氧化亚铜

氧化亚铜
IUPAC名
Copper(I) oxide
别名 氧化铜(I)
赤铜矿
红色氧化铜
识别
CAS号 1317-39-1  checkY
PubChem 10313194
ChemSpider 8488659
SMILES
 
  • [Cu]O[Cu]
InChI
 
  • 1/2Cu.O/rCu2O/c1-3-2
InChIKey BERDEBHAJNAUOM-YQWGQOGZAF
EINECS 215-270-7
ChEBI 81908
RTECS GL8050000
KEGG C18714
性质
化学式 Cu2O
摩尔质量 143.09 g·mol⁻¹
外观 棕红色固体
密度 6.0 g/cm3
熔点 1232 °C(1505 K)
沸点 1800 °C(2073 K)
溶解性 不可溶
溶解性(酸) 可溶
能隙 2.137 eV
磁化率 −20×10−6 cm3/mol
结构
晶体结构 立方
空间群 Pn3m,
晶格常数 a = 4.2696
热力学
ΔfHm298K −170 kJ·mol−1
S298K 93 J·mol−1·K−1
危险性
GHS危险性符号
《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中腐蚀性物质的标签图案《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中有害物质的标签图案《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中对环境有害物质的标签图案
GHS提示词 危险
H-术语 H302, H318, H332, H400, H410
P-术语 P273, P305+351+338[1]
NFPA 704
0
2
1
 
PEL TWA 1 mg/m3 (作为Cu)[2]
相关物质
其他阴离子 硫化亚铜
硫化铜
硒化亚铜
其他阳离子 氧化铜
氧化银
氧化镍
氧化锌
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

氧化亞銅是化学式为Cu2O的无机化合物。它是的主要氧化物之一,另一种是氧化铜(CuO)。这种红色固体是一些抗附着漆的成分。根据颗粒的大小,该化合物可能呈现黄色或红色。[3]氧化亚铜被发现为带红色的矿物赤铜矿

制备

氧化亚铜可以通过多种方法生产。[4]最直接的是通过铜金属的氧化产生:

4 Cu + O2 = 2 Cu2O

水和酸等添加剂会影响该过程的速度以及进一步氧化为氧化铜。它还通过用二氧化硫还原铜(II)溶液进行商业生产。

氯化亚铜水溶液与碱反应,会得到相同的物质。在所有情况下,颜色对程序的细节非常敏感。[來源請求]

未络合介质中铜的电位-pH图(OH以外的阴离子未考虑)。离子浓度 0.001mol/kg 水。温度 25°C。

氧化亚铜的形成是斐林测试本氏测试还原的基础。这些糖还原铜(II)盐的碱性溶液,产生鲜红色的Cu2O沉淀。

镀层损坏时,它会在暴露于湿气的镀银铜部件上形成。这种腐蚀被称为红疫。

性质

氧化亚铜固体是抗磁性的。就其配位范围而言,铜中心是2-配位且氧化物是四面体的。因此,该结构在某种意义上类似于SiO2的主要同质异形体,并且两种结构都具有互穿晶格的特点。

氧化亚铜在濃溶液中形成無色配合物[Cu(NH3)2]+,在空氣中易氧化為藍色的[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+。溶于盐酸生成CuCl
2
,在稀硫酸硝酸中分别产生硫酸铜硝酸铜[5]

Cu2O在潮濕空氣中会氧化為氧化銅

结构

Cu2O以立方晶系结晶,晶格常数al = 4.2696 Å。铜原子排列在fcc亚晶格中,氧原子排列在bcc亚晶格中。一个亚晶格移动了四分之一的身体对角线。空间群为Pn3m,包含全八面体对称的点群

半导体特性

半导体物理学史上,Cu2O是研究最多的材料之一,许多实验性的半导体应用首先在这种材料中得到了证明:

Cu2O中最低的激子寿命极长;吸收线型已被证明具有NeV的线宽,这是迄今为止观察到的最窄的体激子共振。[9]相关的四极电磁极化子具有接近声速的低群速度。因此,光在这种介质中的移动速度几乎与声音一样慢,这导致了高电磁极化子密度。基态激子的另一个不同寻常的特征是,所有主要的散射机制都是定量的。[10]Cu2O第一个完全无参数的吸收线宽随温度变宽的模型的物质,从而可以推断出相应的衰减系数。Cu2O可以证明克喇末-克勒尼希关系不适用于电磁极化子。[11]

应用

氧化亚铜通常用作颜料杀真菌剂和船舶涂料的防附着剂。早在1924年,在成为标准之前,基于这种材料的整流二极管就已在工业上使用。氧化亚铜也是本氏测试呈阳性的粉红色的原因。

2021年12月,东芝宣布研制出透明氧化亚铜 (Cu2O) 薄膜太阳能电池。该电池实现了8.4%的能量转换效率,这是截至2021年任何此类电池报告的最高效率。该电池可用于高空平台站应用和电动汽车。[12]

參見

参考资料

  1. ^ https://www.nwmissouri.edu/naturalsciences/sds/c/Copper%20I%20oxide.pdf [失效連結]
  2. ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. #0150. NIOSH. 
  3. ^ N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
  4. ^ H. Wayne Richardson "Copper Compounds in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_567
  5. ^ D. Nicholls, Complexes and First-Row Transition Elements, Macmillan Press, London, 1973.
  6. ^ L. O. Grondahl, Unidirectional current carrying device, Patent, 1927
  7. ^ Hanke, L.; Fröhlich, D.; Ivanov, A. L.; Littlewood, P. B.; Stolz, H. LA Phonoritons in Cu2O. Physical Review Letters. 1999-11-22, 83 (21): 4365–4368. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.4365H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4365. 
  8. ^ L. Brillouin: Wave Propagation and Group Velocity, Academic Press, New York City, 1960 ISBN 9781483276014.
  9. ^ Brandt, Jan; Fröhlich, Dietmar; Sandfort, Christian; Bayer, Manfred; Stolz, Heinrich; Naka, Nobuko. Ultranarrow Optical Absorption and Two-Phonon Excitation Spectroscopy of Cu2O Paraexcitons in a High Magnetic Field. Physical Review Letters (American Physical Society (APS)). 2007-11-19, 99 (21): 217403. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99u7403B. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 18233254. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.217403. 
  10. ^ J. P. Wolfe and A. Mysyrowicz: Excitonic Matter, Scientific American 250 (1984), No. 3, 98.
  11. ^ Hopfield, J. J. Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals. Physical Review. 1958, 112 (5): 1555–1567. Bibcode:1958PhRv..112.1555H. ISSN 0031-899X. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555. 
  12. ^ Bellini, Emiliano. Toshiba claims 8.4% efficiency for transparent cuprous oxide solar cell. pv magazine. 2021-12-22 [2021-12-22]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-25). 

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