沈從文(1902年12月28日—1988年5月10日),原名沈岳煥,字崇文,後改名沈從文,筆名有休芸芸、懋琳、甲辰、上官碧、小兵、炯之等[1][2],齋名窄而霉齋,男,湖南凤凰人,中国现代文学家、小说家、散文家和考古学专家。
祖父沈宏富為漢族客家人,生身祖母劉氏為苗族,母親黃素英為土家族[3],沈从文早年亦以汉族人自居,晚年时选择苗族为其身份认同。[4][5][6]
1917年高小毕业后,进入陈渠珍湘西护国联军部队办理杂事,后任陈渠珍书记。陈藏书甚多,沈受益匪浅[7]。1922年在陈的支持下,沈离开湘西去北京发展。1923年进入北京大学旁听,同时练习写作。
1924年开始发表作品,并结识郁达夫、徐志摩、林宰平等人。
1925年发表第一篇小说《福生》,1926年出版第一个创作文集《鸭子》。
1928年,沈从文来到上海,与胡也频、丁玲三人自筹资金,在上海法租界萨坡赛路(今淡水路)204号创办红黑出版社,出版《红黑》杂志。随后,开始出版“二百零四号丛书”。同时,他们还为人间出版社编辑出版《人间》杂志。不久两本杂志都宣告停刊。
沈从文20年代起蜚声文坛,与诗人徐志摩、散文家周作人、杂文家鲁迅齐名。沈以其小说创作著称。而后,他改执教鞭,1928年到1930年任教於上海中國公學,兼任《大公報》、《益世報》等文藝副刊主編;後曾先后在輔仁大學、国立青岛大学(山东大学)、武汉大学、昆明西南聯合大學、北京大學等校任教。其中學生之一的汪曾祺也步上沈從文之路,成為小說家。
1948年受到郭沫若等的批判,1948年12月31日宣佈封筆[8],中止文学创作,转入历史文物研究,主要研究中国古代服饰。
1949年以后,沈從文没有进行过小说创作。他的书在三十多年间仅出版过一次。
1950年到1978年在北京中國歷史博物館任文物研究員,工作期間遇上文化大革命。“破四旧”期间,軍管會的軍代表指著他工作室裡的圖書資料說:「我幫你消毒,燒掉,你服不服?」「沒有什麼不服,」沈從文回答,「要燒就燒。」于是包括明代刊本《今古小說》在內的幾書架珍貴書籍被搬到院子全都燒毀。[9][10][11]
文革结束后,1978年到1988年,在中國社會科學院歷史研究所任研究員。1979年,沈从文被第四次文代会中提起,沈从文说:“那都是些过时了的东西,不必再提它……我只不过是个出土文物。”[12]
1981年2月1日,沈从文应邀访美。
1988年5月10日,沈从文因心脏病猝发在家中病逝,享年86岁,临终遗言:“我对这个世界没有什么好说的。”[13]
瑞典學院院士、諾貝爾文學獎終身評審委員馬悅然在高行健獲得了諾貝爾文學獎後,在《明報月刊》中表示,1987、1988年諾貝爾文學獎最後候選名單之中,沈從文入選了,而且馬悅然認為沈從文是1988年中最有機會獲獎的候選人。1988年,馬悅然向中華人民共和國駐瑞典大使館文化處詢問沈從文是否仍然在世,得到的回答是:「從來沒有聽說過這個人。」其實,沈從文剛剛離世數月。[16]文化界流傳,1988年諾貝爾評審委員會已經決定文學獎得獎者是沈從文,但因為諾貝爾獎只會頒授給在世的人,虽然经过马悦然屡次劝说破例颁发给沈从文,马悦然使出浑身解数还是无效,最后哭着离开了会场,因此沈從文與諾貝爾文學獎可謂失之交臂。[17]日后曾任诺贝尔文学奖评委会主席的佩爾·維斯特貝里(英语:Per Wästberg)在2012年回忆称,他在加入瑞典学院前,知道沈从文“非常非常接近获奖,但是他不幸去世了。”[18]
瑞典汉学家、诺贝尔奖终审评委马悦然评价沈从文说:“要是说中国作家得奖,沈从文头一个就是,五四运动以来的中国作家就是他,头一个可以获奖的。你不同意我的看法吗?虽然沈从文到1950年代就不写作了,他1949年放弃写作之后,埋头于文物研究,1949年到1978年在历史博物馆当讲解员,1978年到1987年在研究所做研究工作。我觉得他写的那部《中国历代服饰研究》是一部非常有刺激性的长篇小说,最精彩的一部长篇小说。沈从文没有文学家的自负清高,因为他是一个土包子,一个乡巴佬,他懂得下层人民的疾苦,懂得历史上人民生活的疾苦,所以他会写《边城》、《长河》那样伟大的小说。他即使不写小说,写服饰研究也很出色,你可能没读过他的《中国历代服饰研究》,非常漂亮,很多专门做服饰考古的学者没有人能写出他那样出色的书。在中国,要得诺贝尔文学奖,除了沈从文,有谁能得呢?”[16]
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