Medalha Nacional de Ciências
A Medalha Nacional de Ciências (em inglês : National Medal of Science ) é uma condecoração concedida pelo Presidente dos Estados Unidos .
O presidente Donald Trump nāo concedeu a medalha durante sua presidência. A última vez que a medalha foi concedida foi em 19 de maio de 2016, quando o presidente Barack Obama concedeu as medalha de 2013 e 2014.[ 1]
1963 Cornelis Bernardus van Niel
1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky , Marshall Nirenberg
1965 Francis Rous , George Gaylord Simpson , Donald Van Slyke
1966 Edward Fred Knipling , Fritz Albert Lipmann , William Cumming Rose , Sewall Wright
1967 Kenneth Stewart Cole , Harry Harlow , Michael Heidelberger , Alfred Sturtevant
1968 Horace Barker , Bernard Brodie , Detlev Bronk , Jay Laurence Lush , Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1969 Robert Hübner , Ernst Mayr
1970 Barbara McClintock , Albert Sabin
1973 Daniel Arnon , Earl Sutherland
1974 Britton Chance , Erwin Chargaff , James Neel , James Augustine Shannon
1975 Hallowell Davis , Paul Gyorgy , Sterling Brown Hendricks , Orville Vogel
1976 Roger Guillemin , Keith Roberts Porter , Efraim Racker , Edward Osborne Wilson
1979 Robert H. Burris , Elizabeth Caroline Crosby , Arthur Kornberg , Severo Ochoa , Earl Reece Stadtman , George Ledyard Stebbins , Paul Alfred Weiss
1981 Philip Handler
1982 Seymour Benzer , Glenn W. Burton , Mildred Cohn
1983 Howard Bachrach , Paul Berg , Wendell Lee Roelofs , Berta Scharrer
1986 Stanley Cohen , Donald Henderson , Vernon Mountcastle , George Palade , Joan Steitz
1987 Michael DeBakey , Theodor O. Diener , Harry Eagle , Har Khorana , Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988 Michael Stuart Brown , Stanley Norman Cohen , Joseph Goldstein , Maurice Hilleman , Eric Kandel , Rosalyn Yalow
1989 Katherine Esau , Viktor Hamburger , Philip Leder , Joshua Lederberg , Roger Sperry , Harland Goff Wood
1990 Baruj Benacerraf , Herbert Boyer , Daniel Koshland , Edward Lewis , David G. Nathan , Edward Donnall Thomas
1991 Mary Ellen Avery , George Evelyn Hutchinson , Elvin A. Kabat , Robert Kates , Salvador Luria , Paul A. Marks , Folke K Skoog , Paul C. Zamecnik
1992 Maxine Singer , Howard Martin Temin
1993 Daniel Nathans , Salome G. Waelsch
1994 Thomas Eisner , Elizabeth Neufeld
1995 Alexander Rich
1996 Ruth Patrick
1997 James Watson , Robert A. Weinberg
1998 Bruce Ames , Janet Rowley
1999 David Baltimore , Jared Diamond , Lynn Margulis
2000 Nancy Coover Andreasen , Peter H. Raven , Carl Woese
2001 Francisco José Ayala , George F. Bass , Mario Capecchi , Ann Graybiel , Gene Likens , Victor A. McKusick , Harold Varmus
2002 James E. Darnell , Evelyn M. Witkin
2003 John Michael Bishop , Solomon Halbert Snyder , Charles Yanofsky
2004 Norman Borlaug , Phillip Allen Sharp , Thomas Starzl
2005 Anthony Fauci , Torsten Wiesel
2006 Rita Colwell , Nina Fedoroff , Lubert Stryer
2007 Robert Lefkowitz , Bert William O’Malley
2008 Francis Collins , Elaine Fuchs , Craig Venter
2009 Susan Lindquist , Stanley Prusiner
2010 Ralph Lawrence Brinster , Rudolf Jaenisch
2011 Lucy Shapiro , Leroy Hood , Sallie Chisholm
2012 May Berenbaum , Bruce Alberts
2013 Rakesh Jain
2014 Stanley Falkow , Mary-Claire King , Simon Levin
1964 Roger Adams
1982 Frank Albert Cotton , Gilbert Stork
1983 Roald Hoffmann , George Claude Pimentel , Richard Zare
1986 Harry Barkus Gray , Yuan Lee , Carl Shipp Marvel , Frank Westheimer
1987 William Summer Johnson , Walter Hugo Stockmayer , Max Tishler
1988 William Oliver Baker , Konrad Bloch , Elias James Corey
1989 Richard Barry Bernstein , Melvin Calvin , Rudolph Arthur Marcus , Harden McConnell
1990 Elkan Blout , Karl August Folkers , John Dombrowski Roberts
1991 Ronald Breslow , Gertrude Elion , Dudley Robert Herschbach , Glenn Theodore Seaborg
1992 Howard Ensign Simmons
1993 Donald James Cram , Norman Hackerman
1994 George Simms Hammond
1995 Thomas Cech , Isabella Karle
1996 Norman Davidson
1997 Darleane Hoffman , Harold Johnston
1998 John Werner Cahn , George Whitesides
1999 Stuart Alan Rice , John Ross , Susan Solomon
2000 John D. Baldeschwieler , Ralph Hirschmann
2001 Ernest Roy Davidson , Gábor Somorjai
2002 John Brauman
2004 Stephen Lippard
2006 Marvin Harry Caruthers , Peter Dervan
2007 Mostafa El-Sayed
2008 Joanna Fowler , JoAnne Stubbe
2009 Stephen James Benkovic , Marye Anne Fox
2010 Jacqueline Barton , Peter John Stang
2011 Allen Joseph Bard , M. Frederick Hawthorne
2012 Judith Klinman , Jerrold Meinwald
2013 Geraldine Richmond
2014 Paul Alivisatos
1962 Theodore von Kármán
1963 Vannevar Bush , John Robinson Pierce
1964 Othmar Ammann , Charles Stark Draper
1965 Hugh Latimer Dryden , Clarence Johnson , Warren Lewis
1966 Claude Shannon
1967 Edwin Land , Igor Sikorsky
1968 John Presper Eckert , Nathan M. Newmark
1969 Jack Kilby
1970 George Mueller
1973 Harold Eugene Edgerton , Richard Whitcomb
1974 Rudolf Kompfner , Ralph Brazelton Peck , Abel Wolman
1975 Manson Benedict , William Hayward Pickering , Frederick Terman , Wernher von Braun
1976 Morris Cohen , Peter Carl Goldmark , Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979 Emmett Leith , Raymond Mindlin , Robert Noyce , Earl Parker , Simon Ramo
1982 Edward Heinemann , Donald Katz
1983 William Hewlett , George Low , John George Trump
1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann , Tung-Yen Lin , Bernard Oliver
1987 Robert Byron Bird , Harry Bolton Seed , Ernst Weber
1988 Daniel Drucker , Willis Hawkins , George W. Housner
1989 Harry George Drickamer , Herbert Earl Grier
1990 Mildred Dresselhaus , Nick Holonyak
1991 George Heilmeier , Luna Leopold , Guyford Stever
1992 Calvin Quate , John Roy Whinnery
1993 Alfred Yi Cho
1994 Ray Clough
1995 Hermann Anton Haus
1996 James Flanagan , Chandra Kumar Patel
1998 Eli Ruckenstein
1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
2000 Yuan-Cheng Fung
2001 Andreas Acrivos
2002 Leo Beranek
2003 John Prausnitz
2004 Edwin Lightfoot
2005 Jan Achenbach
2006 Robert Langer
2007 David Wineland
2008 Rudolf Kalman
2009 Amnon Yariv
2010 Shu Chien
2011 John Bannister Goodenough
2012 Thomas Kailath
1963 Norbert Wiener
1964 Solomon Lefschetz , Marston Morse
1965 Oscar Zariski
1966 John Milnor
1967 Paul Cohen
1968 Jerzy Neyman
1969 William Feller
1970 Richard Brauer
1973 John Tukey
1974 Kurt Gödel
1975 John Backus , Shiing-Shen Chern , George Dantzig
1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs , Hassler Whitney
1979 Joseph Leo Doob , Donald Knuth
1982 Marshall Harvey Stone
1983 Herman Goldstine , Isadore Singer
1986 Peter Lax , Antoni Zygmund
1987 Raoul Bott , Michael Freedman
1988 Ralph Gomory , Joseph Keller
1989 Samuel Karlin , Saunders Mac Lane , Donald Spencer
1990 George Carrier , Stephen Kleene , John McCarthy
1991 Alberto Calderón
1992 Allen Newell
1993 Martin Kruskal
1994 John Cocke
1995 Louis Nirenberg
1996 Richard Karp , Stephen Smale
1997 Shing-Tung Yau
1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999 Felix Browder , Ronald Coifman
2000 John Griggs Thompson , Karen Uhlenbeck
2001 Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao , Elias Stein
2002 James Glimm
2003 Carl de Boor
2004 Dennis Sullivan
2005 Bradley Efron
2006 Hyman Bass
2007 Leonard Kleinrock , Andrew Viterbi
2009 David Mumford
2010 Richard Alfred Tapia , S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2011 Solomon Wolf Golomb , Barry Mazur
2012 Alexandre Chorin , David Blackwell
2015 Michael Artin
1963 Luis Walter Alvarez
1964 Julian Schwinger , Harold Clayton Urey , Robert Burns Woodward
1965 John Bardeen , Peter Debye , Leon Max Lederman , William Walden Rubey
1966 Jacob Bjerknes , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , Henry Eyring , John Hasbrouck Van Vleck , Vladimir Zworykin
1967 Jesse Beams , Francis Birch , Gregory Breit , Louis Plack Hammett , George Kistiakowsky
1968 Paul Doughty Bartlett , Herbert Friedman , Lars Onsager , Eugene Paul Wigner
1969 Herbert Charles Brown , Wolfgang Panofsky
1970 Robert Henry Dicke , Allan Rex Sandage , John Clarke Slater , John Archibald Wheeler , Saul Winstein
1973 Carl Djerassi , William Maurice Ewing , Arie Jan Haagen-Smit , Vladimir Haensel , Frederick Seitz , Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen , Paul John Flory , William Alfred Fowler , Linus Pauling , Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975 Hans Bethe , Joseph Hirschfelder , Lewis Hastings Sarett , Edgar Bright Wilson , Chien-Shiung Wu
1976 Samuel Abraham Goudsmit , Herbert S. Gutowsky , Frederick Rossini , Verner Suomi , Henry Taube , George Eugene Uhlenbeck
1979 Richard Feynman , Hermann Mark , Edward Mills Purcell , John Sinfelt , Lyman Spitzer , Victor Weisskopf
1982 Philip Warren Anderson , Yoichiro Nambu , Edward Teller , Charles Hard Townes
1983 Margaret Burbidge , Maurice Goldhaber , Helmut Landsberg , Walter Munk , Frederick Reines , Bruno Rossi , John Robert Schrieffer
1986 Solomon Buchsbaum , Horace Crane , Herman Feshbach , Robert Hofstadter , Chen Ning Yang
1987 Philip Abelson , Walter Elsasser , Paul Christian Lauterbur , George Pake , James Van Allen
1988 David Allan Bromley , Chu Ching-wu , Walter Kohn , Norman Foster Ramsey , Jack Steinberger
1989 Arnold Orville Beckman , Eugene Parker , Robert Sharp , Henry Stommel
1990 Allan Cormack , Edwin Mattison McMillan , Robert Pound , Roger Revelle
1991 Arthur Schawlow , Ed Stone , Steven Weinberg
1992 Eugene Shoemaker
1993 Val Logsdon Fitch , Vera Rubin
1994 Albert Overhauser , Frank Press
1995 Hans Georg Dehmelt , Peter Goldreich
1996 Wallace Smith Broecker
1997 Marshall Rosenbluth , Martin Schwarzschild , George Wetherill
1998 Don Lynn Anderson , John Norris Bahcall
1999 James Watson Cronin , Leo Kadanoff
2000 Willis Eugene Lamb , Jeremiah Paul Ostriker , Gilbert Fowler White
2001 Marvin Cohen , Raymond Davis Jr. , Charles Keeling
2002 Richard Garwin , William Jason Morgan , Edward Witten
2003 Brent Dalrymple , Riccardo Giacconi
2004 Robert N. Clayton
2005 Ralph Alpher , Lonnie Thompson
2006 Daniel Kleppner
2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove , Charles Pence Slichter
2008 Berni Alder , James Gunn
2009 Yakir Aharonov , Esther Marley Conwell , Warren Washington
2011 Sidney Drell , Sandra Faber , Sylvester James Gates
2012 Burton Richter , Sean Solomon
2014 Shirley Ann Jackson
Ciência do Comportamento e Social
Década de 1960 Década de 1980 Década de 1990 Década de 2000 Década de 2010
Ciências Biológicas
Década de 1960 Década de 1970 1970: Barbara McClintock e Albert Sabin · 1973: Daniel Arnon e Earl Sutherland · 1974: Britton Chance , Erwin Chargaff , James Neel e James Hannon · 1975: Hallowell Davis , Paul Gyorgy , Sterling Hendricks e Orville Vogel · 1976: Roger Guillemin , Keith Roberts Porter , Efraim Racker e Edward Osborne Wilson · 1979: Robert H. Burris , Elizabeth C. Crosby , Arthur Kornberg , Severo Ochoa , Earl Stadtman , George Ledyard Stebbins e Paul Weiss Década de 1980 1981: Philip Handler · 1982: Seymour Benzer , Glenn Burton e Mildred Cohn · 1983: Howard Bachrach , Paul Berg , Wendell Lee Roelofs e Berta Scharrer · 1986: Stanley Cohen , Donald Henderson , Vernon Mountcastle , George Palade e Joan A. Steitz · 1987: Michael DeBakey , Theodor Otto Diener , Harry Eagle , Har Khorana e Rita Levi-Montalcini · 1988: Michael Stuart Brown , Stanley Norman Cohen , Joseph Goldstein , Maurice Hilleman , Eric Kandel e Rosalyn Yalow · 1989: Katherine Esau , Viktor Hamburger , Philip Leder , Joshua Lederberg , Roger Sperry e Harland Goff Wood Década de 1990 1990: Baruj Benacerraf , Herbert Boyer , Daniel Koshland , Edward Lewis , David Nathan e Edward Donnall Thomas · 1991: Mary Ellen Avery , George Evelyn Hutchinson , Elvin Kabat , Robert Kates , Salvador Luria , Paul Marks , Folke Skoog e Paul Zamecnik · 1992: Maxine Singer e Howard Martin Temin · 1993: Daniel Nathans e Salome G. Waelsch · 1994: Thomas Eisner e Elizabeth Neufeld · 1995: Alexander Rich · 1996: Ruth Patrick · 1997: James Watson e Robert Allan Weinberg · 1998: Bruce Ames e Janet Rowley · 1999: David Baltimore , Jared Diamond e Lynn Margulis Década de 2000 2000: Nancy Coover Andreasen , Peter H. Raven e Carl Woese · 2001: Francisco José Ayala , George Bass , Mario Capecchi , Ann Graybiel , Gene Likens , Victor A. McKusick e Harold Varmus · 2002: James E. Darnell e Evelyn M. Witkin · 2003: John Michael Bishop , Solomon Halbert Snyder e Charles Yanofsky · 2004: Norman Borlaug , Phillip Allen Sharp e Thomas Starzl · 2005: Anthony Fauci e Torsten Wiesel · 2006: Rita Colwell , Nina Fedoroff e Lubert Stryer · 2007: Robert Lefkowitz e Bert William O’Malley · 2008: Francis Collins , Elaine Fuchs , Craig Venter · 2009: Susan Lindquist , Stanley Prusiner Década de 2010
Química
Década de 1960 Década de 1980 Década de 1990 Década de 2000 Década de 2010
Ciências da Engenharia
Década de 1960 Década de 1970 Década de 1980 Década de 1990 Década de 2000 Década de 2010
Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais
Década de 1960 Década de 1970 Década de 1980 Década de 1990 Década de 2000 Década de 2010
Ciências Físicas
Década de 1960 1963: Luis Walter Alvarez · 1964: Julian Schwinger , Harold Clayton Urey e Robert Burns Woodward · 1965: John Bardeen , Peter Debye , Leon Max Lederman e William Walden Rubey · 1966: Jacob Bjerknes , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , Henry Eyring , John Hasbrouck Van Vleck e Vladimir Zworykin · 1967: Jesse Beams , Francis Birch , Gregory Breit · Louis Plack Hammett e George Kistiakowsky · 1968: Paul Doughty Bartlett , Herbert Friedman , Lars Onsager e Eugene Paul Wigner · 1969: Herbert Charles Brown e Wolfgang Panofsky Década de 1970 1970: Robert Henry Dicke , Allan Rex Sandage , John Clarke Slater , John Archibald Wheeler e Saul Winstein · 1973: Carl Djerassi , William Maurice Ewing , Arie Jan Haagen-Smit , Vladimir Haensel , Frederick Seitz e Robert Rathbun Wilson · 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen , Paul John Flory , William Alfred Fowler , Linus Pauling e Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer · 1975: Hans Bethe , Joseph Hirschfelder , Lewis Hastings Sarett , Edgar Bright Wilson e Chien-Shiung Wu · 1976: Samuel Abraham Goudsmit , Herbert S. Gutowsky , Frederick Rossini , Verner Suomi , Henry Taube e George Eugene Uhlenbeck · 1979: Richard Feynman , Hermann Mark , Edward Mills Purcell , John Sinfelt , Lyman Spitzer e Victor Weisskopf Década de 1980 1982: Philip Warren Anderson , Yoichiro Nambu , Edward Teller e Charles Hard Townes · 1983: Margaret Burbidge , Maurice Goldhaber , Helmut Landsberg , Walter Munk , Frederick Reines , Bruno Rossi e John Robert Schrieffer · 1986: Solomon Buchsbaum , Horace Crane , Herman Feshbach , Robert Hofstadter e Chen Ning Yang · 1987: Philip Abelson , Walter Elsasser , Paul Christian Lauterbur , George Pake e James Van Allen · 1988: David Allan Bromley , Chu Ching-wu , Walter Kohn , Norman Foster Ramsey , Jack Steinberger · 1989: Arnold Orville Beckman , Eugene Parker , Robert Sharp e Henry Stommel Década de 1990 Década de 2000 Década de 2010