大寺


上座部佛教

國家和地區
佛教大綱英语Outline of Buddhism 佛教主題

大寺巴利語Mahā-vihāra梵語Mahā-vihāra),音译摩诃毗诃罗,也写作摩诃毘诃罗,是南传佛教的较大规模佛寺的常用名,在歷史上以斯里兰卡阿努拉德普勒大寺最为出名,在此地诞生了大寺派(大寺住派),传承至现代南传上座部佛教[1][2]

詞義

Mahā通常音譯爲“摩訶”、或意譯爲“大”,它和希臘文mega同源。vihāra有時也作vihāraya,-ya無實義,音譯作“毗訶羅(耶)”,義爲精舍,即佛寺[3]

古印度大寺

佛教廣為流傳後,在古摩揭陀孟加拉發展起來諸多修學道場,這些寺院規模宏大,學僧眾多,故稱大寺。在如今的比哈爾邦还留有大量遺跡,實際上,“比哈爾”(Bihar)一名就是Vihara的印地语现代音[4]。藏傳佛教記載古印度有五個大寺最為著名[5]

另外有:

斯里蘭卡大寺

  • 阿努拉德普勒大寺:是錫蘭上座部佛教的學術中心。依此處住者成立了大寺派大寺住派),即現代南傳上座部的源頭。曾在錫蘭本地數次衰弱,教典散失,而遣使至緬甸、暹羅請回僧團,重建大寺派的傳承。
    • 大寺毀壞後還重建有祗陀林佛塔,祗陀林派(薩伽利耶派)即住此而得名,是從無畏山寺派分裂出的。
  • 無畏山寺:與大寺派相對的無畏山寺派即住此而得名,是錫蘭兼習大乘之上座部部派,後來因政爭而消亡[6]

其他地區

南亞、東南亞也常有以大寺命名的佛寺。如:

註释

  1. ^ 一行佛学词典集合搜寻【摩诃毗诃罗】. [2019-03-07]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-08). 
  2. ^ 一行佛学词典集合搜寻【大寺】. [2019-03-07]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-08). 
  3. ^ 精舍#佛教精舍
  4. ^ 《西藏大藏经》中准提法之记载(普光)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆):“比哈尔”之名源自vihara,指的是“佛教寺庙”……。
  5. ^ Vajrayogini: Her Visualization, Rituals, and Forms by Elizabeth English. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-329-X,p15
  6. ^ 《佛光大辭典》【無畏山寺派】:巴利名 Abhayagirivihāranikāya。又作阿跋耶祇釐住部(梵 Abhayagirivāsin)、法味派(巴 Dhammarucika)。乃錫蘭第一個兼習大乘之上座部部派,因以無畏山寺為中心,故稱為無畏山寺派。該寺於西元前一世紀由婆他伽馬尼王(巴 Vattagāmani)所建,獻予大寺(巴 Mahā-vihāra)之長老摩訶帝須(巴 Mahātissa)。後摩訶帝須被大寺擯出,其門徒遂與大寺分離,據守無畏山寺,號稱無畏山寺派。錫蘭佛教遂分為大寺派(摩訶毘訶羅住部)與無畏山寺派。據大唐西域記卷十一載,佛教傳至錫蘭後二百餘年,各擅專門,分成二部,一為摩訶毘訶羅住部,斥大乘而習小乘,一為阿跋耶祇釐住部,學兼二乘,弘演三藏。於三世紀頃,大乘佛教傳入錫蘭,本派成為大乘之重鎮;四世紀中葉,曾經分裂為二;然據高僧法顯傳所述,法顯到錫蘭時,無畏山寺派正當隆盛中。六至十一世紀,因政治因素,本派遭嚴重破壞。至十二世紀時,國王波洛羅摩婆訶一世(巴 Parakkamabāhu I)下令取締,敕令破戒比丘還俗,本派遂滅絕。(參閱「錫蘭佛教」6327) p5103
  7. ^ 參見十五碑錫蘭佛寺页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

參見

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