花拉子密(Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī,約8-9世紀)是一位波斯數學家、[25] 地理學家和天文學家。被認為是伊斯蘭文明中最偉大的數學家。對阿拉伯數字的傳播起著重要作用,他發展了伊斯蘭代數學。[26]
巴塔尼(Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī,850–922)是一位天文學家,精確測量出來了天文年的長度。他發明的一些數字表還曾被哥白尼採用。[27]
拉齊(Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī,約854–925/935)是一位出生與伊朗的波斯通才,在醫學上的貢獻尤為顯著,他識別出了天花和麻疹,發現了發燒是人體的自衛措施。他寫出了23卷關於中國、印度、波斯、敘利亞和希臘數學的大綱。他對希臘的體液病理學及伽林的放血療法提出了質疑。[28]
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^Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam, p. 270 (book cover, last page), University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0
^A. I. Sabra. Greek Science in Medieval Islam. Ragep, F. J.; Ragep, Sally P.; Livesey, Steven John (编). Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma. Brill Publishers. 1996: 20. ISBN 90-04-09126-2.
^ 9.09.1Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam, 1987, p.6
^Salah Zaimeche (2003), Introduction to Muslim Science.
^Lindberg, David. Science in the Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press. 1978: 23,56.
^Selin, Helaine (编). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1997: 151, 235, 375.
^Toomer, Gerald (1990). "Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-16962-2.
^Abid Ullah Jan (2006), After Fascism: Muslims and the struggle for self-determination, "Islam, the West, and the Question of Dominance", Pragmatic Publishings, ISBN 978-0-9733687-5-8.
^Ahmad Y Hassan and Donald Routledge Hill (1986), Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History, p. 282, Cambridge University Press
^Will Durant (1980). The Age of Faith (The Story of Civilization, Volume 4), p. 162–186. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-01200-2.
^Fielding H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine: with Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Biblographic Data, p. 86
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