王后

王后國王正妻的頭銜,當君主不能稱為皇帝或其他相當的頭銜時,其正室只能稱為王后而不能稱皇后,有些甚至只能稱更次一等的王妃。王后與皇后同樣簡稱為

東亞

中國

后,最早在中國的夏朝,是君主生前的稱號,如后羿后稷等等,君主在死後才改稱為;至於君王正配則稱為則是在周朝才開始使用的漢字。商朝開始,君主生前稱王,死後稱帝,原本的則轉為君王正配的稱號,稱王后,而妃也隨之降為君王側室的稱號。至秦始皇開始使用皇帝頭銜,身為君主正室的王后也升為皇后,並一直沿用。

西漢時王后是國王(藩王)正室的位號,國王之母封為王太后,東漢則沿用古制,漢光武帝皇后郭聖通被廢後改稱中山王太后沛王太后許美人楚太后,以及曹操封魏王時,其繼室卞氏封為魏王后而非魏王妃[1]。晉朝以後開始降稱為王妃,藩王之母則降稱為王太妃 [2]。而王后一號在中國自漢朝以後,僅於部分君主只稱王的政權所使用。

日本

日本在推古天皇以前,使用「大王」、「大君」、「皇尊」等作為君主稱號,因此在推古天皇以前的諸天皇,嚴格而言是國王,而非皇帝。雖然日本書紀記載,開國天皇神武天皇皇后媛蹈鞴五十鈴媛命是日本正史中最早的皇后,但實際上而言,一直到推古天皇以前的皇后,都只是王后,而非皇后。

朝鮮

朝鮮半島早期的君主正室皆稱王后,至高麗王朝時期,君主稱國王,其正室稱王后。自第25任君王忠烈王開始,由於高麗王朝成為元朝附屬國,使王母降稱王太妃

朝鮮王朝為中國之藩國,因此其君主只能稱國王而非皇帝,相對的,國王之正妻也只能稱王妃,死後才追諡為王后,到朝鮮高宗1895年改頭銜為大君主才將國王正妻稱號更改為王后,兩年後高宗稱帝,正妻稱號再次改為皇后。

越南

嘉隆元年(1802年),阮福映以王的身份正式開國。次年,阮福映冊封正室宋氏蘭為王后。嘉隆五年(1806年),阮福映正式称帝,宋氏蘭晉封為皇后。

其他地區

英國王室與其他欧洲王室,將君主的配偶稱作“Queen Consort”,中文即譯作王后,這是為了與女性君主“Queen”(中文譯女王)作區別。例如伊丽莎白二世的頭銜是“Queen Elizabeth II”,而伊丽莎白王后則是“Queen Consort Elizabeth”。

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ 陳壽,《三國志·魏書·后妃傳》:“二十四年,拜爲王后,策曰:「夫人卞氏,撫養諸子,有母儀之德。今進位王后,太子諸侯陪位,羣卿上壽,減國內死罪一等。」”
  2. ^ 請定公主母稱號狀页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆):「伏尋漢制,諸王母稱王國太后;晉宋以降,則曰王國太妃。國朝酌前代典故,從晉宋之儀,王母命為太妃」

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