從古至今,數學便一直不斷地延展,且與科學有豐富的相互作用,兩者的發展都受惠於彼此。在歷史上有著許多數學發現,並且直至今日都不斷地有新的發現。據米哈伊爾·B·塞甫留克(Mikhail B. Sevryuk)於美國數學會通報(英语:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society)2006年1月的期刊中所說,「存放於數學評論資料庫中論文和書籍的數量自1940年(數學評論的創刊年份)現已超過了一百九十萬份,而且每年還增加超過七萬五千份。此一學海的絕大部份為新的數學定理及其證明。」[18]
卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯稱數學為「科學的皇后」。[20]在拉丁原文Regina Scientiarum,以及其德語Königin der Wissenschaften中,對應於「科學」的單字的意思皆為知識(領域)。而實際上,science一詞在英語內本來就是這個意思,且無疑問地數學在此意義下確實是一門「科學」。將科學限定在自然科學則是在此之後的事。若認為科学是只指物理的世界時,則數學,或至少是純數學,不會是一門科學。愛因斯坦曾如此描述:「數學定律越和現實有關,它們越不確定;若它們越是確定的話,它們和現實越不會有關。」[21][註 2]許多哲學家相信數學在經驗上不具可否證性[22],且因此不是卡爾·波普爾所定義的科学。但在1930年代時,在數理邏輯上的重大進展顯示數學不能歸併至邏輯內,且波普爾推斷「大部份的數學定律,如物理及生物學一樣,是假設演繹的:純數學因此變得更接近其假設為猜測的自然科學,比它現在看起來更接近。」[23]然而,其他的思想家,如較著名的拉卡托斯,便提供了一個關於數學本身的可否證性版本。
^愛因斯坦這段話是在回答以下問題:"how can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human thought which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the objects of reality?"他亦關心數學在自然科學中不可想像的有效性。
^ 1.01.1mathematics, n.. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2012 [2012-07-16]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-16) (英语). The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis.
^Kneebone, G.T. Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey. Dover. 1963: 4. ISBN 0-486-41712-3(英语). Mathematics ... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.
^LaTorre, Donald R., John W. Kenelly, Iris B. Reed, Laurel R. Carpenter, and Cynthia R Harris. Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change. Cengage Learning. 2011: 2. ISBN 1-4390-4957-2(英语). Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.
^Ramana. Applied Mathematics. Tata McGraw–Hill Education. 2007: 2.10. ISBN 0-07-066753-5(英语). The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.
^Sevryuk, Mikhail B. Book Reviews(PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. January 2006, 43 (1): 101–109 [2006-06-24]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2006-07-23).
^2006 Fields Medals awarded(PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society (American Mathematical Society). October 2006, 53 (9): 1037–1044 [2013-10-06]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2012-12-02).
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