聖座

聖座
Sancta Sedes
徽章
管轄區梵蒂岡部分義大利境內教會設施
官方語言拉丁語1
类型主教座
政府
• 教宗
方濟各
• 國務卿
伯多祿·帕羅林
  1. 使用語言為教會拉丁語,官方文件也常用其他語言:
    外交語言 - 法語英語
    主要語言 - 義大利語[1]
聖座的外交關係
  正式建交關係
  其他關係
  無外交關係

聖座拉丁語Sancta Sedes拉丁語發音:[ˈsaŋkta ˈsedes]義大利語Santa Sede)是教宗教務職權英语Ecclesiastical jurisdiction,也是天主教會內超乎众教座的主教教座。就此,從外交等方面而言,聖座之言行代表整個天主教會,也為國際法的其他主體視作主權實體,由教宗領導,可與其締結外交關係[註 1]。其行政機構統稱為羅馬教廷(或直譯為「教廷」),為天主教會的運行和達到其目標而不斷進行協調並提供所需的組織保障。

由於聖座的所在地及現今之主權管轄範圍為梵蒂冈城国,各界常以「梵蒂岡」代稱聖座;但嚴格來說,聖座不同於梵蒂岡城國,後者遲至1929年方才出現,而聖座的歷史可遠溯至基督教會发展早期。在國際關係中,各國大使不是派驻梵蒂岡城國而是聖座;聖座向各國和國際組織派出的外交代表機構使節,是代表聖座而非所謂梵蒂岡城國[2]

组织

梵蒂冈城

教宗透過聖座的各種行政机构管理天主教会。圣座由一系列复杂的机构组成,包括聖部英语Congregation (Roman Curia)、教務法院、宗座理事會英语Pontifical Council以及國務院,这些机构被统称为罗马教廷。聖座國務院由國務樞機卿领导,主要负责处理圣座和梵蒂冈城国的内部行政与外交事务。圣座中只有国务卿居住在梵蒂冈城中。其它机构则散布在罗马城中,并享有治外法權

聖座最主要的機構有信理部,監督天主教教義;主教部英语Congregation for Bishops,协调全球主教的任命;萬民福音部,监督所有宗教活动;正义和平部,负责磋商国际和平与社会问题。

三个宗教法庭执行宗教裁判权。教廷法院处理一般司法诉讼,最常见的是处理婚姻的合法性[3]宗座聖璽最高法院是最高上诉法庭、执行法庭,处理包括教廷法院在内的判案,执行高层(主教以及更高级的教會團體英语Religious institute)的決議,例如废除教区和解除某人职务。它也监视其它层级宗教法庭的工作。[3]宗座聖赦院英语Apostolic Penitentiary不处理外事或法令,但处理道德问题,对责难英语Censure (canon law)进行赦罪、分配、减刑、认可、宽容以及其它事宜;它也进行特赦[4]

聖座經濟事務局英语Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See為聖座處理財政的機構,無論部委的轄區如何、對其進行監視,並處理相應財政。其中最重要的是宗座財產管理局英语Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See

教宗府英语Prefecture of the Papal Household負責教宗起居、受眾、儀式(嚴格的禮拜儀式除外)。

聖座不因某一教宗的去世或辭職而被撤銷,而是在宗座出缺期間利用不同的規則來運行。除了總務樞機和執行赦免與分配的宗座聖赦院大院長之外,羅馬教廷的部會首長英语Dicastery(例如聖部部長)在宗座出缺後便立即自動卸任。總務樞機在此期間執行聖座的财政事务英语temporalities。聖座和天主教會的管治權會交給樞機團。《天主教法典》禁止樞機團和總務樞機在此期間對教會做出任何變革或改良。

2001年,聖座收入為4220.98亿意大利里拉(約合當時的2.02億美元),淨收入為177.2億意大利里拉(約合800萬美元)[5]。根據大衛·李(David Leigh)在《卫报》上的文獻,2012年歐洲理事會的報告指出梵蒂岡部分物業資產已經超過€680m(£570m);2013年1月, Paolo Mennini,一位罗马papal official,管理圣座的这部分资产——包括不列颠投资、其它欧洲的持有,以及currency trading arm.《卫报》形容Mennini以及他的职责为:“... Paolo Mennini,是教宗的银行家。Mennini在梵蒂冈内领导这一组特殊的团队,叫the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica –管理所谓的“圣座遗产”。[6]

国际法中的地位

无论在国际惯例法还是在当代法律中,圣座都被国际公法承认,在权利与义务上等同于主权国家。圣座不同于梵蒂冈城,并不具备国际法关于主权国家的标准——有常住人口,一定的领土,稳定的政府,有能力与别国建交[註 2]。但在事实上,圣座与180个国家建交,满足了国际法的法人要求[7],因此在政府与国际组织事务中算为“成员国”[8]。圣座“应受由主权国家所组成的国际社会之尊重,享有国际法主体待遇,有权在为建立和维护世界和平所预备的国际法框架下参与外交事务,与一个、几个或许多国家订立拘具有法律约束力的国际协议。”[9]

圣座外交

圣座与180个主权国家、馬爾他騎士團欧盟以及巴勒斯坦國政治實體建立外交关系[10][11]。89个駐聖座的外交使节機構都座落在罗马。[12]

注释

  1. ^ 許多國際協定認定聖座主权,1929年2月11日簽署的《拉特朗条约》也特别强调,该条约中“意大利承认圣座在国际场合中的主权是其性质所固有的属性,是对其传统的遵从,也是其在全世界使命之要求”。
  2. ^ These criteria for statehood were first authoritatively enunciated at the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States on Rights and Duties of States, signed by American states on 26 December 1933.

参考文献

  1. ^ Government of Canada, "About the Holy See". [2015-03-28]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-22). 
  2. ^ 羅光. 教廷與中國使節史. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 CHAPTER III. THE TRIBUNALS OF THE APOSTOLIC SEE. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. [2020-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-21) (英语). 
  4. ^ John Paul II. Pastor Bonus. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1988-06-28 [2020-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-21) (英语). 
  5. ^ "Economic Report of the Holy See for 2000" 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2008-08-28. Zenit 6 July 2001
  6. ^ David Leigh. How the Vatican built a secret property empire using Mussolini's millions. The Guardian. 2013-01-21 [2013-01-23]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-03). 
  7. ^ Website Holy See页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) and for the most recent establishment of diplomatic relations with South Sudan 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2013-11-04. (situation since 22 February 2013)]
  8. ^ 例如:IAEA页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), OSCE页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), IOM 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2007-12-12.
  9. ^ Robert Araujo and John Lucal, Papal Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace, the Vatican and International Organizations from the early years to the League of Nations, Sapienza Press (2004), ISBN 1-932589-01-5, p. 16. See also James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, (1979) p. 154.
  10. ^ Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Vatican. (31 May 2007). Retrieved on 11 September 2011.
  11. ^ 179 states have full diplomatic relations with the Holy See. Zenit News Agency. 2012-01-11 [2012-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2012年1月16日). 
  12. ^ Informative Note on the Diplomatic Relations of the Holy See, 07.01.2019. Holy See Press Office. 2019-01-07 [2019-12-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-08) (英语). 

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