Arktika

Kuzey kutbunda Kutup ayıları ABD denizaltısı USS Honolulu'ya yaklaşıyor.
Arktika buzulu

Arktika, Kuzey Kutup Dairesi’nin üstünde kalan bölge olarak tanımlanır.

Bir adını da Antik Yunancada “ayı” anlamına gelen arktos sözcüğünden alan Kuzey Kutup Bölgesi, toplam 27 milyon km²’lik bir alana yayılır. Bunun 9 milyon km²’si kara, geri kalanı denizdir.[1][sayfa belirt] Burada en sıcak ayda bile deniz suyu sıcaklığı +10 °C’nin üstüne çıkmaz. Arktik kara ve deniz iklimlerinin egemen olduğu bölgede yağış azdır, yılda 100 mm ile 500 mm arasında değişir. Kuru rüzgarlar ve sis, düşük sıcaklık (Grönland’da şubat ortalaması -40 °C), sıcaklığın mevsimlere göre büyük değişkenlik göstermesi (+15 °C ile -40 °C) bu bölgenin iklim özellikleri arasındadır. 23 Eylül ile 21 Mart arasında Güneş’in hiç doğmadığı kış kutup gecesi, yılın geri kalan bölümünde ise, hiç batmadığı kutup gündüzü yaşanır.

Sıcaklığın çok düşük olmasına karşın, kutup bölgelerinin de en az tropik bölgeler kadar güneş enerjisi aldığı unutulmamalıdır. Kara bitkileri buna, çok hızlı ve karmaşık bir büyüme biçimi benimseyerek uyum sağlamıştır. Denizlerde ise yüksek oksijen ve zengin besin maddesi nedeniyle, bir de 0 derece dolayındaki deniz suyu sıcaklığı fazla değişmediği için plankton ve balık çok boldur.

Yaşamın denizlerdeki bu zenginliğine karşın, az sayıdaki buzsuz kıyı bölgesinde oldukça sınırlı olduğu gözlenir. Bitki örtüsü tundralara özgü yosunlardan, likenlerden, ardıç ağaçlarından ve cüce akkayınlardan oluşur. Temmuz sıcaklığı 6 °C’nin altına düşerse bunlar da yerlerini buz çölüne bırakırlar. Zemin 600 m derinliğe kadar donmuş durumdadır ve yazın ancak yüzeyden 10–200 m arasında bir derinliğe kadar çözülür. Donmuş zeminin altında bulunan çamur katmanı aşağı doğru akar ve her türlü inşaat çalışmasını çok zorlaştırır.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Bayatli, Altay (1 Ocak 2022). "Osmanlı ve Kutup Stratejisinin Haritacılık Tarihi ve Coğrafi Keşifler Perspektifinden İncelenmesi / Examining of The Ottoman and Polar Strategy from The Perspective of The History of Cartopital and Geographical Discoveries". dergipark.org.tr. 3 Şubat 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Şubat 2022. 

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