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John Franklin Enders

John Franklin Enders
John Franklin Enders
Nascimento 10 de fevereiro de 1897
West Hartford
Morte 8 de setembro de 1985 (88 anos)
Waterford
Nacionalidade Estadunidense
Prêmios Prêmio Passano (1953), Prêmio Albert Lasker de Pesquisa Médica Básica (1954), Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina (1954), Prêmio Howard Taylor Ricketts (1962)
Campo(s) Bacteriologia

John Franklin Enders (West Hartford, 10 de fevereiro de 1897Waterford, 8 de setembro de 1985) foi um bacteriologista estadunidense. Enders foi chamado de "O Pai das Vacinas Modernas".[1][2]

Foi agraciado com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina de 1954, pelo cultivo do vírus da poliomielite, que tornou possível a descoberta da vacina Salk.

Vida e educação

Enders nasceu em West Hartford, Connecticut, em 10 de fevereiro de 1897.[3] Seu pai, John Ostrom Enders, foi CEO do Hartford National Bank e deixou-lhe uma fortuna de US$ 19 milhões após sua morte. Ele frequentou a Noah Webster School em Hartford, e a St. Paul's School em Concord, New Hampshire. Depois de frequentar a Universidade de Yale por um curto período de tempo, ele se juntou ao Corpo Aéreo do Exército dos Estados Unidos em 1918 como instrutor de voo e tenente.[4][3][5]

Depois de retornar da Primeira Guerra Mundial, ele se formou em Yale, onde foi membro do Scroll and Key, bem como da Delta Kappa Epsilon. Ele entrou no setor imobiliário em 1922, e tentou várias carreiras antes de escolher a área biomédica com foco em doenças infecciosas, obtendo um PhD em Harvard em 1930. Mais tarde, ele se juntou ao corpo docente do Children's Hospital Boston.[3]

Enders morreu em sua casa de verão em Waterford, Connecticut, aos 88 anos, em 8 de setembro de 1985.[4]

Carreira biomédica

Em 1949, Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller e Frederick Chapman Robbins relataram uma cultura in vitro bem-sucedida de um vírus animal - o poliovírus.[6] 

Enquanto isso, Jonas Salk aplicou a técnica Enders-Weller-Robbins para produzir grandes quantidades de poliovírus e, em seguida, desenvolveu uma vacina contra poliomielite em 1952. Após o ensaio de campo da vacina contra poliomielite de 1954, cujo sucesso Salk anunciou no rádio,[7] Salk tornou-se um herói público, mas falhou em creditar aos muitos outros pesquisadores que seu esforço se apoiou, e foi um tanto rejeitado pelo establishment científico da América.[8]

Em 1954, Enders e Peebles isolaram o vírus do sarampo de um menino de 11 anos, David Edmonston.[9] Enders começou a desenvolver a vacina contra o sarampo.[9] Em outubro de 1960, uma equipe de Enders iniciou testes em 1 500 crianças com retardo mental na cidade de Nova York e em 4 000 crianças na Nigéria.[10]

Em 17 de setembro de 1961, o New York Times anunciou a eficácia da vacina contra o sarampo.[10] Recusando crédito apenas para si mesmo, Enders enfatizou a natureza colaborativa do esforço.[10] Em 1963, a Pfizer introduziu uma vacina, já desativada, contra o sarampo e a Merck & Co introduziu uma vacina atenuada contra o sarampo.

Referências

  1. Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1987). "John Franklin Enders. 10 February 1897-8 September 1985". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 33: 212–226. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1987.0008. JSTOR 769951. PMID 11621434.
  2. Katz SL (2009). "John F. Enders and measles virus vaccine—a reminiscence". Measles. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 329. pp. 3–11. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_1. ISBN 978-3-540-70522-2. PMID 19198559
  3. a b c «John F. Enders - Biographical». NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB. Consultado em 14 de fevereiro de 2021 
  4. a b Ofgang, Erik (2020). «How a Connecticut scientist became the 'Father of Modern Vaccines'». Connecticut Magazine (em inglês) (September 2020) 
  5. Thomas H Weller & Frederick C Robbins, A Biographical Memoir: John Franklin Enders (1897–1985), (Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1991), p 48.
  6. Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC (1949). "Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues". Science. 109 (2822): 85–87. Bibcode:1949Sci...109...85E. doi:10.1126/science.109.2822.85. PMID 17794160.
  7. "Salk announces polio vaccine" Archived 2010-02-11 at the Wayback Machine. History.com.
  8. «On This Day: Polio Vaccine Declared Safe». www.findingdulcinea.com. Consultado em 10 de fevereiro de 2021 
  9. a b Baker JP (2011). "The first measles vaccine". Pediatrics. 128 (3): 435–7. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1430. PMID 21873696.
  10. a b c Bakalar, Nicholas (4 de outubro de 2010). «Measles Vaccine, 1960 (Published 2010)». The New York Times (em inglês). ISSN 0362-4331. Consultado em 10 de fevereiro de 2021 

Ligações externas


Precedido por
Hans Krebs e Fritz Lipmann
Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina
1954
com Thomas Weller e Frederick Robbins
Sucedido por
Hugo Theorell


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