Lista țărilor după bonitate


Lista țărilor după bonitate este o listă a țărilor și teritoriilor lumii în funcție de ratingul de credit, care prezintă evaluări ale evoluției creditelor în valută pe termen lung pentru obligațiunile de stat („datorii suverane”), conform datelor raportate de cele mai mari trei agenții de rating de credit: Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings și Moody's. Lista include, de asemenea, toate diviziunile administrative care nu emit obligațiuni suverane, dar exclude regiunile, provinciile și municipalitățile care emit obligațiuni municipale.

În tabelele următoare, sortarea este alfabetică după codul țării, conform ISO 3166-1 alpha-3. Pentru diviziunile administrative care nu au un cod ISO alocat, sortarea este în funcție de codul țării din care acestea fac parte.

Bonitate

Bonitatea reprezintă o evaluare a capacității unui debitor de a-și îndeplini obligațiile de plată, pe baza unor indicatori economici si de calitate. O obligațiune de stat este un tip de investiție bazată pe datorii, prin care un guvern împrumută bani în schimbul unei rate de dobândă convenite. Fondurile astfel obținute pot fi utilizate pentru finanțarea unor proiecte de investiții, iar investitorii primesc dobânda stabilită la intervale regulate. Din această perspectivă, un emitent suveran este guvernul (național sau federal) care exercită de facto autoritatea fiscală primară asupra unei jurisdicții recunoscute. Un rating de credit suveran (sovereign credit rating) este o evaluare independentă a bonității unei țări sau a unei entități suverane. Evaluările de credit suveran pot oferi investitorilor informații despre nivelul de risc asociat cu investiția în datoria unei anumite țări, inclusiv orice risc politic[1]. Pe lângă finanțarea prin emiterea de obligațiuni externe, o altă motivație pentru a obține un rating de credit suveran este atragerea de investiții străine directe (ISD). Numeroase țări solicită evaluări din partea celor mai importante agenții de rating de credit pentru a atrage investitori[1].

Riscul de credit suveran, care se reflectă în ratingurile de credit suveran, reprezintă probabilitatea ca un guvern să nu poată – sau să nu dorească – să își îndeplinească obligațiile de plată a datoriei în viitor. Mai mulți factori cheie sunt luați în considerare pentru a evalua cât de riscant ar putea fi să investești într-o anumită țară sau regiune, cum ar fi datoria publică, soldul contului curent, rata de creștere a PIB-ului, rata inflației, rata șomajului, rata importurilor și variația veniturilor din exporturi[1]. Pentru evaluarea acestui risc, fiecare agenție de rating a dezvoltat o metodologie proprie.

Agenții de rating

Standard & Poor's

Harta globală a țărilor lumii în funcție de ratingurile de credit în valută pe termen lung conform Standard & Poor's, martie 2022

Legendă:
  AAA   AA+   AA   AA-   A+   A   A-   BBB+   BBB   BBB-   BB+   BB   BB-   B+   B   B-   CCC+   CCC   CCC-   SD/D

Conform Standard & Poor's, o obligațiune este considerată investment grade[a] dacă ratingul său de credit este BBB− sau superior. Obligațiunile cu rating BB+ și inferior sunt considerate a fi speculative grade[b] („grad speculativ”), uneori denumite și obligațiuni „junk”. Un rating sovereign default[c] („insolvabilitatea datoriilor suverane”) indică faptul că țara nu a îndeplinit în mod selectiv unele obligații restante[2][3].

Fitch Ratings

Harta globală a țărilor lumii în funcție de ratingurile de credit în valută pe termen lung conform Fitch Ratings

Legendă:
  AAA   AA+   AA   AA-   A+   A   A-   BBB+   BBB   BBB-   BB+   BB   BB-   B+   B   B-   CCC+   CCC   CCC-   RD

Conform Fitch, o obligațiune este considerată investment grade[a] dacă ratingul său de credit este BBB− sau superior. Obligațiunile cu rating BB+ și inferior sunt considerate a fi speculative grade[b], uneori denumite și obligațiuni „junk”[114]. Fitch Ratings de obicei nu atribuie perspective ratingurilor suverane sub B− (CCC și mai mici). CCC indică un „risc ridicat”, caz în care „neplata este o posibilitate reală”, iar CC indică un „nivel foarte ridicat al riscului”, caz în care „neplata pare probabilă”[115]

Moody's

Harta globală a țărilor lumii în funcție de ratingurile de credit în valută pe termen lung conform Moody's

Legendă:
  Aaa   Aa1   Aa2   Aa3   A1   A2   A3   Baa1   Baa2   Baa3   Ba1   Ba2   Ba3   B1   B2   B3   Caa1   Caa2   Caa3   Ca   C

Conform Moody's, o obligațiune este considerată investment grade[a] dacă ratingul său de credit este Baa3 sau superior. Obligațiunile cu rating Ba1 și inferior sunt considerate a fi speculative grade[b], uneori denumite și obligațiuni „junk”[241]

Alte agenții de rating

DBRS Morningstar

Conform DBRS Morningstar, o obligațiune este considerată investment grade[a] dacă ratingul său de credit este BBB(scăzut) sau superior. Obligațiunile cu rating BB(ridicat) și inferior sunt considerate a fi speculative grade[b], uneori denumite și obligațiuni „junk”.

Scope Ratings

Conform Scope – agenția europeană de rating – o obligațiune este considerată investment grade[a] dacă ratingul său de credit este BBB− sau superior. Obligațiunile cu rating BB+ și inferior sunt considerate a fi speculative grade[b], uneori denumite și obligațiuni „junk”.

Japan Credit Rating Agency

Japan Credit Rating Agency (JCR) este o agenție de rating de credit cu sediul în Japonia. JCR este considerată de către U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ca „organizație de evaluare statistică recunoscută la nivel național” (Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization).

China Chengxin

China Chengxin Credit Rating Group este o agenție de rating de credit cu sediul în China.

Țări neincluse în listă

State membre ONU cărora nu le-a fost atribuit un rating de credit de către niciuna dintre cele opt agenții de rating prezentate.

Țară Observații
 Afganistan
 Algeria
 Antigua și Barbuda
 Bhutan
 Brunei
 Burundi
 Republica Centrafricană
 Ciad
 Comore
 Djibouti
 Dominica
 Guineea Ecuatorială
 Eritrea
 Gambia Fitch a suspendat ratingul de credit al Gambiei după ce singura sa obligațiune internațională tranzacționată a expirat[378]
 Guineea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Guyana
 Haiti
Iran Iran Fitch a retras toate ratingurile pentru Iran după scadența și rambursarea integrală a ultimei tranșe restante a euroobligațiunii suverane la 21 aprilie 2008[379]
 Kiribati
 Liberia
Libia Libia Fitch a retras toate ratingurile pentru Libia deoarece nu are suficiente informații pentru a continua evaluarea emitentului[380]
 Malawi
Mali Mali Mali a primit un rating de credit în 2004, ca parte a unei inițiative de dezvoltare a ONU[381], dar ratingul a fost ulterior retras[382].
 Insulele Marshall
 Mauritania
 Monaco
 Myanmar
 Nauru
 Nepal
 Niger
 Coreea de Nord
 Palau
 Sfântul Cristofor și Nevis
 Sfânta Lucia
 Samoa
 São Tomé și Príncipe
 Sierra Leone
 Insulele Solomon
 Somalia
 Siria
 Timorul de Est
 Tonga
 Tuvalu
 Vanuatu
 Yemen
 Zimbabwe

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e Investment grade este o categorie de rating de credit care reprezintă acțiunile considerate ca având un risc minim pentru investitori
  2. ^ a b c d e Speculative grade este o categorie de rating de credit care reprezintă acțiunile considerate ca implicând un risc ridicat de pierdere pentru investitori
  3. ^ Sovereign default („insolvabilitatea datoriilor suverane”) reprezintă imposibilitatea sau refuzul guvernului unui stat de a-și plăti integral datoria la termenul scadent

Referințe

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  2. ^ Standard & Poor's. „S&P Global Ratings | Definitions” [S&P Global Ratings | Definiții]. 
  3. ^ Standard & Poor's. „S&P Global Ratings | Credit Ratings Definitions & FAQs | Americas” [S&P Global Ratings | Definiții ale ratingurilor de credit și întrebări frecvente | America]. standardandpoors.com. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  4. ^ „Aruba rating downgraded to BBB by S&P, outlook stable”. EconomyNext. . Accesat în . 
  5. ^ „Rating: Angola Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  6. ^ „Rating: Albania Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  7. ^ „Rating: Andorra Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  8. ^ „Rating: United Arab Emirates Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  9. ^ Sadain Gardazi, Syed (). „S&P Global Affirms Abu Dhabi's Credit Ratings At 'AA', Terms Outlook Stable”. Forbes Middle East. 
  10. ^ „S&P Global Ratings revises Ras Al Khaimah's outlook to 'positive'. Khaleej Times. . 
  11. ^ Standard & Poor's. „Emirate of Sharjah 'BBB-/A-3' Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Stable”. S&P Global. 
  12. ^ „Rating: Argentina Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  13. ^ „Rating: Armenia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  14. ^ „Rating: Australia Credit Rating 2021”. countryeconomy.com. 
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Standard & Poor's (). „Sovereign Ratings List”. 
  16. ^ „Rating: Azerbaijan Credit Rating 2021”. countryeconomy.com. 
  17. ^ Standard & Poor's (). „Benin Outlook Revised To Positive From Stable On Improving Economic Prospects; 'B+/B' Ratings Affirmed”. S&P Global. 
  18. ^ „Rating: Burkina Faso Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  19. ^ „Rating: Bulgaria Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  20. ^ „Rating: Bahrain Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  21. ^ „Rating: Bahamas Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  22. ^ „Rating: Bosnia and Herzegovina Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  23. ^ „Rating: Belarus Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  24. ^ „Rating: Belize Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  25. ^ „Rating: Bolivia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  26. ^ „Rating: Brazil Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  27. ^ „Rating: Barbados Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  28. ^ „Rating: Botswana Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  29. ^ „Rating: Chile Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  30. ^ Standard & Poor's. „Sovereign ratings wrap: S&P affirms China at A+; Fitch downgrades Suriname”. S&P Global. 
  31. ^ „Rating: Ivory Coast Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  32. ^ „Rating: Cameroon Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  33. ^ „Rating: Democratic Republic of the Congo Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  34. ^ „Colombia's Dollar Bonds Drop After S&P Cuts Nation to Junk”. Bloomberg. . 
  35. ^ „Rating: Costa Rica Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  36. ^ Standard & Poor's. „Research Update: Curacao Sovereign Ratings Affirmed At 'BBB-/A-3'; Outlook Remains Stable”. S&P Global. 
  37. ^ „Rating: Dominican Republic Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  38. ^ „Rating: Ecuador Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  39. ^ „Rating: Egypt Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  40. ^ Standard & Poor's. „Ethiopia Foreign Currency Ratings Lowered To 'SD' On Suspended Eurobond Coupon Payments”. S&P Global. 
  41. ^ „EU credit strength”. European Commission. 
  42. ^ „Rating: Fiji Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  43. ^ „Rating: Gabon Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  44. ^ „Rating: Georgia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  45. ^ „S&P Global has downgraded the States of Guernsey's credit rating from 'AA-/A-1 +' to 'A+/A- 1'. gov.gg. . 
  46. ^ „Rating: Ghana Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  47. ^ „S&P Upgrades Greece to BBB-/A-3 With Stable Outlook”. 
  48. ^ „Rating: Grenada Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  49. ^ „Rating: Guatemala Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  50. ^ „S&P Strips Hong Kong of AAA Rating After China Downgrade”. Bloomberg. . 
  51. ^ Hina (). „S&P revises Croatia's outlook to positive”. n1info.hr. Arhivat din original la . 
  52. ^ „Rating: Hungary Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  53. ^ „Indonesia Credit Rating”. World Government Bonds. Accesat în . 
  54. ^ „Rating: Ireland Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  55. ^ „S&P Maintains Iraq's Credit Rating”. Iraq Business News. . 
  56. ^ „Iceland Ratings Raised To 'A+ ' On Strong Growth and Fiscal Consolidation; Outlook Stable”. 
  57. ^ „Rating: Israel Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  58. ^ „Rating: Italy Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  59. ^ „S&P upgrades Jamaica's credit rating to 'BB-'. radiojamaicanewsonline.com. 
  60. ^ „Jersey's credit rating confirmed by Standard and Poor's”. gov.je. . 
  61. ^ „Rating: Jordan Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  62. ^ „Rating: Japan Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  63. ^ „Rating: Kazakhstan Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  64. ^ „Rating: Kenya Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  65. ^ „Rating: Cambodia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  66. ^ „South Korea's Credit Rating Raised One Level to AA by S&P”. Bloomberg. . 
  67. ^ „Rating: Kuwait Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  68. ^ „Rating: Lebanon Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  69. ^ „S&P cuts Sri Lanka to 'selective default' on missed payments”. Reuters. Accesat în . 
  70. ^ „Rating: Lithuania Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  71. ^ „Rating: Latvia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  72. ^ „Rating: Morocco Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  73. ^ „S&P Global Ratings affirms Madagascar at "B-" (Foreign Currency LT credit rating); outlook stable”. Cbonds. . 
  74. ^ „Rating: Malta Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  75. ^ „Rating: Montenegro Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  76. ^ „Rating: Mongolia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  77. ^ „Rating: Mozambique Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  78. ^ „Rating: Mauritius Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  79. ^ „Rating: Malaysia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  80. ^ „Rating: Nigeria Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  81. ^ „Rating: Norway Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  82. ^ „S&P Global Ratings raises New Zealand's credit rating to AA+”. Radio New Zealand - RNZ. . 
  83. ^ „S&P Global lowers Pakistan's rating to 'CCC+/C'. The Express Tribune. . 
  84. ^ „Rating: Panama Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  85. ^ „Rating: Peru Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  86. ^ „PH bags rating upgrade from S&P”. CNN Philippines. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  87. ^ „Rating: Papua New Guinea Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  88. ^ „Rating: Portugal Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  89. ^ „Rating: Qatar Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  90. ^ „S&P cuts Russia's foreign currency rating to 'selective default'. Reuters. 
  91. ^ „Rating: Rwanda Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  92. ^ „Rating: Saudi Arabia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  93. ^ „Rating: Senegal Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  94. ^ „Rating: Singapore Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  95. ^ „St Helena's Investment Grade Credit Rating Affirmed”. Saint Helena Government. . 
  96. ^ „Rating: El Salvador Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  97. ^ „Rating: Serbia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  98. ^ „Rating: Slovakia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  99. ^ „Slovenia Upgraded from A+ to AA- by S&P”. Total Slovenia News. . 
  100. ^ „Turks & Caicos Islands retains it BBB+ credit rating from Standard & Poors”. The Sun Turks and Caicos Islands. . 
  101. ^ Standard & Poor's. „Togo 'B/B' Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Stable”. S&P Global. 
  102. ^ „Rating: Thailand Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  103. ^ Standard & Poor's. „Tajikistan 'B-/B' Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Stable”. S&P Global. 
  104. ^ „Rating: Trinidad and Tobago Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  105. ^ „Rating: Tunisia Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  106. ^ „Rating: Turkey Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  107. ^ „Rating: Taiwan Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  108. ^ Standard & Poor's. „Uganda Outlook Revised To Negative On Rising Fiscal And External Vulnerabilities; 'B/B' Ratings Affirmed”. S&P Global. 
  109. ^ „S&P Lifts Ukraine Rating From Default After Debt Restructuring”. Bloomberg. . 
  110. ^ Standard & Poor's (). „Research Update: Uruguay Long-Term Ratings Raised To 'BBB+' On Stronger Fiscal Policy; Outlook Stable”. S&P Global. 
  111. ^ „Rating: Uzbekistan Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  112. ^ „Rating: Venezuela Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  113. ^ „Rating: South Africa Credit Rating”. countryeconomy.com. 
  114. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Definitions of Ratings and Other Forms of Opinion” [Definiții ale ratingurilor și alte forme de opinie] (PDF). 
  115. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Rating Definitions” [Definiții ale ratingului]. fitchratings.com. 
  116. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Aruba to 'BB+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  117. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Angola at 'B-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  118. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Andorra at 'A-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  119. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms the United Arab Emirates at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  120. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Abu Dhabi at 'AA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  121. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Ras Al Khaimah at 'A'; Outlook Positive”. 
  122. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Argentina's FC IDR to 'CC'; Affirms LC IDR at 'CCC-'. 
  123. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Armenia to 'BB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  124. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Australia at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  125. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Austria's Outlook to Stable; Affirms IDR at 'AA+'. 
  126. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Azerbaijan at 'BB+'; Outlook Positive”. 
  127. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Belgium at 'AA-'; Outlook Negative”. 
  128. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Benin at 'B+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  129. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Outlook on Bangladesh to Negative; Affirms at 'BB-'. 
  130. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Bulgaria at 'BBB'; Outlook Positive”. 
  131. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Bahrain at 'B+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  132. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Withdraws Belarus's Ratings”. 
  133. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Downgrades Bolivia to 'B-'; Outlook Negative”. 
  134. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Brazil to 'BB'; Outlook Stable”. 
  135. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Barbados' Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'B'. 
  136. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Canada at 'AA+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  137. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Switzerland at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  138. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Chile at 'A-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  139. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms China at 'A+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  140. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Cote d'Ivoire at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  141. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Cameroon's Outlook to Negative; Affirms at 'B'. 
  142. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Congo at 'CCC+'. 
  143. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Colombia's 'BB+' Rating; Outlook Stable”. 
  144. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Cabo Verde at 'B-'; Outlook Positive”. 
  145. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Costa Rica to 'BB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  146. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Cyprus's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'BBB'. 
  147. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Czech Republic at 'AA-'; Outlook Negative”. 
  148. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Germany at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  149. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Denmark at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  150. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Dominican Republic's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'BB-'. 
  151. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Downgrades Ecuador's Long-Term IDR to 'CCC+'. 
  152. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Downgrades Egypt to 'B-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  153. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Spain at 'A-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  154. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Downgrades Estonia to 'A+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  155. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Downgrades Ethiopia's LTFC IDR to 'RD'. 
  156. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms European Union and Euratom at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  157. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Finland at 'AA+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  158. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms France at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  159. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Places Gabon's 'B-' IDR on rating sub monitorizare”. 
  160. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms United Kingdom at 'AA-'; Outlook Negative”. 
  161. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Georgia at 'BB'; Outlook positive”. 
  162. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Ghana's Long-Term Local-Currency IDR to 'CCC'. 
  163. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Greece to 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  164. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Guatemala to 'BB'; Outlook Stable”. 
  165. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Hong Kong at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  166. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Honduras's AMDC, Tegucigalpa at 'B'; Outlook Stable”. 
  167. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Croatia's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'BBB+'. 
  168. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Hungary at 'BBB'; Outlook Negative”. 
  169. ^ „Fitch Affirms Indonesia at 'BBB'; Outlook Stable”. 
  170. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms India at 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  171. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Ireland at 'AA-'; Outlook Positive”. 
  172. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Iraq at 'B-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  173. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Iceland at 'A'; Outlook Stable”. 
  174. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Places Israel's 'A+' IDRs on rating sub monitorizare”. 
  175. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Italy at 'BBB'; Outlook Stable”. 
  176. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Jamaica's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'B+'. 
  177. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Jordan at 'BB-', Outlook Stable”. 
  178. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Japan at 'A'; Outlook Stable”. 
  179. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Kazakhstan at 'BBB'; Outlook Stable”. 
  180. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Kenya's Outlook to Negative; Affirms at 'B'. 
  181. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Korea at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  182. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Kuwait at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  183. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Laos at 'CCC-', Withdraws Ratings”. 
  184. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Lebanon's LTFC IDR at 'RD', Downgrades LC IDRs to 'RD'. 
  185. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Sri Lanka's Long-Term Local-Currency IDR to 'CCC-'. 
  186. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Lesotho at 'B'; Outlook Stable”. 
  187. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Lithuania at 'A'; Outlook Stable”. 
  188. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Luxembourg at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  189. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Latvia's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'A-'. 
  190. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Macao at 'AA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  191. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Morocco at 'BB+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  192. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Maldives at 'B-'; Outlook Negative”. 
  193. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Mexico at 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  194. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms North Macedonia at 'BB+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  195. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Malta at 'A+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  196. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Mongolia at 'B'; Outlook Stable”. 
  197. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Mozambique at 'CCC+'. 
  198. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Malaysia at 'BBB+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  199. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Namibia at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  200. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Nigeria at 'B-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  201. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Nicaragua at 'B-'; Revises Outlook to Positive”. 
  202. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms the Netherlands at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  203. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Norway at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  204. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms New Zealand at 'AA+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  205. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Oman to 'BB+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  206. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Pakistan at 'CCC'. 
  207. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Panama's Outlook to Negative; Affirms IDR at 'BBB-'. 
  208. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Peru at 'BBB'; Outlook Negative”. 
  209. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Philippines at 'BBB'; Outlook Stable”. 
  210. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Poland at 'A-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  211. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Portugal to 'A-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  212. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Paraguay at 'BB+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  213. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Qatar's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'AA-'. 
  214. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Romania at 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  215. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Withdraws Russia's Ratings”. 
  216. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Rwanda's Outlook to Stable; Affirms at 'B+'. 
  217. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Saudi Arabia to 'A+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  218. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Singapore at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  219. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Takes Rating Actions on El Salvador Following Local Law Securities Debt Exchange”. 
  220. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises San Marino's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'BB'. 
  221. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Serbia to 'BB+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  222. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Suriname at 'RD', Withdraws Ratings”. 
  223. ^ „Fitch Downgrades Slovakia to 'A-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  224. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Slovenia at 'A'; Outlook Stable”. 
  225. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Sweden at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  226. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Seychelles at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  227. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Thailand at 'BBB+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  228. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Turkmenistan at 'B+'; Outlook Positive”. 
  229. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Tunisia at 'CCC-'. 
  230. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Revises Turkiye's Outlook to Stable; Affirms at 'B'. 
  231. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Taiwan at 'AA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  232. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Tanzania at 'B+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  233. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Uganda at 'B+'; Outlook Negative”. 
  234. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Ukraine at 'CC'. 
  235. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Uruguay to 'BBB'; Outlook Stable”. 
  236. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Downgrades the United States' Long-Term Ratings to 'AA+' from 'AAA'; Outlook Stable”. 
  237. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Uzbekistan at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  238. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Upgrades Vietnam to 'BB+'; Outlook Stable”. 
  239. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms South Africa at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable”. 
  240. ^ Fitch Ratings. „Fitch Affirms Zambia's LTFC IDR at 'RD'; Upgrades LTLC IDR to 'CCC+'. 
  241. ^ „Investment grade : defined at Finance Glossary”. finance-glossary.com. Arhivat din original la . 
  242. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Angola's ratings at B3, maintains positive outlook”. 
  243. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms the B1 ratings of Albania; maintains stable outlook”. 
  244. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms the United Arab Emirates' Aa2 rating; maintains stable outlook”. 
  245. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Argentina's Ca ratings; outlook stable”. 
  246. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Armenia's outlook to stable from negative; affirms Ba3 rating”. 
  247. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Australia's Aaa rating, maintains stable outlook”. 
  248. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Austria's Aa1 ratings; outlook remains stable”. 
  249. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Azerbaijan's ratings to Ba1, outlook changed to stable”. 
  250. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Belgium's Aa3 ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  251. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms the B1 ratings of Benin; maintains stable outlook”. 
  252. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Bangladesh's ratings to B1, outlook stable”. 
  253. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Bulgaria's Baa1 ratings, maintains stable outlook”. 
  254. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Bahrain's outlook to stable, affirms B2 ratings”. 
  255. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades The Bahamas' ratings to B1, changes outlook to stable”. 
  256. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Bosnia and Herzegovina's B3 ratings; outlook stable”. 
  257. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Belarus' ratings to C with a stable outlook”. 
  258. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Belize's ratings to Caa2 from Caa3, maintains stable outlook”. 
  259. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Bermuda's A2 ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  260. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's confirms Bolivia's ratings at Caa1, changes outlook to negative”. 
  261. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Brazil's Ba2 ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  262. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Barbados' ratings to B3 from Caa1; maintains a stable outlook”. 
  263. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Botswana's A3 ratings and maintains stable outlook”. 
  264. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Canada's Aaa rating; maintains stable outlook”. 
  265. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Switzerland's Aaa ratings, maintains stable outlook”. 
  266. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Chile's ratings to A2, changes outlook to stable from negative”. 
  267. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms China's A1 rating, changes outlook to negative from stable”. 
  268. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Côte d'Ivoire's Ba3 rating; changes outlook to positive from stable”. 
  269. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Cameroon's rating to Caa1 from B2; maintains stable outlook”. 
  270. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades the Democratic Republic of the Congo's ratings to B3 from Caa1, outlook stable”. 
  271. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms the Republic of the Congo's Caa2 ratings and maintains stable outlook”. 
  272. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Colombia's Baa2 ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  273. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Costa Rica's ratings to B1; changes outlook to positive from stable”. 
  274. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's withdraws Cuba's ratings due to lack of sufficient information”. 
  275. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Cayman Islands' Aa3 ratings, maintains stable outlook”. 
  276. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Cyprus' ratings to Baa2 and changes outlook to stable”. 
  277. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Czech Republic's outlook to stable from negative, affirms Aa3 ratings”. 
  278. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Germany's Aaa ratings; outlook remains stable”. 
  279. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms the Aaa ratings of Denmark; maintains stable outlook”. 
  280. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook on Dominican Republic's ratings to positive, affirms Ba3 ratings”. 
  281. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Ecuador's Caa3 rating; maintains stable outlook”. 
  282. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Egypt's ratings to Caa1 with a stable outlook, concluding its review”. 
  283. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Spain's Baa1 rating and maintains stable outlook”. 
  284. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Estonia's A1 ratings, maintains stable outlook”. 
  285. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Ethiopia's foreign currency rating to Caa3, affirms its local currency rating at Caa2 and changes outlook to stable”. 
  286. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Finland's Aa1 ratings; outlook remains stable”. 
  287. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Fiji's outlook to stable from negative; affirms B1 rating”. 
  288. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms France's Aa2 ratings; outlook remains stable”. 
  289. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes the outlook on Gabon to negative; affirms Caa1 rating”. 
  290. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes the outlook on the UK to stable from negative, affirms Aa3 ratings”. 
  291. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes the outlook on Georgia's rating to negative; affirms Ba2 rating”. 
  292. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Ghana's local currency ratings to Caa3 from Ca, maintains stable outlook”. 
  293. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Greece's ratings to Ba1, outlook stable”. 
  294. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Guatemala's Ba1 ratings; changes outlook to stable from negative”. 
  295. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Hong Kong SAR's Aa3 rating, changes outlook to negative from stable”. 
  296. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Honduras' B1 ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  297. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Croatia's Baa2 ratings, changes outlook to positive from stable”. 
  298. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms the Baa2 ratings of Hungary; maintains stable outlook”. 
  299. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's assigns Baa2 ratings to Indonesia's dollar denominated bonds”. 
  300. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes the outlook on the Isle of Man to stable from negative, affirms Aa3 ratings”. 
  301. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms India's Baa3 ratings; outlook stable”. 
  302. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Ireland's ratings to Aa3, outlook stable”. 
  303. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Iraq's Caa1 ratings, maintains stable outlook”. 
  304. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook on Iceland's ratings to positive, affirms A2 ratings”. 
  305. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's places Israel's A1 ratings on review for downgrade”. 
  306. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Italy's ratings at Baa3, changes the outlook to stable from negative”. 
  307. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Jamaica's government ratings to B1 and changes outlook to positive from stable”. 
  308. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook on Jordan's rating to positive from stable; affirms B1 rating”. 
  309. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Japan's A1 ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  310. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Kazakhstan's outlook to positive from stable, affirms Baa2 rating”. 
  311. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's confirms Kenya's ratings at B3, changes outlook to negative”. 
  312. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's confirms Kyrgyz Republic's ratings at B3, changes outlook to negative”. 
  313. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Cambodia's outlook to negative, B2 ratings affirmed”. 
  314. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Korea's Aa2 rating, maintains stable outlook”. 
  315. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Kuwait's A1 rating; maintains stable outlook”. 
  316. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Lebanon's C rating, changes outlook to stable from no outlook”. 
  317. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Sri Lanka's rating to Ca; outlook stable”. 
  318. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Lithuania's A2 ratings, maintains stable outlook”. 
  319. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Luxembourg's Aaa ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  320. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Latvia's A3 ratings, maintains stable outlook”. 
  321. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook to negative from stable on Macao SAR, China's rating; affirms Aa3 rating”. 
  322. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Morocco's Ba1 ratings, changes outlook to stable from negative”. 
  323. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes the outlook on Moldova's rating to stable from negative; affirms B3 rating”. 
  324. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Maldives' Caa1 rating, maintains stable outlook”. 
  325. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Mexico's ratings to Baa2, changes outlook to stable from negative”. 
  326. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Mali's outlook to stable; affirms Caa2 ratings”. 
  327. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Malta's A2 ratings, changes outlook to stable from negative”. 
  328. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Montenegro's B1 ratings; outlook stable”. 
  329. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Mongolia's B3 rating, maintains stable outlook”. 
  330. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook on Mozambique to stable from positive, affirms Caa2 ratings”. 
  331. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Mauritius's rating to Baa3, changes outlook to stable”. 
  332. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Malaysia's A3 rating, maintains stable outlook”. 
  333. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Namibia's ratings to B1, changes outlook to stable from negative”. 
  334. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Nigeria's outlook to positive, affirms Caa1 ratings”. 
  335. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Nicaragua's B3 ratings and maintains stable outlook”. 
  336. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms the Netherlands' Aaa ratings; outlook remains stable”. 
  337. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms the Aaa ratings of Norway; maintains stable outlook”. 
  338. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms New Zealand's Aaa rating, maintains stable outlook”. 
  339. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Oman to Ba1, changes outlook to stable”. 
  340. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Pakistan's rating to Caa3; changes outlook to stable from negative”. 
  341. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Panama's rating to Baa3, changes outlook to stable”. 
  342. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook on Peru's Baa1 rating to negative; affirms ratings”. 
  343. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms the Philippines' Baa2 ratings; outlook stable”. 
  344. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Papua New Guinea's outlook to stable from negative; affirms B2 rating”. 
  345. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Poland's A2 ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  346. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Portugal's ratings to A3 and changes outlook to stable”. 
  347. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Paraguay's Ba1 ratings; changes outlook to positive from stable”. 
  348. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes the outlook on Qatar to positive, affirms Aa3 rating”. 
  349. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Romania's Baa3 ratings, maintains stable outlook”. 
  350. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's withdraws credit ratings on multiple entities”. 
  351. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook on Rwanda to stable from negative; affirms B2 ratings”. 
  352. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Saudi Arabia's outlook to positive, affirms A1 ratings”. 
  353. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Senegal's outlook to stable from negative, affirms Ba3 rating”. 
  354. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Singapore's Aaa rating, maintains stable outlook”. 
  355. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms El Salvador's Caa3 ratings; outlook changed to stable”. 
  356. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Suriname's rating outlook to stable, affirms the Caa3 rating”. 
  357. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Serbia's Ba2 ratings; outlook stable”. 
  358. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's maintains negative outlook on Slovakia's A2 ratings”. 
  359. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Slovenia's A3 rating; maintains stable outlook”. 
  360. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes eSwatini's outlook to positive from stable, affirms B3 rating”. 
  361. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Sweden's Aaa ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  362. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Thailand's Baa1 rating; maintains stable outlook”. 
  363. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook on Tajikistan to stable from negative, affirms B3 ratings”. 
  364. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Trinidad & Tobago's ratings at Ba2, changes outlook to positive”. 
  365. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Tunisia's ratings to Caa2 with a negative outlook, concluding its review”. 
  366. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Turkiye's ratings to B3, changes outlook to stable”. 
  367. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes Taiwan, China's outlook to stable from positive, affirms Aa3 rating”. 
  368. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook on Uganda's rating to negative; affirms the B2 rating”. 
  369. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's downgrades Ukraine's ratings to Ca with a stable outlook”. 
  370. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Uruguay's Baa2 ratings; changes outlook to positive”. 
  371. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes outlook on United States' ratings to negative, affirms Aaa ratings”. 
  372. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Uzbekistan's rating to Ba3, outlook stable”. 
  373. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms St. Vincent and the Grenadines' B3 issuer ratings; maintains stable outlook”. 
  374. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's upgrades Vietnam's rating to Ba2, outlook changed to stable”. 
  375. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's withdraws certain Government of Venezuela ratings for business reasons”. 
  376. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's changes South Africa's outlook to stable; affirms Ba2 ratings”. 
  377. ^ Moody's Investors Service. „Moody's affirms Zambia's Ca ratings; outlook stable”. 
  378. ^ Country Brief - Gambia
  379. ^ Cbonds.Info - Fitch (UK) Withdraws Iran's Ratings
  380. ^ Fitch Downgrades, Withdraws Libya's Credit Rating - FoxBusiness.com
  381. ^ „Mali given credit rating under UN development initiative”. United Nations Organization. . 
  382. ^ „Fitch withdraws Mali's ratings”. Reuters. . Arhivat din original la . 

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本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修,以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引,幫助编辑這個條目。(幫助、討論) 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细,需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸,輔助...

 

NGC 4205   الكوكبة التنين[1]  رمز الفهرس NGC 4205 (الفهرس العام الجديد)PGC 39143 (فهرس المجرات الرئيسية)IRAS F12124+6403 (IRAS)2MASX J12145558+6346579 (Two Micron All-Sky Survey, Extended source catalogue)UGC 7258 (فهرس أوبسالا العام)IRAS 12125+6403 (IRAS)MCG+11-15-038 (فهرس المجرات الموروفولوجي)SDSS J121454.90+634651.2 (مسح سلون الرقمي للسماء)Z 315-27 (فهر...

جون ديفيد بارو (بالإنجليزية: John David Barrow)‏    معلومات شخصية الميلاد 29 نوفمبر 1952 [1]  لندن[2]  الوفاة 26 سبتمبر 2020 (67 سنة) [3]  كامبريدج[4]  سبب الوفاة سرطان القولون[5]  الإقامة كامبريدج[4]  مواطنة المملكة المتحدة  عضو في الجمعية الملكية، ...

 

Museum in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA BHOF redirects here. For other uses, see Basketball Hall of Fame (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Burlesque Hall of Fame – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Burlesque Hall of...

 

Fronte occidentaleparte della prima guerra mondialeDall'alto a sinistra in senso orario: Royal Irish Rifles in trincea sulla Somme, luglio 1917; un soldato britannico soccorre un suo commilitone ferito; giovane soldato tedesco sul fronte occidentale, 1917 circa; fanti statunitensi armati di lanciafiamme attaccano un bunker tedesco; un Gotha G.IV sorvola le campagne francesi; colonna di Renault FT francesi nelle Argonne, 1918 circa.Data4 agosto 1914 - 11 novembre 1918 LuogoBelgio, Francia nord...

Legal restrictions on Catholics in England (1534–1829) Part of a series onDiscrimination Forms Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint Social Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-le...

 

American naval base in Bahrain Naval Support Activity Bahrain Bahrain United States Navy personnel performing morning colors at Naval Support Activity Bahrain in 2005Coordinates26°12′35″N 50°36′35″E / 26.20972°N 50.60972°E / 26.20972; 50.60972TypeUnited States Navy Main Operating BaseSite informationOwner United States GovernmentControlled by  United States NavySite historyBuiltRefurbished in 1997; major renovations in 2003, 2006, and 2010–...