羟胺

羟胺
羟胺
羟胺
IUPAC名
hydroxylamine
识别
CAS号 7803-49-8  checkY
PubChem 787
ChemSpider 766
SMILES
 
  • NO
InChI
 
  • 1/H3NO/c1-2/h2H,1H2
InChIKey AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYAD
Gmelin 478
3DMet B01184
EINECS 232-259-2
ChEBI 15429
RTECS NC2975000
KEGG C00192
MeSH Hydroxylamine
性质
化学式 NH
2
OH
摩尔质量 33.0298 g·mol⁻¹
外观 白色固体
密度 1.21 g/cm3
熔点 33 °C
沸点 110 °C
溶解性 可溶于冷水,热水中分解
结构
偶极矩 0.67553 D
热力学
ΔfHm298K −39.9 kJ/mol
S298K 236.18 J/(K·mol)
危险性
警示术语 R:R5, R22, R37/38, R41, R43, R48/22, R50
安全术语 S:S2, S22, S26, S36/37/39, S61
欧盟分类 Xn, N
NFPA 704
3
3
1
 
相关物质
相关化学品 盐酸羟胺硫酸羟胺
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

qiǎngàn(英語:Hydroxylamine),又稱羥基胺,可看作NH3中的一个HOH取代而形成的衍生物,其分子式为NH2OH。室温下为不稳定的白色晶体,容易潮解[1] 常以水溶液的形式使用。

1999年来,两家生产羟胺的工厂发生了爆炸,但羟胺的爆炸性原理尚不明确。[2] 研究表明,二价或三价铁盐会催化50%羟胺溶液的分解,羟胺及衍生物最好以盐的形式储存。

羟胺有顺式和反式两种异构体,固态时为反式,气态可能是顺式和反式的混合物。

生产

NH
2
OH的生产方法有以下几种:

  • 0°C下,用HSO
    4
    /SO
    2
    还原亚硝酸铵的水溶液,生成[NH
    4
    ]
    2
    [N(OH)(OSO
    2
    )
    2
    ],进一步水解得到硫酸羟胺(NH
    3
    OH)
    2
    SO
    4
NH
4
NO
2
+ 2SO
2
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O → [NH
4
]
2
[N(OH)(OSO
2
)
2
]
[NH
4
]+
2
[N(OH)(OSO
2
)
2
]2− + H
2
O → [NH
4
][NH(OH)(OSO
2
)] + [NH
4
][HSO
4
]
2[NH
4
]+
[NH(OH)(OSO
2
)]
+ 2H
2
O → [NH
3
(OH)]
2
[SO
4
] + [NH
4
]
2
[SO
4
]
HNO
2
+ 2HSO
3
→ [N(OH)(OSO
2
)
2
]2− + H
2
O → [NH(OH)(OSO
2
)]
+ [HSO
4
]
[NH(OH)(OSO
2
)]
+ H
3
O+
(100 °C/1 h) → [NH
3
(OH)]+
+ [HSO
4
]
[NH
3
(OH)]Cl + NaOBu → NH
2
OH + NaCl + BuOH[1]

反应

羟胺与亲电试剂,如烷基化试剂反应生成N或O取代产物:

R-X + NH
2
OH → R-ONH
2
+ HX
R-X + NH
2
OH → R-NHOH + HX

反应成

R
2
C=O + NH
2
OH · HCl , NaOH → R
2
C=NOH + NaCl + H
2
O

肟通常是具有固定熔点的固体,其生成与分解反应可用于纯化羰基化合物。丁二酮肟等肟类也是常用的配体试剂。

羟胺与氯磺酸反应生成羟胺-O-磺酸,是生产己内酰胺的原料之一:

HOSO
2
Cl + NH
2
OH → NH
2
OSO
2
OH + HCl

羟胺-O-磺酸应于0°C储存,使用时也需要用碘量法来测定纯度。

还原羟胺及衍生物(R-NHOH)得到[3]

NH
2
OH (Zn/HCl) → NH
3
R-NHOH (Zn/HCl) → R-NH
2

羟胺可与金属离子配位,且生成的配合物具有键合异构:M ← NH2OH 和 M ← ONH3

用途

羟胺及其衍生物的用途有:

安全

羟胺对呼吸系统、皮肤、眼部及黏膜具刺激性,吞食有害,为潜在的诱变剂。[5] 羟胺在加热时可能发生爆炸。

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Greenwood and Earnshaw. Chemistry of the Elements. 2nd Edition. Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd. pp. 431-432. 1997.
  2. ^ Japan Science and Technology Agency Failure Knowledge Database 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2007-12-20..
  3. ^ Smith, Michael and Jerry March. March's advanced organic chemistry : reactions, mechanisms, and structure. New York. Wiley. p. 1554. 2001.
  4. ^ Patnaik, Pradyot. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw Hill. pp. 385-386. 2003.
  5. ^ MSDS Sigma-Aldrich

外部链接

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