根據研究伊斯蘭教法的學者伯納德·G·韋斯(英语:Bernard G. Weiss)解釋,正如荒漠上通往水泉的道路提供了生機,臣服於伊斯蘭教及教法可滋補心靈,因此沙里亞在阿拉伯語裡含有這樣的隱喻,再結合《古蘭經》提到穆斯林臣服於真主是踏上「正途」,這個詞語解作道路引伸為所有穆斯林祈求真主作出的指引[11]。辭典作家把沙里亞定義為:
另一個阿拉伯詞語斐格海(阿拉伯语:فقه,羅馬化:Fiqh)有時也會被翻譯成伊斯蘭教法,但它與沙里亞的含義不一樣。沙里亞是《古蘭經》和聖行的神授訓令,加上人類對它們的理解而成的法律規範;斐格海則純粹是人類對伊斯蘭教法細節的認知。學者哈立德·阿布·法德勒(阿拉伯语:خالد أبو الفضل)描述沙里亞是真主的理想,不受變幻莫測的世間玷染和影響,猶如空中樓閣,斐格海是人類理解和實現這個理想的嘗試。沙里亞是不變、完美無暇的,但斐格海不是[17]。
至11世紀,哈里發國的版圖變小變碎,政治領導角色改由蘇丹擔任。蘇丹不自視為先知後裔,但仍繼續維繫伊斯蘭教法,以保護穆斯林社群,此時的伊斯蘭教法已能規範中東城市日常生活的許多部分[61]。安薩里把伊斯蘭教法與神秘主義結合起來,學者艾拉·拉皮德斯(英语:Ira M. Lapidus)形容安薩里的神秘主義給穆斯林提供了真主真實存在的深入見解,加強了他們恪守伊斯蘭教法的信念[62][63]。
伊斯蘭教法涵蓋的範圍廣闊,包括個人層面上的衛生、飲食、禮拜、宗教禮儀、衣著及公眾層面上的刑事、商業、慈善、軍事、國際法及家事。如果伊斯蘭教法被納入國家法制,它或會體現在憲法上[101]。伊斯蘭教法大抵上可分為兩個類別,分別是伊巴代(阿拉伯语:العبادة في الإسلام)和穆阿麥拉特(英语:Mu'amalat)。伊巴代相當於自然法,掌管宇宙法則,體現安拉的意志,穆斯林會在死後接受審判,判斷他們是否遵照了這些規則。穆阿麥拉特則是實在法,是人為制定的法律,掌管人類之間的關係,會根據社會的變遷隨時間改變[102]。
按照穆斯林的理解,真主要求統治者更需要溫和處事及秉承公義。《古蘭經》有云:「達五德(大衛)啊!我確已任命你為大地的代治者,你當替人民秉公判決,不要順從私欲,以免私欲使你叛離真主的大道。」伊斯蘭教法的文獻經常引用這段經文來說明這是恰當、良好管治的要求[121]。中世紀法學家馬瓦爾迪(阿拉伯语:الماوردي)認為,良好的統治者要為人正直、有才學、機智精明及勇往直前,另一位法學家伊本·泰米葉則指能幹和正直是穆斯林領導人應有的兩個基本要素[122]。不過,近代法學家阿卜杜·瓦哈卜·哈拉夫(阿拉伯语:عبد الوهاب خلاف)表示,以他所理解的伊斯蘭教法,伊斯蘭政府是憲制政府,它的管治並非倚仗個人魅力[123]。
刑事
為了保障和維護人類的個人和共同利益,伊斯蘭教法的刑事法律伴隨罰則,懲治違背伊斯蘭教法律的犯人[124]。阿卜杜·卡迪爾·奧達(阿拉伯语:عبد القادر عودة)撰寫的《伊斯蘭刑事法制》是當今常用的教材,他在當中提到這些懲罰的目的是「教化和保護人民,使他們免於墮落和戒絕愚行;糾正他們的錯誤,制止犯罪,並鼓勵他們守紀」[125]。與其他法制傾向以犯罪性質來劃分刑事法的做法不同,傳統伊斯蘭教法是根據刑罰的性質和根源來劃分。伊斯蘭教法的刑事罪行被分成三類。第一類是《古蘭經》和聖行裡有既定刑罰的罪行(侯杜德(阿拉伯语:الحدود في الشريعة الإسلامية))。第二類是對人身的侵害,受害人可向凶手復仇或索償(阿拉伯语:دية)。第三類是《古蘭經》和聖行沒有既定刑罰的罪行,要酌情衡量[126]。
論證手段可以檢驗經文的真確性和確立經文文意,亦可決議這些經文的應用場合。通過論證手段,任何法律見解都可以在不同的時空場景下發展、演變和適應,這是伊斯蘭教法學在形成初期便得以確立的基礎原則[183]。傳統意見認為解讀法律的權力在法學家的手上,但法學家並不是創造新的法律,他們只是採用一套辧法來使他們可以按照《古蘭經》、聖行和其他的法源衍生法律[184][45]。10世紀前的遜尼派法學家大抵上皆同意《古蘭經》和聖訓是法律的主要來源,亦認可通過類比推理(阿拉伯语:قياس (إسلام))的手段從現有的法則推導出新的法則[185]。什葉派的法學則更強調純粹採用邏輯(波斯語:عقل در اسلام)來審視法源和構建新法[186]。
這些學派各自採用不同的法律學說解讀伊斯蘭教法,但又互相包容彼此的存在,反映早期的伊斯蘭教在法律思想上具有獨特的自由[198]。儘管這種法律多元主義相當普遍,但在一些地區,某個學派顯然更受歡迎,甚至得到統治者的支持,例如馬立克派在安達盧斯盛行,哈乃斐派則是奧斯曼帝國承認的官方學派[199]。伊斯蘭教法並沒有國際私法和法律規避(法语:Fraude à la loi)的說法,穆斯林可以按需選擇法學學派,因此即使是因應形勢而由某個學派轉投另一個學派也是可行的[200]。
不過,有學者指出,在歷史上,接受穆斯林統治的猶太人過得比基督教國家的猶太人要好。至於生活在穆斯林國家的基督徒,即使是科爾多瓦哈里發國的基督教聖人尤洛吉烏斯(西班牙语:Eulogio de Córdoba)也承認他們獲准在國內不受限制地以基督徒自居[292]。儘管齊米不能享有穆斯林的特權,但同時他們亦免於承擔穆斯林特有的義務。在其他方面,穆斯林和齊米基本上是平等,特別是財產、合同上的權責[293]。
Janin, Hunt; Kahlmeyer, André, Islamic Law: The Sharia from Muhammad's Time to the Present, McFarland, 2015, ISBN 1476608814(英语)
Khan, Arshad, Islam, Muslims and America: Understanding the Basis of Their Conflict, Agathon Press, 2003, ISBN 087586242X(英语)
Akgündüz, Ahmet, Introduction to Islamic Law : Islamic Law in Theory and Practice, IUR Press, 2010, ISBN 9080719269(英语)
Esposito, John L., The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0195107993(英语)
Westbrook, David A., Islamic International Law and Public International Law: Separate Expressions of World Order, Virginia Journal of International Law, 1993, 33: 819–897 (英语)
Stowasser, Barbara Freyer; Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, Islamic Law and the Challenges of Modernity, AltaMira Press, 2004, ISBN 0759106711(英语)
Morgan, Diane, Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice, Praeger, 2010, ISBN 0313360251(英语)
Woolf, Alex, A History of the World: The Story of Mankind from Prehistory to the Modern Day, Arcturus Publishing, 2017, ISBN 1788280172(英语)
Afsaruddin, Asma, Contemporary Issues in Islam, Edinburgh University Press, 2015, ISBN 0748632247(英语)
Sultan, Sohaib, The Koran For Dummies, Wiley, 2011, ISBN 1118053982(英语)
Affi, Ahmed; Affi, Hassan, Contemporary Interpretation of Islamic Law, Troubador Publishing, 2014, ISBN 1783062134(英语)
Lane, E. W., Arabic-English Lexicon, 1968 (英语)
Saeed, Lutforahman, Islam, Custom and Human Rights: A Legal and Empirical Study of Criminal Cases in Afghanistan After the 2004 Constitution, Springer, 2021, ISBN 3030830853(英语)
Ramadan, Tariq, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0198038208(英语)
Tomlins, Christopher; Dubber, Markus D., The Oxford Handbook of Legal History, OUP Oxford, 2018, ISBN 0192513133(英语)
Possamai, Adam; Turner, Bryan S.; Richardson, James T., The Sociology of Shari’a: Case Studies from Around the World, Springer International Publishing, 2023, ISBN 3031271882(英语)
Ali, Shaheen Sardar, Modern Challenges to Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, 2016, ISBN 1107033381(英语)
Coulson, Noel James, A History of Islamic Law, Edinburgh University Press, 1978, ISBN 0852243545(英语)
Peters, Rudolph; Bearman, Peri, The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law, Ashgate Pub Co, 2014, ISBN 1409438937(英语)
Joseph, Sabrina, Islamic Law on Peasant Usufruct in Ottoman Syria: 17th to Early 19th Century, BRILL, 2012, ISBN 9004228357(英语)
Esposito, John L.; DeLong-Bas, Natana J., Shariah: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, 2018, ISBN 0199325065(英语)
Sajoo, Amyn B., The Shari'a: History, Ethics and Law, I.B. Tauris, 2018, ISBN 9781350989252(英语)
Salaymeh, Lena, The Beginnings of Islamic Law: Late Antique Islamicate Legal Traditions, Cambridge University Press, 2016, ISBN 1107133025(英语)
Dubber, Markus D.; Tomlins, Christopher, The Oxford Handbook of Legal History, Oxford University Press, 2018, ISBN 0198794355(英语)
Schacht, Joseph, Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, Clarendon Press, 1979, ISBN 0198253575(英语)
Motzki, Harald, The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh Before the Classical Schools, BRILL, 2002, ISBN 9004121315(英语)
Dutton, Yasin, The Origins of Islamic law: the Qurʼan, the Muwaṭṭaʼ and Madinan ʻAmal, Lawman (India) Private Ltd., 1999, ISBN 8175040181(英语)
Williams, Julie, Islam: Understanding the History, Beliefs, and Culture, Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2008, ISBN 0766026868(英语)
Khadduri, Majid; Liebesny, Herbert J., Origin and Development of Islamic Law, The Middle East Institute, 1955 (英语)
Rafiq, Aayesha, Borrowings, Influences, and Comparability: The Case of Islamic Law, Islamic Studies, 2016, 55 (1/2): 113–129 (英语)
Siddiqui, Sohaira, Locating the Sharīʿa: Legal Fluidity in Theory, History and Practice, BRILL, 2018, ISBN 9004391711(英语)
Powers, Paul R., Intent in Islamic Law: Motive and Meaning in Medieval Sunnī Fiqh, BRILL, 2006, ISBN 9004145923(英语)
Rabb, Intisar A., Doubt in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 1107080991(英语)
Johansen, Baber, The Islamic Law on Land Tax and Rent: The Peasants Loss of Property Rights As Interpreted in the Hanafite Literature of the Mamluk and Ottoman Period, Croom Helm Ltd, 1988, ISBN 0709914962(英语)
Janin, Hunt; Kahlmeyer, André, Islamic Law: The Sharia from Muhammad's Time to the Present, McFarland, 2015, ISBN 1476608814(英语)
Amer, Mona M.; Ahmed, Sameera, Counseling Muslims: Handbook of Mental Health Issues and Interventions, Taylor & Francis, 2013, ISBN 1135859558(英语)
Esmaeili, Hossein; Marboe, Irmgard; Rehman, Javaid, The Rule of Law, Freedom of Expression and Islamic Law, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017, ISBN 1782257500(英语)
Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, 2013, ISBN 0691134847(英语)
Hallaq, Wael B., The Origins and Evolution of Islamic law, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0511264844(英语)
Khadduri, Majid; Liebesny, Herbert J., Origin and Development of Islamic Law, The Lawbook Exchange, 2008, ISBN 1584778644(英语)
Emon, Anver M.; Ahmed, Rumee, The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law, Oxford University Press, 2019, ISBN 0199679010(英语)
Hallaq, Wael B., The Formation of Islamic Law, Routledge, 2016, ISBN 1351889540(英语)
Salvatore, Armando; Tottoli, Roberto; Rahimi, Babak, The Wiley Blackwell History of Islam, John Wiley & Sons, 2018, ISBN 1118523628(英语)
Armajani, Jon, Dynamic Islam: Liberal Muslim Perspectives in a Transnational Age, University Press of America, 2004, ISBN 0761829679(英语)
Stump, Roger W., The Geography of Religion: Faith, Place, and Space, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008, ISBN 0742581497(英语)
Gozzi, Gustavo, Humanitarian Intervention, Colonialism, Islam and Democracy: An Analysis through the Human-Nonhuman Distinction, Routledge, 2021, ISBN 1000374971(英语)
Powers, David; Spectorsky, Susan; Arabi, Oussama, Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists, BRILL, 2013, ISBN 9004255885(英语)
Powers, David S., Law, Society and Culture in the Maghrib, 1300-1500, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0521816912(英语)
Ahmed, Rumee, Narratives of Islamic Legal Theory, Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 0199640173(英语)
Jokisch, Benjamin, Islamic Imperial Law: Harun-Al-Rashid's Codification Project, Walter de Gruyter, 2011, ISBN 311092434X(英语)
Makdisi, George, Religion, Law and Learning in Classical Islam, Routledge, 2022, ISBN 1000585069(英语)
Akyol, Mustafa, Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty, W. W. Norton & Company, 2011, ISBN 0393081974(英语)
Fierro, Maribel, 'Abd al-Rahman III: The First Cordoban Caliph, Oneworld Academic, 2005, ISBN 1851683844(英语)
Reisch, Michael, The Routledge International Handbook of Social Justice, Routledge, 2014, ISBN 0415620430(英语)
Dickson, William Rory, Living Sufism in North America: Between Tradition and Transformation, State University of New York Press, 2015, ISBN 1438457588(英语)
Lapidus, Ira M., A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0521779332(英语)
Anheier, Helmut K.; Juergensmeyer, Mark, Encyclopedia of Global Studies, SAGE Publications, 2012, ISBN 1412994225(英语)
Fierro, Maribel, The Legal Policies of The Almohad Caliphs and Ibn Rushd's Bidayat Almujtahid, Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford University Press), 1999, 10 (3): 226–248 (英语)
Kersten, Carool; Olsson, Susanne, Alternative Islamic Discourses and Religious Authority, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2014, ISBN 9781472400536(英语)
Lewis, Bernard, The Political Language of Islam, University of Chicago Press, 2018, ISBN 022622015X(英语)
Baderin, Mashood A., Islamic Law: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2021, ISBN 0199665591(英语)
Lane, George, Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2006, ISBN 0313027315(英语)
May, Timothy, The Mongol Conquests in World History, Reaktion Books, 2013, ISBN 1861899718(英语)
Smith, Paul J., The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century, Routledge, 2007, ISBN 9780765619884(英语)
Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, ISBN 0333613864(英语)
Duindam, Jeroen; Harries, Jill Diana; Humfress, Caroline; Nimrod, Hurvitz, Law and Empire: Ideas, Practices, Actors, BRILL, 2013, ISBN 9004249516(英语)
Gesink, Indira Falk, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam, I.B.Tauris, 2009, ISBN 0857713833(英语)
Subtelny, Maria, Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran, Brill, 2007, ISBN 9004160310(英语)
Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark, Encyclopedia of Global Religion, SAGE, 2012, ISBN 0761927298(英语)
Burak, Guy, The Second Formation of Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 110709027X(英语)
Black, E. Ann; Esmaeili, Hossein; Hosen, Nadirsyah, Modern Perspectives on Islamic Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, ISBN 0857934473(英语)
Lipman, Jonathan, Islamic Thought in China: Sino-Muslim Intellectual Evolution from the 17th to the 21st Century, Edinburgh University Press, 2016, ISBN 1474402283(英语)
Osella, Caroline; Osella, Filippo, Islamic Reform in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 1107031753(英语)
A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Facts On File, 2010, ISBN 1438110251(英语)
Silverstein, Adam J., Islamic History: A Very Short Introduction, OUP Oxford, 2010, ISBN 019160934X(英语)
Baderin, Mashood A., Islamic Legal Theory: Volume I, Routledge, 2014, ISBN 0754628787(英语)
Emon, Anver M.; Ellis, Mark; Glahn, Benjamin, Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law, OUP Oxford, 2012, ISBN 0191645699(英语)
Masud, Muhammad Khalid, Sharia Law In The Twenty-first Century, World Scientific, 2022, ISBN 1800611692(英语)
Browers, Michaelle; Kurzman, Charles, An Islamic Reformation?, Lexington Books, 2004, ISBN 073910554X(英语)
Ahmad, Ahmad Atif, Structural Interrelations of Theory and Practice in Islamic Law: A Study of Six Works of Medieval Islamic Jurisprudence, Brill, 2006, ISBN 9047409167(英语)
Fegiery, Moataz El, Islamic Law and Human Rights: The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, ISBN 1443898449(英语)
Korteweg, Anna C.; Selby, Jennifer A., Debating Sharia: Islam, Gender Politics, and Family Law Arbitration, University of Toronto Press, 2012, ISBN 1442611456(英语)
Taji-Farouki, Suha; Nafi, Basheer M., Islamic Thought in the Twentieth Century, I.B. Tauris, 2004, ISBN 1850434255(英语)
Fadl, Khaled Abou El; Ahmad, Ahmad Atif; Hassan, Said Fares, Routledge Handbook of Islamic Law, Routledge, 2019, ISBN 1317622448(英语)
Souaiaia, Ahmed E., Human Rights in Islamic Societies:Muslims and the Western Conception of Rights, Taylor & Francis, 2021, ISBN 1000389650(英语)
Salamey, Imad, The Decline of Nation-States After the Arab Spring: The Rise of Communitocracy, Taylor & Francis, 2016, ISBN 1317036255(英语)
Shelton, Dinah, The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law, OUP Oxford, 2013, ISBN 0191668974(英语)
Abdulla, Raficq S.; Keshavjee, Mohamed M., Understanding Sharia: Islamic Law in a Globalised World, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018, ISBN 1786734052(英语)
Farmer, Brian R., Understanding Radical Islam: Medieval Ideology in the Twenty-first Century, U.S. Naval War College, 2007, ISBN 0820488437(英语)
Çakmak, Cenap, Islam:A Worldwide Encyclopedia, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017, ISBN 9798216105329(英语)
Kheirabadi, Masoud, Islam, Chelsea House Publishers, 2004, ISBN 1438106432(英语)
Esposito, John L., Islam: The Straight Path, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0195396006(英语)
Crisp, Beth R., The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Spirituality and Social Work, Taylor & Francis, 2017, ISBN 1317395433(英语)
Brown, Daniel W., A New Introduction to Islam, Wiley, 2011, ISBN 1444357727(英语)
Anckar, Carsten, Religion and Democracy:A Worldwide Comparison, Taylor & Francis, 2021, ISBN 1000475522(英语)
Stanton, Andrea L.; Elliott, Carolyn M.; Ramsamy, Edward; Seybolt, Peter J., Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia, SAGE Publications, 2012, ISBN 145226662X(英语)
Balentine, Samuel E., The Oxford Handbook of Ritual and Worship in the Hebrew Bible, Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN 0190222123(英语)
Peters, Rudolph, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521792266(英语)
Matusitz, Jonathan, Global Jihad in Muslim and Non-Muslim Contexts, Springer International Publishing, 2020, ISBN 303047044X(英语)
Clark, Malcolm, Islam For Dummies, Wiley, 2011, ISBN 1118053966(英语)
Asad, Mohamed, The Principles of State and Government in Islam, University of California Press, 1961, ISBN 9789839154092(英语)
Poya, Abbas, Sharia and Justice: An Ethical, Legal, Political, and Cross-cultural Approach, De Gruyter, 2018, ISBN 9783110574593(英语)
Mahazan, Abdul Mutalib; Rafiki, Ahmad, The Role of Islamic Spirituality in the Management and Leadership Process, IGI Global, 2021, ISBN 179986894X(英语)
Warren, Christie S., Islamic Criminal Law: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0199806047(英语)
Dubber, Markus Dirk; Hörnle, Tatjana, The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law, EBSCO, 2014, ISBN 0199673594(英语)
Esposito, John L., What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam, Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 0199794138(英语)
Bassiouni, M., Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law, Springer Netherlands, 1999, ISBN 9041112227(英语)
Roberson, Cliff; Das, Dilip K., An Introduction to Comparative Legal Models of Criminal Justice, Taylor & Francis, 2016, ISBN 1498746276(英语)
Ebbe, Obi N. I., Comparative and International Criminal Justice Systems: Policing, Judiciary, and Corrections, Taylor & Francis, 2013, ISBN 1466560339(英语)
Mbuba, Jospeter M., Comparative Criminal Justice:International Trends and Practices, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2023, ISBN 1538173158(英语)
Hakeem, Farrukh B.; Haberfeld, M.R.; Verma, Arvind, Policing Muslim Communities: Comparative International Context, Springer New York, 2012, ISBN 1461435528(英语)
Burns, Jonathan G., Introduction to Islamic Law: Principles of Civil, Criminal, and International Law Under the Shari'a, TellerBooks, 2014, ISBN 0984518266(英语)
Esposito, John L., The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0199757267(英语)
Al-Daghistani, Sami, The Making of Islamic Economic Thought: Islamization, Law, and Moral Discourses, Cambridge University Press, 2021, ISBN 1108845754(英语)
Askari, Hossein; Iqbal, Zamir; Mirakhor, Abbas, Introduction to Islamic Economics: Theory and Application, Wiley, 2015, ISBN 1118732960(英语)
Baderin, Mashood A., Issues in Islamic Law, Taylor & Francis, 2017, ISBN 1351561944(英语)
Hassan, Kabir; Lewis, Mervyn, Handbook of Islamic Banking, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1847205410(英语)
Hassan, M. Kabir; Rashid, Mamunur; Rabbani, Mustafa Raza, FinTech in Islamic Financial Institutions: Scope, Challenges, and Implications in Islamic Finance, Springer International Publishing, 2022, ISBN 3031149416(英语)
Visser, H., Islamic Finance: Principles and Practice, Edward Elgar, 2009, ISBN 1845425251(英语)
Lewis, Mervyn; Algaoud, Latifa M., Islamic Banking, Edward Elgar, 2001, ISBN 1843762951(英语)
Jany, Janos, Legal Traditions in Asia: History, Concepts and Laws, Springer International Publishing, 2020, ISBN 3030437280(英语)
Beckett, Paul, Beneficial Ownership and Legal Responsibility: Concealment, Avoidance and Impunity, Routledge, 2024, ISBN 1032537604(英语)
Naʻīm, ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad, Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book, Bloomsbury Academic, 2002, ISBN 1842770934(英语)
An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed, Muslims and Global Justice, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, ISBN 0812204336(英语)
Joseph, Suad; Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures, Vol. 2: Family, Law and Politics, Brill Academic Publishers, 2005, ISBN 9004128182(英语)
Nasir, Jamal J., The Islamic Law of Personal Status, Brill, 2021, ISBN 9004480382(英语)
Abiad, Nisrine, Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations: A Comparative Study, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2008, ISBN 190522141X(英语)
Yaqub, Nazia, Parental Child Abduction to Islamic Law Countries: A Child Rights Analysis of the Legal Framework, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022, ISBN 1509939121(英语)
Samadi, Mona, Advancing the Legal Status of Women in Islamic Law, Brill Nijhoff, 2021, ISBN 9004446931(英语)
Najmabadi, Afsaneh; Joseph, Suad, Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Brill, 2003, ISBN 9004128182(英语)
Fadel, Mohammad H., Islamic Jurisprudence, Islamic Law, and Modernity, Lockwood Press, 2023, ISBN 1957454024(英语)
Mallat, Chibli, Introduction to Middle Eastern Law, OUP Oxford, 2007, ISBN 0191566535(英语)
Hussain, A., The Islāmic Law of Succession, Darussalam, 2005, ISBN 9960732371(英语)
El-Rahim, Ibrahim H. A. Abd; Spear, Stuart; Al-Teinaz, Yunes Ramadan, The Halal Food Handbook, Wiley, 2020, ISBN 1118823125(英语)
Campo, Juan Eduardo, Encyclopedia of Islam, Facts On File, 2009, ISBN 1438126964(英语)
Peters, F. E., The Voice, the Word, the Books: The Sacred Scripture of the Jews, Christians, and Muslims, Princeton University Press, 2007, ISBN 0691131120(英语)
Al-Kaysi, Marwan Ibrahim, Morals and Manners in Islam: A Guide to Islamic Adab, Kube Publishing Limited, 2015, ISBN 0860376559(英语)
Adamec, Ludwig W., Historical Dictionary of Islam, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2016, ISBN 1442277246(英语)
MacKinlay, Elizabeth, Ageing and Spirituality Across Faiths and Cultures, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2010, ISBN 1849050066(英语)
Leaman, Oliver, Routledge Handbook of Islamic Ritual and Practice, Routledge, 2022, ISBN 9780367491239(英语)
Powell, Emilia Justyna, Islamic Law and International Law: Peaceful Resolution of Disputes, Oxford University Press, 2019, ISBN 0190064641(英语)
Mekky, Omar, Islamic Jihadism and the Laws of War: A Conversation in International and Islamic Law Languages, OUP Oxford, 2023, ISBN 0198888430(英语)
Kurtz, Lester R., Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict, Elsevier Science, 2008, ISBN 0123739853(英语)
May, Larry, The Cambridge Handbook of the Just War, Cambridge University Press, 2018, ISBN 1107152496(英语)
Ramadan, Hisham M., Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary, AltaMira Press, 2006, ISBN 075911434X(英语)
Hensel, Howard M., The Prism of Just War: Asian and Western Perspectives on the Legitimate Use of Military Force, Taylor & Francis, 2016, ISBN 1317019091(英语)
Possamai, Adam; Turner, Bryan S; Richardson, James T., Legal Pluralism and Shari’a Law, Taylor & Francis, 2016, ISBN 1134922132(英语)
Bennett, Clinton, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013, ISBN 1441127887(英语)
Weiss, Bernard G., The Spirit of Islamic Law, University of Georgia Press, 1998, ISBN 0820319775(英语)
Stilt, Kristen, Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt, OUP Oxford, 2011, ISBN 0191621773(英语)
Akhlaq, Sayed Hassan, The Making of Shia Ayatollahs, Lexington Books, 2023, ISBN 1793655162(英语)
Hallaq, Wael B., An Introduction to Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 1139489305(英语)
Davids, Nuraan; Waghid, Yusef, Democratic Education and Muslim Philosophy: Interfacing Muslim and Communitarian Thought, Springer International Publishing, 2019, ISBN 3030300560(英语)
Sherif, Adel Omar; Cotran, Eugene; Sharīf, ʻĀdil ʻUmar, Democracy:The Rule of Law and Islam, Springer Netherlands, 1999, ISBN 9041111859(英语)
Omar, Mohamed Abdel-Khalek, Reasoning in Islamic Law: Part One, Arab Law Quarterly, 1997, 12 (2): 148–196, doi:10.1163/026805597125825744(英语)
Bhojani, Ali-reza; Rooij, Laurens de; Bohlander, Michael, Visions of Sharīʿa: Contemporary Discussions in Shī ͑ī Legal Theory, Brill, 2019, ISBN 9004413944(英语)
Sindima, Harvey J., Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges Within and Without, Hamilton Books, 2017, ISBN 0761870172(英语)
Rane, Halim, Islam and Contemporary Civilisation, Melbourne University Publishing, 2010, ISBN 0522857280(英语)
Coulson, Noel, A History of Islamic Law, Edinburgh University Press, 2014, ISBN 0748696490(英语)
Esposito, John L.; Voll, John Obert, Islam and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0195108167(英语)
Meddeb, Abdelwahab; Stora, Benjamin, A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day, Princeton University Press, 2013, ISBN 1400849136(英语)
Glenn, H. Patrick, Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0199580804(英语)
Hussain, Jamila, Islam, Federation Press, 2011, ISBN 1862878196(英语)
Das, Dilip K.; Eterno, John, Police Practices in Global Perspective, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010, ISBN 1442200243(英语)
Domingo, Rafael, The New Global Law, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 1139485946(英语)
Hassan, Farooq, The Concept of State and Law in Islam, University Press of America, 1981, ISBN 081911426X(英语)
Menski, Werner F., Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 1139452711(英语)
Krishna-Hensel, Sai Felicia, Religion, Education and Governance in the Middle East: Between Tradition and Modernity, Taylor & Francis, 2016, ISBN 1317067363(英语)
Costa, Pietro; Zolo, Danilo; Santoro, E., The Rule of Law History, Theory and Criticism, Springer, 2007, ISBN 140205744X(英语)
Murvar, Vatro, Theory of Liberty, Legitimacy and Power, Taylor & Francis, 2013, ISBN 113503222X(英语)
Neusner, Jacob; Sonn, Tamara, Comparing Religions Through Law: Judaism and Islam, Routledge, 1999, ISBN 0415194865(英语)
Bennett, Matthew Aaron, 40 Questions about Islam, Kregel Publications, 2020, ISBN 0825446228(英语)
Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani, Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God, ABC-CLIO, 2014, ISBN 1610691784(英语)
Terrill, Richard J., World Criminal Justice Systems: A Comparative Survey, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1455725897(英语)
Alserhan, Baker Ahmad, The Principles of Islamic Marketing, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2012, ISBN 1409459152(英语)
Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale, Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, Facts On File, 2009, ISBN 1438109075(英语)
Zubaida, Sami, Law and Power in the Islamic World, I.B.Tauris, 2003, ISBN 0857714260(英语)
Miura, Toru, Dynamism in the Urban Society of Damascus: The Ṣāliḥiyya Quarter from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Centuries, Brill, 2016, ISBN 9789004304437(英语)
Hathaway, Jane; Barbir, Karl, The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule: 1516-1800, Routledge, 2014, ISBN 131787563X(英语)
Anishchenkova, Valerie, Modern Saudi Arabia, ABC-CLIO, 2020, ISBN 1440857059(英语)
Delaney, Erin F.; Dixon, Rosalind, Comparative Judicial Review, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, ISBN 1788110609(英语)
Hefner, Robert W., Shari'a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, Indiana University Press, 2011, ISBN 0253223105(英语)
Kamrava, Mehran; Dorraj, Manochehr, Iran Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Islamic Republic, Greenwood, 2008, ISBN 0313341613(英语)
Grote, Rainer; Röder, Tilmann J., Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity, OUP USA, 2012, ISBN 019975988X(英语)
Saborit, Ignasi Terradas; Porras, Raúl Márquez; Mazzola, Riccardo, Vindicatory Justice: Beyond Law and Revenge, Springer International Publishing, 2021, ISBN 3030795950(英语)
Wasti, Tahir, The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan: Sharia in Practice, Indiana University Press, 2009, ISBN 9004172254(英语)
Misra, Amalendu, On Beheading, Springer International Publishing, 2022, ISBN 3030961435(英语)
Cuvillo, Antonio Álvarez del; Vujadinović, Dragica; Strand, Susanne, Feminist Approaches to Law:Theoretical and Historical Insights, Springer International Publishing, 2022, ISBN 3031147812(英语)
Brien, Joanne O; Palmer, Martin; Barrett, David B., The Atlas of Religion, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0520249178(英语)
Newman, Graeme R., Crime and Punishment Around the World, ABC-CLIO, 2010, ISBN 0313351341(英语)
Alston, Philip; Goodman, Ryan, International Human Rights, OUP Oxford, 2013, ISBN 0199578729(英语)
Hassanien, Mohamed Ramadan, United States Bilateral Free Trade Agreements: Consistencies Or Conflicts with Norms in the Middle East?, Kluwer Law International B.V., 2010, ISBN 9041132813(英语)
Kuru, Ahmet T., Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison, Cambridge University Press, 2019, ISBN 1108419097(英语)
Jeppie, Shamil, Muslim Family Law in Sub-Saharan Africa: Colonial Legacies and Post-colonial Challenges, Amsterdam University Press, 2010, ISBN 9089641726(英语)
Alston, Philip; Goodman, Ryan, International Human Rights, OUP Oxford, 2013, ISBN 0199578729(英语)
Farrar, Salim; Krayem, Ghena, Accommodating Muslims Under Common Law: A Comparative Analysis, Taylor & Francis, 2016, ISBN 1317964225(英语)
Lindsey, Tim; Butt, Simon, Indonesian Law, Oxford University Press, 2018, ISBN 0191665568(英语)
Ngom, Fallou; Kurfi, Mustapha H.; Falola, Toyin, The Palgrave Handbook of Islam in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, ISBN 9783030457587(英语)
Sodiq, Yushau, A History of the Application of Islamic Law in Nigeria, Springer, 2017, ISBN 3319506005(英语)
Sätre, Ann-Mari; Gradskova, Yulia; Vladimirova, Vladislava, Post-Soviet Women: New Challenges and Ways to Empowerment, Springer Nature, 2023, ISBN 3031380665(英语)
Fox, Jonathan, Political Secularism, Religion, and the State, Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 1107076749(英语)
Siddiqi, Zakia A.; Zuberi, Anwar Jahan, Muslim Women: Problems and Prospects, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1993, ISBN 8185880042(英语)
Potz, Richard; Wieshaider, Wolfgang, Islam and the European Union, Peeters Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9042914459(英语)
Oberauer, Norbert; Prief, Yvonne; Qubaja, Ulrike, Legal Pluralism in Muslim Contexts, BRILL, 2019, ISBN 9004398260(英语)
Büchler, Andrea, Islamic Law in Europe?: Legal Pluralism and its Limits in European Family Laws, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, ISBN 1409497704(英语)
Feldman, Jan Lynn, Citizenship, Faith, & Feminism: Jewish and Muslim Women Reclaim Their Rights, UPNE, 2011, ISBN 1611680115(英语)
Meyer, Olaf, Public Policy and Private International Law: A Comparative Guide, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022, ISBN 1789902665(英语)
Enayat, Hadi, Law, State, and Society in Modern Iran: Constitutionalism, Autocracy, and Legal Reform, 1906–1941, Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013, ISBN 9781349448449(英语)
Bowen, John R., Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia: An Anthropology of Public Reasoning, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0521531896(英语)
Turner, Bryan S., Weber and Islam, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0415174589(英语)
Yilmaz, Ihsan, Islam in the Anglosphere: Perspectives of Young Muslims in Australia, the UK and the USA, Springer Nature, 2023, ISBN 9819937809(英语)
Miethe, Terance D.; Lu, Hong, Punishment: A Comparative Historical Perspective, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 052184407X(英语)
Federspiel, Howard M., Persatuan Islam: Islamic Reform in Twentieth Century Indonesia, Equinox Publishing, 2009, ISBN 6028397474(英语)
Barkan, Steven E.; Bryjak, George J., Fundamentals of Criminal Justice: A Sociological View, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2011, ISBN 1449654398(英语)
Maisel, Sebastian; Shoup, John A., Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2009, ISBN 0313344434(英语)
Kischel, Uwe, Comparative Law, Oxford University Press, 2019, ISBN 0192508865(英语)
Phares, Walid, The Confrontation: Winning the War Against Future Jihad, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, ISBN 0230610927(英语)
Sachedina, Abdulaziz, The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0195349903(英语)
Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A., Minority Rights in the Middle East, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 0199679495(英语)
Kennedy, Gillian, From Independence to Revolution: Egypt's Islamists and the Contest for Power, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 1849049319(英语)
Abate, Mark T, Convivencia and Medieval Spain: Essays in Honor of Thomas F. Glick, Palgrave MacMillan, 2018, ISBN 3319964801(英语)
Neusner, Suzanne, God's Rule: The Politics of World Religions, Georgetown University Press, 2003, ISBN 158901331X(英语)
Ruhland, Heike, Peacebuilding in Pakistan: A Study on the Religious Minorities and Initiatives for Interfaith Harmony, Waxmann Verlag, 2019, ISBN 3830991215(英语)
Esposito, John L., Islam and Politics, Syracuse University Press, 1998, ISBN 0585252483(英语)
Gopal, Gita; Salim, Maryam, Gender and Law: Eastern Africa Speaks : Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the World Bank and the Economic Commission for Africa, World Bank Publications, 1998, ISBN 0821342061(英语)
Kusha, Hamid R., The Sacred Law of Islam: A Case Study of Women's Treatment in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Criminal Justice System, Taylor & Francis, 2017, ISBN 1351882325(英语)
Bennett, Clinton, Studying Islam: The Critical Issues, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1441132287(英语)
Tagliacozzo, Eric, Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée, NUS Press, 2009, ISBN 9971694247(英语)
Heyneman, Stephen P., Islam and Social Policy, Vanderbilt University Press, 2004, ISBN 0826514472(英语)
Sonbol, Amira El-Azhary, Beyond the Exotic; Women's Histories in Islamic Societies, Syracuse University Press, 2021, ISBN 0815655436(英语)
Wayne, Tiffany K., Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World: A Global Sourcebook and History, ABC-CLIO, 2011, ISBN 0313345813(英语)
Hefner, Robert W., Shari'a Law and Modern Muslim Ethics, Indiana University Press, 2016, ISBN 0253022606(英语)
Cantlon, Marie; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Keller, Rosemary Skinner, Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, Indiana University Press, 2006, ISBN 0253346851(英语)
Mirola, William; Monahan, Susanne C; Emerson, Michael O., Sociology of Religion: A Reader, Routledge, 2015, ISBN 1317344006(英语)
Roberson, B.A., Shaping the Current Islamic Reformation, Taylor & Francis, 2004, ISBN 113576302X(英语)
قرية كوكساكي الإحداثيات 42°21′15″N 73°48′18″W / 42.3542°N 73.805°W / 42.3542; -73.805 [1] تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة غرين خصائص جغرافية المساحة 6.725083 كيلومتر مربع6.72074 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010) ارتفاع 43 متر عدد السكان ...
2017–18 Lindenwood Lady Lions women's ice hockey seasonConferenceCollege Hockey AmericaHome iceLindenwood Ice ArenaRecordOverall10-20-1Home5-8-1Road4-10-0Neutral1-2-0Coaches and captainsHead coachScott SpencerAssistant coachesCory WhitakerBeth Hanrahan[1]Captain(s)Britannia Gilanders[2]Shannon Morris-ReadeAlternate captain(s)Courtney GanskeAlly LarsonLindenwood Lady Lions women's ice hockey seasons« 2016–17 2018–19 » The Lindenwood Lady Lions women repres...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Diouf. Abdou Diouf Abdou Diouf en 2008. Fonctions Secrétaire général de la Francophonie 1er janvier 2003 – 1er janvier 2015(12 ans) Élection 20 octobre 2002 Réélection 29 septembre 200624 octobre 2010 Prédécesseur Boutros Boutros-Ghali Successeur Michaëlle Jean Président de la république du Sénégal 1er janvier 1981 – 1er avril 2000(19 ans et 3 mois) Élection 27 février 1983 Réélection 28 février 198821 février 1993 Premi...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) الدوري البلجيكي الدرجة الأولى الموسم 1955–56 البلد بلجيكا المنظم الاتحاد الملكي البلجيكي لكرة القدم ...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Wairoa (homonymie). Fleuve Wairoaanglais : Wairoa River Système de la rivière Wairoa de la baie de Hawke Caractéristiques Longueur 65 km Bassin 3 660 km2 Cours Origine Chutes de « Te Reinga » Embouchure Hawke's Bay Géographie Pays traversés Nouvelle-Zélande Île Île du Nord Région Baie de Hawke modifier Le fleuve Wairoa (en anglais : Wairoa River) est un cours d’eau de la région de Hawke's Bay, dans l’�...
Final Piala FA 1960TurnamenPiala FA 1959–1960 Wolverhampton Wanderers Blackburn Rovers 3 0 Tanggal7 Mei 1960StadionStadion Wembley, LondonWasitKevin HowleyPenonton100.000← 1959 1961 → Final Piala FA 1960 adalah pertandingan sepak bola antara Wolverhampton Wanderers dan Blackburn Rovers yang diselenggarakan pada 7 Mei 1960 di Stadion Wembley, London. Pertandingan ini merupakan pertandingan final ke-79 Piala FA sebagai pertandingan penentu pemenang musim 1959–1960. Pertandingan ...
Общий вид сцены Высшей Украинской Лиги КВН в 2008—2012 годах Украинская лига КВН была открыта в 1999 году в Киеве, под названием «Открытая украинская лига». Редакторами в годы ОУЛ были Михаил Марфин и Валентин Иванов. В 2003 году лига была закрыта, и возобновила свою деятельность...
Canadian Muslim scholar and Salafist (born 1947) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (March 2023) Bilal PhilipsPhilips in August 2010PersonalBornDennis Bradley Philips (1947-07-17) July 17, 1947 (age 76)[1]Kingston, Jamaica[2]ReligionIslamNationalityCanadianDenominationSunniJurisprudenceHanbaliCreedAthariMovementSal...
Football clubUnión VieraFull nameClub de Fútbol Unión VieraFounded1962; 62 years ago (1962)GroundPepe Gonçalvez, Las Palmas,Canary Islands, SpainCapacity3,500ChairmanPacuco RamosManagerÁngel Luis CamachoLeague3ª RFEF – Group 122020–213ª – Group 12 (A), 5th of 103ª – Group 12 (D), 6th of 6WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Club de Fútbol Unión Viera is a Spanish football team based in Las Palmas, in the autonomous community of Canary Islands.[...
British travel writer and adventurer Vivienne Florence Beatrice de WattevilleBorn(1900-08-17)17 August 1900Somerset, EnglandDied27 June 1957(1957-06-27) (aged 56)EnglandOccupationTravel writer, broadcaster, journalistAlma materThe wilds of Sirdal, NorwayGenreAutobiography, travel writingNotable worksSpeak to the Earth (1935) Out in the Blue (1927)PartnerGeorge Gerard Goschen Vivienne Florence Beatrice de Watteville (17 August 1900 – 27 June 1957) was a British travel writer and ad...
Roman Catholic diocese in Mexico This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (May 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessar...
ابن طيفور معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 819 بغداد الوفاة أغسطس 893 (73–74 سنة) بغداد مواطنة الدولة العباسية الحياة العملية المهنة لغوي، وشاعر، ومؤرخ، وجغرافي، وكاتب اللغات الفارسية، والعربية مؤلف:ابن طيفور - ويكي مصدر تعديل مصدري...
The Hallowell family is an American family from Philadelphia and Boston, notable for their activism in the abolitionist movement and for their philanthropy to various universities and civil rights organizations.[1][2][3] The Hallowell family is frequently associated with Boston Brahmins.[4][5] Notable members John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Hallowell, Jr. 1764Gilbert Stuart, Ward Nicholas Boylston, 1825, Museum of Fine Arts 17th century Benjamin Hallowe...
هذه المقالة عن النقل بخطوط الأنابيب. لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع خط أنابيب (توضيح). خط أنابيب في الاسكا. النقل بخطوط الأنابيب هو عملية نقل البضائع عن طريق تمريرها خلال أنابيب مخصصة لذلك.[1][2][3] غالباً ما يستخدم هذا النوع من أنواع النقل في نقل السوائل والغازات، ولكن ي�...
Lesmo komune di Italia Tempat Negara berdaulatItaliaDaerah di ItaliaLombardyProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Monza dan Brianza NegaraItalia Ibu kotaLesmo PendudukTotal8.405 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah5,12 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian241 m Berbatasan denganBiassono Casatenovo (en) Macherio Arcore Camparada Correzzana Triuggio SejarahSanto pelindungMaria Diangkat ke Surga Informasi tambahanKode pos20855 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon039 ID ISTAT108026 Kode kadaster Italia...
S-1 Igor Sikorsky and the S-1 near Kiev, Russian Empire in May 1910 Role PrototypeType of aircraft National origin Russian Empire Designer Igor Sikorsky First flight May 1910 Number built 1 Developed into Sikorsky S-2 The Sikorsky S-1 was the first fixed-wing aircraft design by Igor Sikorsky. In February 1910 work began on the pusher configured biplane powered by a 15 hp (11 kW) Anzani three-cylinder, air-cooled engine. The machine was completed in April and Sikorsky began his firs...
Thoroughfare in Washington, D.C., and Maryland For the section of Connecticut Avenue in Maryland, see Maryland Route 185. For the light rail station in Maryland, see Connecticut Avenue station. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Connecticut Avenue – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (J...
Theater company and historic place in San Francisco, California For ACT (Seattle), see ACT Theatre. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: American Conservatory Theater – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American Conservatory The...
Suara Hati NurGenre Drama Roman Ditulis olehTim Kreatif MKFSutradara Usman Jiro Tema Patrosza Pemeran Icha Anisa Aditya Herpavi Kenya Nindia Elsa Ferdi Ali Lea Ciarachel Fourneaux Bryan Andrew Kea Macleod Meryem Hasanah Rachel Mihayla Firstriana Aldila Kartika Waode Riki Saputra Leona Linda Penggubah lagu temaEndaLagu pembukaHati Yang Kau Sakiti oleh RossaLagu penutupHati Yang Kau Sakiti oleh RossaPenata musikIshvara GiovanniNegara asal IndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. ep...