二氧化鈾

二氧化铀
IUPAC名
Uranium dioxide
Uranium(IV) oxide
英文名 Uranium dioxide
别名 氧化亚铀
识别
CAS号 1344-57-6  checkY
RTECS YR4705000
性质
化学式 UO2
摩尔质量 270.03 g·mol⁻¹
外观 黑色粉末
密度 10.97 g/cm3
熔点 2865 °C (3140 K)
溶解性（水） 不溶
结构
晶体结构 萤石（立方），cF12
空间群 Fm3m, No. 225
晶格常数 a = 547.1 pm [1]
配位几何 四面体（O2–）；立方（UIV）
热力学
ΔfHm⦵298K −1084 kJ·mol−1[2]
S⦵298K 78 J·mol−1·K−1[2]
危险性
警示术语 R：R26/28、R33、R50/53
安全术语 S：S1/2、S20/21、S45、S61
MSDS ICSC 1251
欧盟编号 092-002-00-3
欧盟分类 剧毒（T+）
对环境有害（N）
闪点 不可燃
相关物质
相关铀的氧化物 八氧化三铀
三氧化铀
若非注明，所有数据均出自标准状态（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

二氧化鈾（uranium dioxide、uranous oxide）即氧化鈾是鈾的氧化物。分子式UO2 。在常溫下為黑色粉末。密度 10.97g/cm3，熔點 2,846.85℃，沸點 大約3,500℃。比熱14cal/molK。二氧化鈾為面心立方結構螢石型結晶構造。單位立方體由中心4個鈾原子和外圍8個氧原子組成。

特性和用途

二氧化鈾不溶于水。極易和硝酸反應生成硝酸鈾酰。還能和二氧化鈈以任意比例混合。常溫下熱傳導率為10W/mK，1000℃時的熱傳導率為4W/mK。二氧化鈾的電阻率隨溫度升高而降低。

因二氧化鈾熔點高，所以通常被用作反應堆的核燃料。二氧化鈾被燒結成直徑和長度都是1釐米左右的圓柱體，串聯起來放入中空的鋯合金燃料棒内部。最後以8x8根燃料棒一組排列成正方形，六角形或圓形構成反應堆的堆芯。

二氧化鈾是天然鈾礦中最主要的成分，通過化學反應和離心機可以得到高純度的二氧化鈾。同時還可以通過乏燃料的再處理得到二氧化鈾。

UO3 + H2 → UO2 + H2O （700 °C，970 K）

攝氏700度時三氧化鈾可以和氫氣發生反應生成二氧化鈾和水。

毒性

二氧化鈾被已知是由肺中的吞噬作用而被吸收[3]。

關聯項目

參考資料

  1. ^ Leinders, Gregory; Cardinaels, Thomas; Binnemans, Koen; Verwerft, Marc. Accurate lattice parameter measurements of stoichiometric uranium dioxide. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2015, 459: 135–42 [2018-02-18]. Bibcode:2015JNuM..459..135L. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.01.029. （原始内容存档于2020-11-26）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemical Principles 6th Ed.. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009: A23. ISBN 0-618-94690-X. 
  3. ^ Principles of Biochemical Toxicology. Timbrell, John. PA 2008 ISBN 0-8493-7302-6[页码请求]

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