甲胺

甲胺
甲胺结构式
甲胺比例模型
IUPAC名
aminomethane
氨基甲烷
别名 MMA
识别
CAS号 74-89-5  checkY
SMILES
 
  • CN
RTECS PF6300000
性质
化学式 CH5N
摩尔质量 31.06 g·mol−1
密度 d40.699 (−10.8 °C) / 0.902 g/cm³, 40w/w% (水)
熔点 −94 °C (179.15 K)
沸点 −6 °C (267.2 K)
溶解性 108 g/100 mL (20 °C)
pKa 10.64 (质子胺, pKaH
pKb 3.36
黏度 0.23 cP at 0 °C
结构
分子构型 四面体
偶极矩 1.31 D (气体)
危险性
警示术语 R:R11-R36/37 (40%水溶液)
MSDS EMD Chemicals [1]
主要危害 有毒液体和气体,吸入危险,易燃
NFPA 704
4
3
0
 
闪点 8 °C
相关物质
相关
二甲胺
三甲胺
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

甲胺是一种有机化合物,化学式CH3NH2,它是中的一个甲基取代后所形成的衍生物。甲胺是最简单的伯胺。市售品一般是其甲醇乙醇四氢呋喃溶液,或作为无水气体在金属槽中加压储存。工业品常将无水气体加压后通过拖车运输。它有刺激的腥味。甲胺被用作合成很多其他化合物的原料,每年大约能生产上亿公斤。

生产

工业上常用气和甲醇硅铝酸盐催化下反应来制取甲胺,这个反应的副产物有二甲胺三甲胺。反应动力学和反应物的配比决定三个产品的多少。[1]

CH3OH + NH3 → CH3NH2 + H2O

每年有大约400百万千克甲胺通过这种方法被生产。

实验室中,甲胺的盐酸盐很容易通过盐酸六亚甲基四胺甲醛氯化铵反应得到。[2]

NH4Cl + H2CO → CH2=NH·HCl + H2O
CH2=NH·HCl + H2CO + H2O → CH3NH2·HCl + HCOOH

无色的盐酸盐可以通过加入强碱反应得到甲胺。

化学家夏爾-阿道夫·武爾茨通过水解异氰酸甲酯和其相关化合物第一次制得甲胺。[3]

活性及应用

甲胺是一个很好的亲核试剂,因为它几乎没有空间位阻。它在有机化学中的应用十分广泛。一些和其它简单试剂发生的反应有:与光气反应制取异氰酸甲酯,与二硫化碳氢氧化钠反应制取甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠,和碱性条件的氯仿反应制取异腈,和环氧乙烷反应制取N-甲基乙醇胺等。

通过甲胺生产的有代表性的化合物包括了药品麻黄素茶碱,农药克百威西维因英语Carbaryl威百亩和溶剂N-甲基甲酰胺N-甲基吡咯烷酮。一些表面活性剂的制取也需要甲胺参与反应。[3]

液态甲胺可以用作类似液氨溶剂。它和液氨在某些方面有相似之处,但能更好地溶解有机物(类似地,作为溶剂,甲醇优于)。[4]

生物化学

在自然界,甲胺通常由腐败产生。[5]植物叶绿体管腔中,甲胺作为缓冲剂存在,能有效地清除阻碍ATP合成质子

安全

甲胺的LD50(鼠)是2400 mg/m3。甲胺也是美国缉毒署(DEA)列在第一类的化合物(作为生产毒品甲基苯丙胺的前体)。

应急处理

皮肤接触:立即脱去被污染的衣着,用大量流动清水冲洗,至少15min。就医。 眼睛接触:立即提起眼睑,用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15min。就医。 吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难,给予输氧。如呼吸停止,立即进行人工呼吸。就医。 食入:误服者用水漱口,给饮牛奶或蛋清。就医。 呼吸系统防护:空气中浓度超标时,建议佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)。紧急事态抢救或撤离时,建议佩戴氧气呼吸器或空气呼吸器。 眼睛防护:呼吸系统防护中已作防护。 身体防护:穿防静电工作服。 手防护:戴橡胶手套。 其他:工作现场严禁吸烟、进食和饮水。工作毕,淋浴更衣。 泄漏应急处理:有害燃烧产物:一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氧化氮。 灭火方法:切断气源。若不能切断气源,则不允许熄灭泄漏处的火焰。喷水冷却容器,可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。灭火剂:雾状水、抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳。[6]

參見條目

参考文献

  1. ^ Corbin D.R.; Schwarz S.; Sonnichsen G.C. Methylamines synthesis: A review. Catalysis Today. 1997, 37 (2): 71–102. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(97)00003-5. 
  2. ^ Marvel, C. S.; Jenkins, R. L. (1941). "Methylamine Hydrochloride". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 1: 347. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Karsten Eller, Erhard Henkes, Roland Rossbacher, Hartmut Höke "Amines, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
  4. ^ H. D. Gibbs. Liquid methylamine as a solvent, and a study of its chemical reactivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1906, 28: 1395–1422. doi:10.1021/ja01976a009. 
  5. ^ Thauer, R. K., "Biochemistry of Methanogenesis: a Tribute to Marjory Stephenson", Microbiology, 1998, 144, 2377-2406.
  6. ^ 一甲胺_济南金贵林化工有限公司

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