magnus Ed., Udine 1997 (《威尼斯》在Google Books的內容。).
Giandomenico Romanelli (Text), Mark E. Smith (Fotogr.), Cesare M. Cunaccia (Bildtexte): Venedig. Übers. von Klaudia Murmann. Hirmer, München 1997, ISBN 3-7774-7390-1 (ital. OT: Ritratto di Venezia).
Robert C. Davis, Garry R. Marvin: Venice, the Tourist Maze. A Cultural Critique of the World’s Most Touristed City. University of California Press, Berkeley 2004, ISBN 0-520-93780-5 (《威尼斯》在Google Books的內容。).
Morris, Jan (1993), Venice. 3rd revised edition. Faber & Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-16897-2. A subjective and passionate written introduction to the city and some of its history. Not illustrated.
Bangladeshi cuisine refers to the food and culinary traditions prevalent in Bangladesh. Dating far in the past, the cuisine emphasizes fish, vegetables and lentils served with rice. Because of differences in history and Bangladeshi geography, the cuisine is rich in regional variations. While having unique traits, Bangladeshi cuisine is closely related to that of surrounding Bengali and North-East Indian, with rice and fish as traditional favorites. Bangladesh also developed the only multi-co...
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