Río Abiseo

Nacionalni park Río Abiseo
Svjetska baštinaUNESCO
 Peru
Koordinate: 7°45′0″S77°15′0″W
Registriran:1990.(14. zasjedanje)
Vrsta:Kulturno i prirodno dobro
Mjerilo:iii, vii, ix, x
Ugroženost:no
Referenca:UNESCO
Karta
Nacionalni park Río Abiseo na mapi Perua
Nacionalni park Río Abiseo
Nacionalni park Río Abiseo
Pozicija Parka

Nacionalni park Río Abiseo (španjolski: Parque Nacional del Río Abiseo) u Peruu, nalazi se u Departmanu San Martín, on je 1990. uvršten na UNESCO-vu Listu svjetske baštine.[1]

Karakteristike

Antropomorfni friz iz Gran Pajaténa

Park se prostire na površini od 2,745 km² između rijeka Marañón i Huallage, po istočnim padinama tropskih Anda na sjeveru zemlje. On je jedan od rijetkih dobara svjetske baštine uvršten na tu listu zbog kulturnih i prirodnih vrijednosti.[1]

Park štiti izvore triju rijeka porječja Rijeke Huallage, najveće peruanske pritoke Amazone. Park pokriva 70% porječja riječice Abiseo. Nadmorska visina varira od 350 do 4,200 metara, od tropskih vlažnih šuma do adskih pašnjaka.[2] Većinu parka parka pokriva tropska prašuma na velikoj nadmorskoj visini s niskim drvećem, mahovinom i lišajevima. Taj ekosistem prostire se iznad nadmorske visine od od 2,300 m.[2]

Park je osnovan 1983. godine kako bi se zaštitila fauna i flora prašuma koje su karakteristične za ovo područje Anda. Među posebno značajnim vrstama je kritično ugrožen žutorepi vunasti majmun, jedna od najvećih vrsta majmuna u Južnoj Americi, za kog se dugo vjerovalo da je izumro.[1] Istraživanja koja se provode od 1985. već su otkrila 36 dosad nepoznatih arheoloških nalazišta na nadmorskim visinama između 2,500-4,000 metara, koja daju dobru sliku društva prije Civilizacije Inka.[1]

Naučnici smatraju da su šume parka bile pleistocenski egzil, za brojne vrste flore i faune koje su tu preživjele i razvile za prošle glacijacije. To objašnjava fascinantnu raznolikost flore i faune i visok stupanj endemizma koji se nalazi u parku.[1]

Broj i raznovrsnost pronađenih arheoloških nalazišta ukazuju na visok stupanj ljudske prisutnosti, koja datira od pretkolumbovskih vremena (6. milenijum pne.) sve do španjolske kolonizacije. Nalazišta se protežu na više od 150,000 ha unutar i oko parka. Od 1985. zabilježeno je 36 arheoloških nalazišta, 29 na visokim travnjacima i 7 unutar planinskih šuma unutar parka. Otkrivene ruine uključuju kamena skloništa, ceste, kuće, skladišta, ograde, oranice, terase i nekropole. Trgovina se odvijala sa naseljima duž pacifičke obale sve do naselja u Andama u današnjem Ekvadoru. Od tih arheoloških nalazišta vrijedi istaknuti La Playu, Las Papayas, Los Pinchudos, Gran Pajatén, Cerro Central i pećinu Manachaqui.[1]

Najpoznatije arheološko nalazište u parku Río Abiseo i jedno od najpoznatijih u Peruu je Gran Pajatén koji se nalazi na šumovitom grebenu iznad kanjona rijeke Montecristo.[2]

Nalazište Gran Pajatén

Arheološko nalazište Gran Pajatén (Veliki Pajaten) nalazi se na vrhu brda iznad doline rijeke Montecristo. Sastoji se od 26 kružnih kamenih građevina, nanizanih po terasama i povezanih stepenicama. Lokalitet se prostire na površini od oko 20.000 . Glavne zgrade dekorirane su mozaicima od škriljavca sa geometrijskim, ljudskim i ptičjim motivima.[2]

Radiokarbonsko datiranje i analiza keramike ukazuju da je taj kraj bio naseljen još od 2. vijeka pne.2, ali su ostatci današnjih zgrada izgrađeni u vrijeme Inka pa se pripisuje Kulturi Chachapoya.

Otkriće nalazišta se pogrešno pripisuje američkom istraživaču Genu Savoyu koji ga je navodno otkrio 1965. godine. Ali izgleda da ga je otkrio negdje oko 1940. Juanjuio Eduardo Peña Meza dok istraživao taj kraj za gradnju ceste. Kako nema dokaza dali je otkrio baš ruševine Gran Pajaténa ili neke druge, danas se to otkriće pripisujemještanima sela Pataz 1963., koji su odveli Gena Savoya do nalazišta.[2]

Službena ekspedicija peruanske vlade uputila se na lokalitet i započela s čišćenjem vegetacije krajem 1965. Do 1966. vlada je izgradila helikoptersku platformu i očistila veći dio vegetacije oko lokaliteta. Danas se to smatra pogrešnim, zbog delikatne prirode arheološkog nalazišta, jer su kamene ruine počele brzo propadati bez zaštite guste vegetacije.[2]

Izvori

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 „Río Abiseo National Park” (engleski). Unesco. Pristupljeno 06.08.2023. 
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 Chan Chan, archaeological site, Peru (engleski). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Pristupljeno 06.08.2023. 

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