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O Museu e Memorial do Genocídio de Iğdır promove a visão de que os armênios cometeram genocídio contra os turcos, em vez do contrário.^[1]

O negacionismo do genocídio armênio é a alegação de que o Império Otomano e seu partido no poder, o Comitê de União e Progresso (CUP), não cometeram genocídio contra seus cidadãos armênios durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial — um crime documentado em um grande corpo de evidências e confirmado pela grande maioria dos estudiosos.^[2]^[3] Os perpetradores negaram o genocídio enquanto o realizavam, alegando que os armênios foram reassentados por motivos militares, não exterminados. Após o genocídio, documentos incriminadores foram sistematicamente destruídos e a negação tem sido a política de todos os governos da República da Turquia.

Tomando emprestados os argumentos usados pelo CUP para justificar suas ações, a negação se baseia na suposição de que a "realocação" de armênios foi uma ação legítima do Estado em resposta a um levante armênio real ou percebido que ameaçava a existência de o império durante a guerra. Negadores afirmam que o CUP pretendia reassentar os armênios em vez de matá-los. Eles afirmam que o número de mortos é exagerado ou atribuem as mortes a outros fatores, como suposta guerra civil, doença, mau tempo, funcionários locais desonestos ou bandos de curdos e foragidos. Portanto, o principal argumento é que "Não houve genocídio, e os armênios foram os culpados por isso."^[4] A negação é geralmente acompanhada por "retórica de traição, agressão, criminalidade e ambição territorial armênia".^[5]

Uma das razões mais importantes para essa negação é que o genocídio permitiu o estabelecimento de um Estado-nação turco. O reconhecimento iria contradizer os mitos fundadores da Turquia.^[6] Desde a década de 1920, a Turquia tem trabalhado para prevenir reconhecimento oficial ou mesmo a menção do genocídio em outros países; esses esforços incluíram milhões de dólares gastos em lobby, na criação de institutos de pesquisa e em intimidação e ameaças. A negação também afeta as políticas domésticas da Turquia e é ensinada nas escolas turcas; alguns cidadãos turcos que reconhecem o genocídio enfrentaram processo por "insultar o turco". O esforço de um século do Estado turco para negar o genocídio o diferencia de outros casos de genocídio na história.^[7] O Azerbaijão também nega o genocídio e faz campanha contra seu reconhecimento internacional. A maioria dos cidadãos turcos e partidos políticos na Turquia apóia a política de negação do estado. A negação do genocídio contribui para o conflito de Nagorno-Karabakh, bem como para a violência contra os curdos em curso na Turquia.

Ver também

Negacionismo histórico

Referências

↑
- Marchand, Laure; Perrier, Guillaume (2015). Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-7735-9720-4. The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties.
- Hovannisian 2001, p. 803.
- Cheterian 2015, pp. 65–66
- Gürpınar 2016, p. 234
↑
Dadrian 2003, pp. 270–271; Chorbajian 2016, p. 168;
- Ihrig 2016, pp. 10–11
- Gürpınar 2016, p. 234
- Cheterian 2018a, p. 189
↑
Consenso acadêmico
- Bloxham, Donald (2003). «Determinants of the Armenian Genocide». Looking Backward, Moving Forward (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 23–50. ISBN 978-0-203-78699-4. doi:10.4324/9780203786994-3. Despite growing scholarly consensus on the fact of the Armenian Genocide...
- Suny 2009, p. 935
- Göçek 2015, p. 1
- Smith 2015, p. 5
- Laycock, Jo (2016). «The Great Catastrophe». Patterns of Prejudice. 50 (3): 311–313. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2016.1195548. ... important developments in the historical research on the genocide over the last fifteen years... have left no room for doubt that the treatment of the Ottoman Armenians constituted genocide according to the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide.
- Kasbarian, Sossie; Öktem, Kerem (2016). «One Hundred Years Later: the Personal, the Political and the Historical in Four New Books on the Armenian Genocide». Caucasus Survey. 4 (1): 92–104. doi:10.1080/23761199.2015.1129787. ... the denialist position has been largely discredited in the international academy. Recent scholarship has overwhelmingly validated the Armenian Genocide...
- «Taner Akçam: Türkiye'nin, soykırım konusunda her bakımdan izole olduğunu söyleyebiliriz». CivilNet (em turco). 9 de julho de 2020. Consultado em 19 de dezembro de 2020
↑ Suny 2015, pp. xii–xiii
↑ Bloxham 2005, p. 234.
↑
Violência fundacional:
- Bloxham 2005, p. 111
- Kévorkian 2011, p. 810
- Göçek 2015, p. 19
- Suny 2015, pp. 349, 365
- Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Öktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus (2015). «Introduction». World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-744-2. We are of the firm opinion, strengthened by the contributions in this volume, that the single most important reason for this inability to accept culpability is the centrality of the Armenian massacres for the formation of the Turkish nation-state. The deeper collective psychology within which this sentiment rests assumes that any move toward acknowledging culpability will put the very foundations of the Turkish nation-state at risk and will lead to its steady demise.
- Chorbajian 2016, p. 169
↑
Distinção dos esforços de negação da Turquia:
- Smith, Roger W. (2006). «The Significance of the Armenian Genocide after Ninety Years». Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2): i–iv. doi:10.3138/G614-6623-M16G-3648. The Armenian Genocide, in fact, illuminates with special clarity the dangers inherent in the political manipulation of truth through distortion, denial, intimidation, and economic blackmail. In no other instance has a government gone to such extreme lengths to deny that a massive genocide took place.
- Avedian 2013, p. 79
- Akçam 2018, pp. 2–3
- Tatz, Colin (2018). «Why is the Armenian Genocide not as well known?». In: Bartrop, Paul R. Modern Genocide: Analyzing the Controversies and Issues (em inglês). [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4408-6468-1. Uniquely, the entire apparatus of a nation-state has been put to work to amend, ameliorate, deflect, defuse, deny, equivocate, justify, obfuscate, or simply omit the events. No other nation in history has so aggressively sought the suppression of a slice of its history, threatening everything from breaking off diplomatic or trade relations, to closure of air bases, to removal of entries on the subject in international encyclopedias.

Bibliografia

Livros

Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15333-9
Akçam, Taner (2018). Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-69787-1
Auron, Yair (2003). The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0834-9
Avedian, Vahagn (2018). Knowledge and Acknowledgement in the Politics of Memory of the Armenian Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-84515-4
Baer, Marc D. (2020). Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide. [S.l.]: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-04542-3
Bloxham, Donald (2005). The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (em inglês). [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922688-7
Cheterian, Vicken (2015). Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Hurst. ISBN 978-1-84904-458-5
Dadrian, Vahakn N.; Akçam, Taner (2011). Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials (em inglês). [S.l.]: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-286-3
de Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935069-8
Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna (2016). Recovering Armenia: The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Turkey (em inglês). [S.l.]: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-9706-1
Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020). New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State. [S.l.]: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-030-59400-8
Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015). Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789–2009. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-933420-9
Ihrig, Stefan (2016). Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-50479-0
Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History (em inglês). [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85771-930-0
Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2018). Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8963-1. Resumo divulgativo
MacDonald, David B. (2008). Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: The Holocaust and Historical Representation (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-08572-9
Suciyan, Talin (2015). The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History (em inglês). [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-773-2
Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6558-1. Resumo divulgativo

Capítulos

Anderson, Margaret Lavinia (2011). «Who Still Talked about the Extermination of the Armenians?». In: Suny, Ronald Grigor; Göçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire (em inglês). [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. pp. 199–217. ISBN 978-0-19-979276-4
Cheterian, Vicken (2018a). «Censorship, Indifference, Oblivion: the Armenian Genocide and Its Denial». Truth, Silence, and Violence in Emerging States. Histories of the Unspoken (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 188–214. ISBN 978-1-351-14112-3
Chorbajian, Levon (2016). «'They Brought It on Themselves and It Never Happened': Denial to 1939». The Armenian Genocide Legacy (em inglês). [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 167–182. ISBN 978-1-137-56163-3
Erbal, Ayda (2012). «Mea Culpas, Negotiations, Apologias: Revisiting the "Apology" of Turkish Intellectuals». Reconciliation, Civil Society, and the Politics of Memory. [S.l.]: Transcript Verlag. pp. 51–94. ISBN 978-3-8376-1931-7. JSTOR j.ctv1xxswv.5
Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011). «Reading Genocide: Turkish Historiography on 1915». In: Suny, Ronald Grigor; Göçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. pp. 42–52. ISBN 978-0-19-979276-4
Hovannisian, Richard G. (2001). «Denial: The Armenian Genocide as a Prototype». Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 796–812. ISBN 978-1-349-66019-3
Lattanzi, Flavia (2018). «The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?». The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law (em inglês). [S.l.]: Springer International Publishing. pp. 27–104. ISBN 978-3-319-78169-3
Robertson, Geoffrey (2016). «Armenia and the G-word: The Law and the Politics». The Armenian Genocide Legacy (em inglês). [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 69–83. ISBN 978-1-137-56163-3
Zürcher, Erik Jan (2011). «Renewal and Silence: Postwar Unionist and Kemalist Rhetoric on the Armenian Genocide». In: Suny, Ronald Grigor; Göçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. pp. 306–316. ISBN 978-0-19-979276-4

Artigos de jornal

Akçam, Taner (2008). «Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey». Genocide Studies and Prevention. 3 (1): 111–145. doi:10.1353/gsp.2011.0087
Avedian, Vahagn (2012). «State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide». European Journal of International Law. 23 (3): 797–820. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs056
Avedian, Vahagn (2013). «Recognition, Responsibility and Reconciliation: The Trinity of the Armenian Genocide». Europa Ethnica. 70 (3/4): 77–86. ISSN 0014-2492. doi:10.24989/0014-2492-2013-34-77
Aybak, Tunç (2016). «Geopolitics of Denial: Turkish State's 'Armenian Problem'» (PDF). Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 18 (2): 125–144. doi:10.1080/19448953.2016.1141582
Bayraktar, Seyhan (2015). «The Grammar of Denial: State, Society, and Turkish–Armenian Relations». International Journal of Middle East Studies. 47 (4): 801–806. doi:10.1017/S0020743815001014
Ben Aharon, Eldad (2015). «A Unique Denial: Israel's Foreign Policy and the Armenian Genocide». British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (4): 638–654. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1043514
Ben Aharon, Eldad (2019). «Recognition of the Armenian Genocide after its Centenary: A Comparative Analysis of Changing Parliamentary Positions». Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 13 (3): 339–352. doi:10.1080/23739770.2019.1737911
Bilali, Rezarta (2013). «National Narrative and Social Psychological Influences in Turks' Denial of the Mass Killings of Armenians as Genocide: Understanding Denial». Journal of Social Issues. 69 (1): 16–33. doi:10.1111/josi.12001
Bloxham, Donald (2006). «The Roots of American Genocide Denial: Near Eastern Geopolitics and the Interwar Armenian Question». Journal of Genocide Research. 8 (1): 27–49. doi:10.1080/14623520600552843
Cheterian, Vicken (2018b). «The Uses and Abuses of History: Genocide and the Making of the Karabakh Conflict». Europe-Asia Studies. 70 (6): 884–903. doi:10.1080/09668136.2018.1489634
Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2003). «The Signal Facts Surrounding the Armenian Genocide and the Turkish Denial Syndrome». Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (2): 269–279. doi:10.1080/14623520305671
Demirdjian, Alexis (2018). «A Moving Defence: The Turkish State and the Armenian Genocide». Journal of International Criminal Justice. 16 (3): 501–526. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqy035
Demirel, Cagla; Eriksson, Johan (2020). «Competitive Victimhood and Reconciliation: the Case of Turkish–Armenian Relations». Identities. 27 (5): 537–556. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2019.1611073
Dixon, Jennifer M. (2010a). «Defending the Nation? Maintaining Turkey's Narrative of the Armenian Genocide». South European Society and Politics. 15 (3): 467–485. doi:10.1080/13608746.2010.513605
Dixon, Jennifer M. (2010b). «Education and National Narratives: Changing Representations of the Armenian Genocide in History Textbooks in Turkey». International Journal for Education Law and Policy. 2010 Special Issue: 103–126
Eissenstat, Howard (2014). «Children of Özal: The New Face of Turkish Studies». Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association (em inglês). 1 (1–2): 23–35. ISSN 2376-0702. doi:10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23
Erbal, Ayda (2015). «The Armenian Genocide, AKA the Elephant in the Room». International Journal of Middle East Studies. 47 (4): 783–790. doi:10.1017/S0020743815000987
Ertür, Başak (2019). «Law of Denial» (PDF). Law and Critique. 30 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s10978-019-09237-8. Resumo divulgativo
Finkel, Evgeny (2010). «In Search of Lost Genocide: Historical Policy and International Politics in Post-1989 Eastern Europe». Global Society. 24 (1): 51–70. doi:10.1080/13600820903432027
Gürpınar, Doğan (2013). «Historical Revisionism vs. Conspiracy Theories: Transformations of Turkish Historical Scholarship and Conspiracy Theories as a Constitutive Element in Transforming Turkish Nationalism». Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 15 (4): 412–433. doi:10.1080/19448953.2013.844588
Gürpınar, Doğan (2016). «The Manufacturing of Denial: the Making of the Turkish 'Official Thesis' on the Armenian Genocide Between 1974 and 1990». Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 18 (3): 217–240. doi:10.1080/19448953.2016.1176397
Gutman, David (2015). «Ottoman Historiography and the End of the Genocide Taboo: Writing the Armenian Genocide into Late Ottoman History». Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association. 2 (1). 167 páginas. doi:10.2979/jottturstuass.2.1.167
Hovannisian, Richard G. (2015). «Denial of the Armenian Genocide 100 Years Later: The New Practitioners and Their Trade». Genocide Studies International. 9 (2): 228–247. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.2.04
Kaligian, Dikran (2014). «Anatomy of Denial: Manipulating Sources and Manufacturing a Rebellion». Genocide Studies International. 8 (2): 208–223. doi:10.3138/gsi.8.2.06
Mamigonian, Marc A. (2015). «Academic Denial of the Armenian Genocide in American Scholarship: Denialism as Manufactured Controversy». Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 61–82. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.1.04
Quataert, Donald (2006). «The Massacres of Ottoman Armenians and the Writing of Ottoman History». The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 37 (2): 249–259. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 4139548. doi:10.1162/jinh.2006.37.2.249
Smith, Roger W.; Markusen, Eric; Lifton, Robert Jay (1995). «Professional Ethics and the Denial of Armenian Genocide». Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 9 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1093/hgs/9.1.1
Smith, Roger W. (2015). «Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks». Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 1–9. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.1.01
Suny, Ronald Grigor (2009). «Truth in Telling: Reconciling Realities in the Genocide of the Ottoman Armenians». The American Historical Review. 114 (4): 930–946. doi:10.1086/ahr.114.4.930
Ulgen, Fatma (2010). «Reading Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on the Armenian Genocide of 1915». Patterns of Prejudice. 44 (4): 369–391. PMID 20857578. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2010.510719
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2014). «Lost in Commemoration: the Armenian Genocide in Memory and Identity». Patterns of Prejudice. 48 (2): 147–166. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2014.902210

Leitura adicional

Turan, Ömer; Öztan, Güven Gürkan (2018). Devlet aklı ve 1915: Türkiye'de "Ermeni Meselesi" anlatısının inşası [Raison d'État and 1915: Turkey's "Armenian Question" and the Construction of Narratives] (em turco). [S.l.]: İletişim Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-05-2349-6. Resumo divulgativo

[Igdir-1] 
Marchand, Laure; Perrier, Guillaume (2015). Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-7735-9720-4. The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties.

Hovannisian 2001, p. 803.

Cheterian 2015, pp. 65–66

Gürpınar 2016, p. 234

[2] Marchand, Laure; Perrier, Guillaume (2015). Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-7735-9720-4. The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties.

[3] Hovannisian 2001, p. 803.

[4] Cheterian 2015, pp. 65–66

[5] Gürpınar 2016, p. 234

[evidence-2] Dadrian 2003, pp. 270–271; Chorbajian 2016, p. 168;
Ihrig 2016, pp. 10–11

Gürpınar 2016, p. 234

Cheterian 2018a, p. 189

[7] Ihrig 2016, pp. 10–11

[8] Gürpınar 2016, p. 234

[9] Cheterian 2018a, p. 189

[academic_consensus-3] Consenso acadêmico
Bloxham, Donald (2003). «Determinants of the Armenian Genocide». Looking Backward, Moving Forward (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 23–50. ISBN 978-0-203-78699-4. doi:10.4324/9780203786994-3. Despite growing scholarly consensus on the fact of the Armenian Genocide...

Suny 2009, p. 935

Göçek 2015, p. 1

Smith 2015, p. 5

Laycock, Jo (2016). «The Great Catastrophe». Patterns of Prejudice. 50 (3): 311–313. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2016.1195548. ... important developments in the historical research on the genocide over the last fifteen years... have left no room for doubt that the treatment of the Ottoman Armenians constituted genocide according to the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide.

Kasbarian, Sossie; Öktem, Kerem (2016). «One Hundred Years Later: the Personal, the Political and the Historical in Four New Books on the Armenian Genocide». Caucasus Survey. 4 (1): 92–104. doi:10.1080/23761199.2015.1129787. ... the denialist position has been largely discredited in the international academy. Recent scholarship has overwhelmingly validated the Armenian Genocide...

«Taner Akçam: Türkiye'nin, soykırım konusunda her bakımdan izole olduğunu söyleyebiliriz». CivilNet (em turco). 9 de julho de 2020. Consultado em 19 de dezembro de 2020

[11] Bloxham, Donald (2003). «Determinants of the Armenian Genocide». Looking Backward, Moving Forward (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 23–50. ISBN 978-0-203-78699-4. doi:10.4324/9780203786994-3. Despite growing scholarly consensus on the fact of the Armenian Genocide...

[12] Suny 2009, p. 935

[13] Göçek 2015, p. 1

[14] Smith 2015, p. 5

[15] Laycock, Jo (2016). «The Great Catastrophe». Patterns of Prejudice. 50 (3): 311–313. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2016.1195548. ... important developments in the historical research on the genocide over the last fifteen years... have left no room for doubt that the treatment of the Ottoman Armenians constituted genocide according to the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide.

[16] Kasbarian, Sossie; Öktem, Kerem (2016). «One Hundred Years Later: the Personal, the Political and the Historical in Four New Books on the Armenian Genocide». Caucasus Survey. 4 (1): 92–104. doi:10.1080/23761199.2015.1129787. ... the denialist position has been largely discredited in the international academy. Recent scholarship has overwhelmingly validated the Armenian Genocide...

[17] «Taner Akçam: Türkiye'nin, soykırım konusunda her bakımdan izole olduğunu söyleyebiliriz». CivilNet (em turco). 9 de julho de 2020. Consultado em 19 de dezembro de 2020

[Sunyintro-4] Suny 2015, pp. xii–xiii

[FOOTNOTEBloxham2005234-5] Bloxham 2005, p. 234.

[foundational_violence-6] Violência fundacional:
Bloxham 2005, p. 111

Kévorkian 2011, p. 810

Göçek 2015, p. 19

Suny 2015, pp. 349, 365

Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Öktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus (2015). «Introduction». World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-744-2. We are of the firm opinion, strengthened by the contributions in this volume, that the single most important reason for this inability to accept culpability is the centrality of the Armenian massacres for the formation of the Turkish nation-state. The deeper collective psychology within which this sentiment rests assumes that any move toward acknowledging culpability will put the very foundations of the Turkish nation-state at risk and will lead to its steady demise.

Chorbajian 2016, p. 169

[21] Bloxham 2005, p. 111

[22] Kévorkian 2011, p. 810

[23] Göçek 2015, p. 19

[24] Suny 2015, pp. 349, 365

[25] Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Öktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus (2015). «Introduction». World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide (em inglês). [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-744-2. We are of the firm opinion, strengthened by the contributions in this volume, that the single most important reason for this inability to accept culpability is the centrality of the Armenian massacres for the formation of the Turkish nation-state. The deeper collective psychology within which this sentiment rests assumes that any move toward acknowledging culpability will put the very foundations of the Turkish nation-state at risk and will lead to its steady demise.

[26] Chorbajian 2016, p. 169

[unique_denial-7] Distinção dos esforços de negação da Turquia:
Smith, Roger W. (2006). «The Significance of the Armenian Genocide after Ninety Years». Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2): i–iv. doi:10.3138/G614-6623-M16G-3648. The Armenian Genocide, in fact, illuminates with special clarity the dangers inherent in the political manipulation of truth through distortion, denial, intimidation, and economic blackmail. In no other instance has a government gone to such extreme lengths to deny that a massive genocide took place.

Avedian 2013, p. 79

Akçam 2018, pp. 2–3

Tatz, Colin (2018). «Why is the Armenian Genocide not as well known?». In: Bartrop, Paul R. Modern Genocide: Analyzing the Controversies and Issues (em inglês). [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4408-6468-1. Uniquely, the entire apparatus of a nation-state has been put to work to amend, ameliorate, deflect, defuse, deny, equivocate, justify, obfuscate, or simply omit the events. No other nation in history has so aggressively sought the suppression of a slice of its history, threatening everything from breaking off diplomatic or trade relations, to closure of air bases, to removal of entries on the subject in international encyclopedias.

[28] Smith, Roger W. (2006). «The Significance of the Armenian Genocide after Ninety Years». Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2): i–iv. doi:10.3138/G614-6623-M16G-3648. The Armenian Genocide, in fact, illuminates with special clarity the dangers inherent in the political manipulation of truth through distortion, denial, intimidation, and economic blackmail. In no other instance has a government gone to such extreme lengths to deny that a massive genocide took place.

[29] Avedian 2013, p. 79

[30] Akçam 2018, pp. 2–3

[31] Tatz, Colin (2018). «Why is the Armenian Genocide not as well known?». In: Bartrop, Paul R. Modern Genocide: Analyzing the Controversies and Issues (em inglês). [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4408-6468-1. Uniquely, the entire apparatus of a nation-state has been put to work to amend, ameliorate, deflect, defuse, deny, equivocate, justify, obfuscate, or simply omit the events. No other nation in history has so aggressively sought the suppression of a slice of its history, threatening everything from breaking off diplomatic or trade relations, to closure of air bases, to removal of entries on the subject in international encyclopedias.

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Negacionismo do genocídio armênio