John Franklin Enders (West Hartford, 10 de fevereiro de 1897 — Waterford, 8 de setembro de 1985) foi um bacteriologista estadunidense. Enders foi chamado de "O Pai das Vacinas Modernas".[1][2]
Foi agraciado com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina de 1954, pelo cultivo do vírus da poliomielite, que tornou possível a descoberta da vacina Salk.
Enders nasceu em West Hartford, Connecticut, em 10 de fevereiro de 1897.[3] Seu pai, John Ostrom Enders, foi CEO do Hartford National Bank e deixou-lhe uma fortuna de US$ 19 milhões após sua morte. Ele frequentou a Noah Webster School em Hartford, e a St. Paul's School em Concord, New Hampshire. Depois de frequentar a Universidade de Yale por um curto período de tempo, ele se juntou ao Corpo Aéreo do Exército dos Estados Unidos em 1918 como instrutor de voo e tenente.[4][3][5]
Depois de retornar da Primeira Guerra Mundial, ele se formou em Yale, onde foi membro do Scroll and Key, bem como da Delta Kappa Epsilon. Ele entrou no setor imobiliário em 1922, e tentou várias carreiras antes de escolher a área biomédica com foco em doenças infecciosas, obtendo um PhD em Harvard em 1930. Mais tarde, ele se juntou ao corpo docente do Children's Hospital Boston.[3]
Enders morreu em sua casa de verão em Waterford, Connecticut, aos 88 anos, em 8 de setembro de 1985.[4]
Em 1949, Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller e Frederick Chapman Robbins relataram uma cultura in vitro bem-sucedida de um vírus animal - o poliovírus.[6]
Enquanto isso, Jonas Salk aplicou a técnica Enders-Weller-Robbins para produzir grandes quantidades de poliovírus e, em seguida, desenvolveu uma vacina contra poliomielite em 1952. Após o ensaio de campo da vacina contra poliomielite de 1954, cujo sucesso Salk anunciou no rádio,[7] Salk tornou-se um herói público, mas falhou em creditar aos muitos outros pesquisadores que seu esforço se apoiou, e foi um tanto rejeitado pelo establishment científico da América.[8]
Em 1954, Enders e Peebles isolaram o vírus do sarampo de um menino de 11 anos, David Edmonston.[9] Enders começou a desenvolver a vacina contra o sarampo.[9] Em outubro de 1960, uma equipe de Enders iniciou testes em 1 500 crianças com retardo mental na cidade de Nova York e em 4 000 crianças na Nigéria.[10]
Em 17 de setembro de 1961, o New York Times anunciou a eficácia da vacina contra o sarampo.[10] Recusando crédito apenas para si mesmo, Enders enfatizou a natureza colaborativa do esforço.[10] Em 1963, a Pfizer introduziu uma vacina, já desativada, contra o sarampo e a Merck & Co introduziu uma vacina atenuada contra o sarampo.
Lista completa | (1901-1925) • (1926-1950) • (1951-1975) • (1976-2000) • (2001-2025)
1927: Charles Lindbergh 1928: Walter Chrysler 1929: Owen Young 1930: Mahatma Gandhi 1931: Pierre Laval 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933: Hugh Samuel Johnson 1934: Franklin D. Roosevelt 1935: Haile Selassie 1936: Wallis Simpson 1937: Chiang Kai-shek / Soong May-ling 1938: Adolf Hitler 1939: Josef Stalin 1940: Winston Churchill 1941: Franklin D. Roosevelt 1942: Josef Stalin 1943: George Marshall 1944: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1945: Harry S. Truman 1946: James F. Byrnes 1947: George Marshall 1948: Harry S. Truman 1949: Winston Churchill 1950: Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos
1951: Mohammed Mossadegh 1952: Isabel II do Reino Unido 1953: Konrad Adenauer 1954: John Foster Dulles 1955: Harlow Curtice 1956: Guerreiros Húngaros pela Liberdade 1957: Nikita Khrushchov 1958: Charles de Gaulle 1959: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1960: Cientistas Americanos: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Bradford Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward 1961: John F. Kennedy 1962: Papa João XXIII 1963: Martin Luther King Jr. 1964: Lyndon B. Johnson 1965: William Westmoreland 1966: A Geração Abaixo dos Vinte e Cinco 1967: Lyndon B. Johnson 1968: Os Astronautas da Apollo 8: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell 1969: A Classe Média Americana 1970: Willy Brandt 1971: Richard Nixon 1972: Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon 1973: John Sirica 1974: Faisal da Arábia Saudita 1975: Mulheres Americanas: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Carol Sutton / Susie Sharp / Addie Wyatt
1976: Jimmy Carter 1977: Anwar Al Sadat 1978: Deng Xiaoping 1979: Aiatolá Khomeini 1980: Ronald Reagan 1981: Lech Wałęsa 1982: O Computador 1983: Ronald Reagan / Iúri Andropov 1984: Peter Ueberroth 1985: Deng Xiaoping 1986: Corazón Aquino 1987: Mikhail Gorbatchov 1989: Mikhail Gorbatchov 1990: George H. W. Bush 1991: Ted Turner 1992: Bill Clinton 1993: Os Pacificadores: Yasser Arafat / Frederik Willem de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin 1994: Papa João Paulo II 1995: Newt Gingrich 1996: David Ho 1997: Andrew Grove 1998: Bill Clinton / Ken Starr 1999: Jeff Bezos 2000: George W. Bush
2001: Rudy Giuliani 2002: As Delatoras: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins 2003: O Soldado Americano 2004: George W. Bush 2005: Os Bons Samaritanos: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates 2006: Você 2007: Vladimir Putin 2008: Barack Obama 2009: Ben Bernanke 2010: Mark Zuckerberg 2011: O Manifestante 2012: Barack Obama 2013: Papa Francisco 2014: Combatentes do vírus ebola: Jerry Brown / Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karmah 2015: Angela Merkel 2016: Donald Trump 2017: Aqueles que Quebraram o Silêncio 2018: Os Guardiões e a Guerra da Verdade: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone e Kyaw Soe Oo / Funcionários do The Capital 2019: Greta Thunberg 2020: Joe Biden / Kamala Harris 2021: Elon Musk 2022: Volodymyr Zelensky / Espírito da Ucrânia 2023: Taylor Swift
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