憲章未列入的陰謀罪將各種指控和被告緊密聯繫在一起,用於起訴納粹高層領導人,以及那些從未親手殺人或甚至未直接下令殺人的官僚。這也是繞過憲章對二戰前犯罪指控的限制的一種手段。[80][81]陰謀罪在對宣傳家和工業家案件中的審理中起到了核心作用:前者被指控為戰爭和其他罪行提供了意識形態上的正當化,後者則被指控支持德國的戰爭努力。[82]這項指控是由戰爭部律師穆雷·C·伯奈斯(英语:Murray C. Bernays)提出的,可能受到他此前在起訴證券詐欺案件中的經驗啟發。[83][84]這項指控由美國主導,但在其他代表團中並不太受歡迎,特別是法國。[85]
整個夏季,各國代表團都在努力收集即將到來的審判所需的證據。[107]美國和英國的檢察官更專注於文件證據和宣誓書,而不是倖存者的證詞。這一策略提高了案件的可信度,因為倖存者的證詞被認為不夠可靠且容易受到偏見指控,但也減少了公眾對審判過程的關注。[108][109]美國檢察官利用了美國情報機構戰略情報局的報告,以及猶太研究機構YIVO和美國猶太委員會提供的資料。[110]而法國檢察官則呈交了許多從當代猶太人文獻中心(Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation)獲得的文件。[111]檢方傳喚了37名證人,而辯方則有83名證人,這還不包括19名親自為自己辯護的被告。[109]檢方審查了11萬份德國被俘文件,並將4,600份文件納入證據,[112][55]還有30卷(19英里長)的電影膠片和25,000張照片。[113]
從1946年1月17日到2月7日,法國陳述了其指控及支持證據。[145]與其他檢察團隊不同,法國檢察官深入探討了德國在十九世紀的發展,並認為德國由於泛德意志主義和帝國主義的影響,與西方發展脫節。他們主張,納粹意識形態源自這些早期的思想,是本次審判中罪行的犯罪故意(mens rea)。[146]法國檢察官比英國和美國的同僚更強調許多德國人的共謀。[147][81]他們幾乎沒有提及侵略戰爭的指控,而是將焦點放在強迫勞動、經濟掠奪和大屠殺上。[148][149] 檢察官埃德加·福爾將德國的各項政策,如德國併吞阿爾薩斯-洛林,歸為「德國化」的範疇,並認為這是一種反人類罪。[150]與英國和美國檢察官專注於使用德國文件來支持案件的策略不同,法國檢察官採取了受害者的角度,提交了戰後的警察報告。[151][144]共有十一名證人出庭作證,其中包括納粹迫害的受害者;抵抗運動戰士、奧斯威辛倖存者瑪麗·克勞德·維揚-庫圖里耶(英语:Marie Claude Vaillant-Couturier)作證,講述了她所目睹的罪行。[152][151]除了處決人質的指控外,法國提出的戰爭罪被法庭接受。[153]由於憲章對反人類罪的定義較為狹隘,法官唯一接受的反人類罪指控是將猶太人從法國和其他西歐地區驅逐的行為。[150]
法官裁定,存在一個預謀的陰謀,旨在犯下危害和平罪,其目標是「顛覆歐洲秩序」和「建立一個超越1914年邊界的大德國」。[199]與傑克遜認為陰謀始於1920年納粹黨的成立不同,判決將侵略計劃的起始日期定為1937年的霍斯巴赫備忘錄。[165][207]陰謀指控在法庭上引起了重大分歧;多內迪厄·德·瓦布爾(Donnedieu de Vabres)希望取消該指控。經過英國法官提出的妥協,陰謀指控被縮小為發動侵略戰爭的陰謀。[208][209][210]只有八名被告在該指控上被定罪;所有這些被告也被判犯有危害和平罪。[211]所有22名被告均被指控危害和平罪,12人被定罪。[212]戰爭罪和反人類罪指控得到最大支持,只有兩名被告因這些指控被無罪釋放。[213]法官認為,關於1939年前德國猶太人的反人類罪並不屬於法庭的管轄範圍,因為檢察官未能證明這與侵略戰爭有關。[214][215]
Brüggemann, Jens. Männer von Ehre?: die Wehrmachtgeneralität im Nürnberger Prozess 1945/46 : zur Entstehung einer Legende [Men of honor?: the Wehrmacht generals in the Nuremberg trial 1945/46: the emergence of a legend]. Ferdinand Schöningh(英语:Ferdinand Schöningh). 2018. ISBN 978-3-506-79259-4(德语).
Mouralis, Guillaume. Le moment Nuremberg: Le procès international, les lawyers et la question raciale [The Nuremberg moment: The international trial, the lawyers and the racial question]. Presses de Sciences Po(英语:Presses de Sciences Po). 2019. ISBN 978-2-7246-2422-9(法语).
Sharples, Caroline. Holocaust on Trial: Mass Observation and British Media Responses to the Nuremberg Tribunal, 1945–1946. Britain and the Holocaust: Remembering and Representing War and Genocide. Palgrave Macmillan UK(英语:Palgrave Macmillan UK). 2013: 31–50. ISBN 978-1-137-35077-0(英语).
Tomuschat, Christian. The Legacy of Nuremberg. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 2006, 4 (4): 830–844. doi:10.1093/jicj/mql051.
Municipality of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Centenário is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As of 2020, the estimated population was 2,877.[1] See also List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul References ^ IBGE 2020 vte Municipalities of Rio Grande do SulCapital: Porto AlegreMesoregion Centro Ocidental Rio-GrandenseRestinga Seca Agudo Dona Francisca Faxinal do Soturno Formigueiro Ivorá Nova Palma Restinga Seca São João do Polêsine Silveira Martins Santa M...
Ikan pelalah Chiasmodontidae Black swallower (en) TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasActinopteriOrdoPerciformesUpaordoTrachinoideiFamiliChiasmodontidae Gill, 1883 lbs Chiasmodontidae, ikan gigi ular atau ikan pelalah, adalah keluarga ikan percomorph laut dalam, bagian dari ordo Trachiniformes, yang dikenal dari lautan di seluruh dunia. Linimasa Referensi Chiasmodontidae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Diakses tanggal 25 March 2006.
Koordinat: 8°11′46.3″N 8°46′19.4″W / 8.196194°N 8.772056°W / 8.196194; -8.772056 Guinée forestièreGeografiArea56.547 km2 (21.833 sq mi)NegaraGuineaNegara bagianRegion Nzérékoré, Region Kankan, Region FaranahElevasi460 meter (1.509 ft)GeologiBergunungSungaiSungai Niger, Sungai Saint Paul, Sungai LofaJenis iklimIklim sabana berhutan Guinée forestière (secara harfiah berarti Guinea berhutan) adalah wilayah bergunung dan berhutan yang...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Invalides. Hôtel des InvalidesVue aérienne de l'hôtel des Invalides, au premier plan. On aperçoit la Seine et l'avenue des Champs-Élysées au second plan, sur la rive droite de Paris.PrésentationDestination initiale HôpitalÉgliseMaison de retraiteMausoléeDestination actuelle Nécropole militaireMusée de l'ArméeMusée de l'Ordre de la LibérationHôpitalStyles Architecture classique, architecture baroqueArchitecte Libéral BruantJules Hardouin-Mans...
Limit on the speed of beneficial evolution J. B. S. Haldane in 1964 Haldane's dilemma, also known as the waiting time problem,[1] is a limit on the speed of beneficial evolution, calculated by J. B. S. Haldane in 1957. Before the invention of DNA sequencing technologies, it was not known how much polymorphism DNA harbored, although alloenzymes (variant forms of an enzyme which differ structurally but not functionally from other alloenzymes coded for by different alleles at the same lo...
Company formed to encourage immigration to Lower Canada The British American Land Company (BALC) was a company formed in 1832 for the purpose of purchasing land and encouraging British immigration to Lower Canada. It was founded and promoted by John Galt, Edward Ellice[a] and others to acquire and manage the development of almost 1,100,000 acres (1,719 sq mi; 4,452 km2) of Crown land and other lands in the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada, in order to encourage the imm...
American pastor (born 1957) For the DC Comics character, see Hourman (Rick Tyler). Rick TylerRichard Tyler Jr., July 7, 2020 mug shotBornRichard Seburn Tyler, Jr. (1957-10-10) October 10, 1957 (age 66)Miami, Florida, United StatesNationalityAmericanKnown forwhite nationalismPolitical partyIndependent (before 2019)American Freedom Party (2019 - present) Richard Seburn Tyler Jr.[1] (born October 10, 1957) is an American pastor and far-right political candidate from Tennessee. ...
House of AssemblyTypeTypeUnicameral LeadershipSpeakerGordon Burton, PNP since 5 March 2021 PremierWashington Misick, PNP Leader of the OppositionEdwin Astwood, PDM StructureSeats2115 elected members4 appointed2 ex officioPolitical groupsGovernment (14) PNP (14) Opposition (1) PDM (1) Others (5) Appointees (4) Ex officio (2) ElectionsLast election19 February 2021Next election2026Meeting placeCockburn Town, Turks and Caicos Islands Politics of the Turks a...
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of historical materials (歴史資料, rekishi shiryō) for the Urban Prefecture of Ōsaka.[1] National Cultural Properties As of 1 February 2015, one Important Cultural Property has been designated, being of national significance.[2][3][4] Pr...
Tactic employed in response to an attack For other uses, see Counterattack (disambiguation). Closing the Falaise-Argentan Pocket and the Mortain counterattack 6–17 August 1944 Map of the Battle of Cambrai – German counter-offensive A counterattack is a tactic employed in response to an attack, with the term originating in war games.[1] The general objective is to negate or thwart the advantage gained by the enemy during attack, while the specific objectives typically seek to regai...
Multi-purpose stadium in Milton, Queensland, Australia For the venue known as Brisbane Stadium between 1910 and 1958, see Brisbane Festival Hall. Suncorp StadiumLang ParkStadiums Queensland Rating:[1]Former namesLang Park Suncorp-Metway StadiumLocation40 Castlemaine Street, Milton, Queensland, AustraliaCoordinates27°27′53″S 153°0′34″E / 27.46472°S 153.00944°E / -27.46472; 153.00944OperatorASM GlobalCapacity52,500[4]Record attendance59,185 (2...
Pertanian Umum Agribisnis Agroindustri Agronomi Ilmu pertanian Jelajah bebas Kebijakan pertanian Lahan usaha tani Mekanisasi pertanian Menteri Pertanian Perguruan tinggi pertanian Perguruan tinggi pertanian di Indonesia Permakultur Pertanian bebas ternak Pertanian berkelanjutan Pertanian ekstensif Pertanian intensif Pertanian organik Pertanian urban Peternakan Peternakan pabrik Wanatani Sejarah Sejarah pertanian Sejarah pertanian organik Revolusi pertanian Arab Revolusi pertanian Inggris Revo...
Swedish footballer Philip Haglund Personal informationFull name Philip ThomasJesper HaglundDate of birth (1987-03-22) 22 March 1987 (age 37)Place of birth Stockholm, SwedenHeight 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s) Midfielder, ForwardYouth career BrommapojkarnaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2006–2009 Brommapojkarna 71 (14)2006 → Gröndals (loan) 2007 → Gröndals (loan) 2010–2011 Heerenveen 25 (1)2011–2014 IFK Göteborg 69 (8)2015–2016 Hammarby IF 49 (3)2017–201...
Ar 196 Luftwaffe Arado Ar 196A-2 (OU+AR) berlabuh Jenis Reconnaissance Pembuat Arado Perancang Walter Blume Penerbangan perdana Mei 1937 Diperkenalkan November 1938 Pengguna utama KriegsmarineBulgarian Air ForceFinnish Air ForceRomanian Air Force Dibuat 1938-1944 Jumlah 541 Arado Ar 196 adalah sebuah pesawat terbang tempur yang memiliki sayap jenis low-wing monoplane buatan Jerman oleh perusahaan Arado sejak tahun 1936. Pada tahun 1937, ia menjadi pemenang dalam kontes desain pesawat te...
162-й истребительный авиационныйГродненский Краснознамённыйордена Сувороваполк Вооружённые силы ВС СССР Вид вооружённых сил ВВС ПВО Род войск (сил) истребительная авиация Почётные наименования «Гродненский» Формирование 01.01.1941 г. Расформирование (преобразование) 05.10.195...
Pyramide de TétiPyramides d'Égypte et de NubieCommanditaire Téti VIe dynastieAutre nom Djed-sout Téti, Ḏd-s.wt Ttj (« Les places de Téti sont stables »)ou Pyramide de la prisonNom (hiéroglyphes) Type pyramide à faces lissesHauteur 52,40 m100 coudéesBase 78,60 m150 coudéesInclinaison 53° 07′ 48″Pente 3/4Entrée NordTemple funéraire Un temple funérairePyramides satellites 3Coordonnées 29° 52′ 31″ N, 31° 13′ 18″ Emo...
Historic place in Oakland, California United States historic placeLadies' Relief Society Children's HomeMatilda E. Brown Ladies' Home SocietyStudio One Art CenterU.S. National Register of Historic Places Ladies' Relief Society Children's HomeShow map of Oakland, CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaShow map of the United StatesLocation365 45th Street, Oakland, CaliforniaCoordinates37°49′58″N 122°15′26″W / 37.832778°N 122.257222°W / 37.832778; -122.257222Built190...
Angkor Airways IATA ICAO Kode panggil G6 AKW ANGKORWAYS Didirikan2004Berhenti beroperasi2008Armada2Tujuan7SloganBring the World to Angkor WatKantor pusatPhnom Penh, KambojaSitus webhttp://www.angkorairways.com/ Angkor Airways MD-83 Angkor Airways Corporation adalah maskapai penerbangan yang pernah beroperasi di Phnom Penh, Kamboja. Maskapai penerbangan ini memulai layanan pada tahun 2004 dan telah secara substansial diinvestasikan oleh perusahaan asal Taiwan, Far Eastern Air Transport (FAT) s...