Bön

O mosteiro Bön Narshi Gonpa em Ngawa, China
Parte de uma série sobre
Budismo

Bön[1] (em tibetano: བོན་; Wylie: bon pʰø̃̀(n)), Bon, Bonpo ou Bon-po é uma antiga religião do Tibete que alega preceder o próprio Budismo. É um ramo da Vajrayana e o principal sobrevivente do Vajrayana indiano.

A história do Bön é de difícil estudo pois os documentos mais antigos ainda compreensíveis sugerem que a religião vem dos séculos IX e X, muito antes do Budismo iniciar a supressão de crenças e práticas nativas.[2] Além disto, o historiador Per Kværne[2] observa que "Bön" é utilizado para descrever duas tradições distintas:

  • As práticas religiosas pré-Budismo, de tibetanos que são "imperfeitamente reconstruídos (e ainda assim) essencialmente diferente do Budismo" e que eram focadas no culto a um governante supostamente divino;
  • Um sincretismo religioso que cresceu no Tibete durante os séculos X e XI, com fortes tradições xamanistas e animistas, que é frequentemente considerado por estudiosos como uma "forma não-ortodoxa de Budismo";
  • "um vasto e indefinido apanhado de crenças populares", incluindo a adivinhação.

Contudo, outros estudiosos não aceitam a tradição que separa o Bön do Budismo; Christopher Beckwith chama o Bön de "um dos dois tipos de budismo tibetano"[3] e escreve que "apesar da crença popular existente de uma religião não-budista chamada "Bön" durante a era do Império Tibetano, não há uma só prova para embasar a ideia… Apesar das diferenças em alguns aspectos de outras escolas, já era definitivamente uma forma de Budismo."[4]

Tenzin Gyatso, o 14º Dalai Lama reconhece a tradição bönpa como a quinta principal escola espiritual do Tibete,[5] junto com as escolas Budistas Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, e Gelug, apesar da longa competição histórica entre as tradições bönpa e Budistas no Tibete.

O sufixo "po" ou "pa" é adicionado a um substantivo em Tibetano para designar uma pessoa que é daquele lugar ou executa determinada ação. "Bönpo" portanto é um seguidor da tradição Bön, "Nyingmapa" um seguidor da tradição Nyingma e assim por diante.[6]

Referências

  1. ↑ Apesar da transliteração Wylie resultar simplesmente em "bon", a trema é utilizada para demonstrar a pronunciação tibetana da vogal.
  2. ↑ a b Kværne, Per. (1995) The Bon religion of Tibet: the iconography of a Living Tradition, Part 2 (A Religião Bon no Tibet: a inconografia de uma tradição viva). Londres: Serindia, ISBN 0-906026-35-0
  3. ↑ Christopher I. Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages (O Império Tibetano na Ásia Central: Uma História de Batalha pelo Poder Maior entre Tibetanos, Turcos, Árabes e Chineses durante a Idade Média) (Editora da Universidade de Princeton, nova edição. 1993: ISBN 0-691-02469-3), pág. 20.
  4. ↑ Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present (Impérios da Rota da Seda: Uma História da Eurásia Central da Idade do Bronze até o Presente) (Imprensa da Universidade de Princeton), 2009: ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2), pág. 414.
  5. ↑ "Em 1978 o Dalai Lama reconheceu a religião Bön como uma escola com suas próprias práticas apesar de visitar um recém-construído templo Bön em Dolanji." Tapriza Projects Suíça [1]
  6. ↑ "Introductory History of the Five Tibetan Traditions of Buddhism and Bön." (História Introdutória das Cinco Tradições Tibetanas no Budismo e Bön) Alexander Berzin. Berlim, Alemanha, 10 de janeiro de 2000. [2]
O Commons possui uma categoria com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Bön

Read other articles:

Daftar keuskupan di Irak

Daftar keuskupan di Irak adalah sebuah daftar yang memuat dan menjabarkan pembagian terhadap wilayah administratif Gereja Katolik Roma yang dipimpin oleh seorang uskup ataupun ordinaris di Irak. Konferensi para uskup Irak bergabung dalam Majelis Waligereja Irak.[1] Masing-masing para uskup juga bergabung dalam konferensi internasional menurut ritusnya. Saat ini terdapat 15 buah yurisdiksi, terdiri atas 1 patriarkat, 2 keuskupan agung metropolit, 7 keuskupan agung, 3 keuskupan suffraga...

 

 

مسجد بابا كوهي باكوفي

مسجد بابا كوهي باكوفي مسجد بابا كوهي باكوفي في المدينة القديمة إحداثيات 40°21′58″N 49°50′13″E / 40.366099°N 49.83701°E / 40.366099; 49.83701  معلومات عامة القرية أو المدينة باكو الدولة أذربيجان تاريخ بدء البناء قرن 9 التصميم والإنشاء النمط المعماري عمارة إسلامية  معلومات أخرى �...

 

 

Soekarni

SoekarniSukarni, 1960LahirSoekarni Kartodiwirjo(1916-07-14)14 Juli 1916 Blitar, Jawa Timur, Hindia BelandaMeninggal7 Mei 1971(1971-05-07) (umur 54) Jakarta, IndonesiaMakamTaman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata7°48′9.88″S 110°23′2.11″E / 7.8027444°S 110.3839194°E / -7.8027444; 110.3839194Koordinat: 7°48′9.88″S 110°23′2.11″E / 7.8027444°S 110.3839194°E / -7.8027444; 110.3839194KebangsaanIndonesiaPekerjaanAktivis kemerdekaan, p...

Stoke-on-Trent railway station

Railway station in Staffordshire, England Stoke-on-TrentGeneral informationLocationStoke-upon-Trent, City of Stoke on TrentEnglandGrid referenceSJ879456Managed byAvanti West CoastPlatforms3Other informationStation codeSOTClassificationDfT category C1HistoryOpened9 October 1848Passengers2018-19 3.236 million Interchange  0.224 million2019-20 3.230 million Interchange  0.184 million2020-21 0.687 million Interchange  25,8982021-22 2.302 million Interchange ...

 

 

Naturschutzbund Deutschland

For the computer system, see NABU Network. 52°31′23″N 13°22′43″E / 52.523136°N 13.378625°E / 52.523136; 13.378625 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Naturschutzbund Deutschland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to r...

 

 

Eshkevar-e Sofla Rural District

Rural district in Gilan province, Iran Not to be confused with Eshkevar-e Olya and Siyarastaq Yeylaq Rural District.For the administrative division of Ramsar County in Mazandaran province, see Eshkevar Rural District. Rural District in Gilan, IranEshkevar-e Sofla Rural District Persian: دهستان اشكور سفليRural DistrictEshkevar-e Sofla Rural DistrictCoordinates: 36°52′12″N 50°17′09″E / 36.87000°N 50.28583°E / 36.87000; 50.28583[1&...

Arthrobacter

Genus of bacteria Arthrobacter Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus Scientific classification Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinomycetota Class: Actinomycetia Order: Micrococcales Family: Micrococcaceae Genus: ArthrobacterConn and Dimmick 1947 (Approved Lists 1980) Type species Arthrobacter globiformiscorrig. (Conn 1928) Conn and Dimmick 1947 (Approved Lists 1980) Species See text. Arthrobacter (from the Greek, jointed small stick”) is a genus of bacteria that is commonly found in soil. All species in...

 

 

コルク

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2017年4月） コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク（木栓、�...

 

 

Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерации

Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерациисокращённо: Минприроды России Общая информация Страна  Россия Юрисдикция Россия Дата создания 12 мая 2008 Предшественники Министерство природных ресурсов Российской Федерации (1996—1998)Министерство охраны...

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

 

 

Милявская, Лолита Марковна

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с фамилиями Милявский и Горелик.Запрос «Лолита (певица)» перенаправляется сюда; про испанскую певицу см. Лолита (испанская певица). Лолита Милявская Лолита Милявская на съемках шоу «Машина времени» в 2013 году Основная информация Им...

 

 

Anne Royall

American writer (1769–1854) Anne RoyallBornAnne Newport(1769-06-11)June 11, 1769Baltimore, Maryland, USDiedOctober 1, 1854(1854-10-01) (aged 85)Washington, D.C., USResting placeCongressional CemeteryOccupations Writer editor journalist Known forfirst professional woman journalist in the U.S.SpouseWilliam Royall Anne Royall (June 11, 1769 – October 1, 1854) was a travel writer, newspaper editor, and, by some accounts, the first professional female journalist in the United States....

Wind chill

Lowering of body temperature due to the passing flow of lower-temperature air This article is about the meteorological effect of wind chill. For other uses, see Wind chill (disambiguation). Wind chill index values for a range of temperatures and wind speeds, from the standard wind chill formula for Environment Canada. Wind chill (popularly wind chill factor) is the sensation of cold produced by the wind for a given ambient air temperature on exposed skin as the air motion accelerates the rate...

 

 

Subset

Set whose elements all belong to another set Superset redirects here. For other uses, see Superset (disambiguation). ⊃ redirects here. For the logic symbol, see horseshoe (symbol). For other uses, see horseshoe (disambiguation). Euler diagram showing A is a subset of B (denoted A ⊆ B {\displaystyle A\subseteq B} ) and, conversely, B is a superset of A (denoted B ⊇ A {\displaystyle B\supseteq A} ). In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if all elements of A are also ele...

 

 

Marshal of the Sejm

Speaker of the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish parliament Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of PolandMarszałek Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej PolskiejPommel of the Marshal's staffIncumbentSzymon Hołowniasince 13 November 2023Presidum of the SejmStyleHis/Her Excellency/Mr./Ms MarshalAppointerThe SejmInaugural holderJan SierakowskiFormation31 October 1548SuccessionFirstDeputyVice-MarshalsWebsiteMarshal of the Sejm The Marshal of the Sejm (Polish: Marszałek Sejmu, pronounced [marˈʂaw...

George Takei

George TakeiTakei pada tahun 2015LahirGeorge Hosato TakeiTahun aktif1958—sekarangSuami/istriBrad AltmanSitus webhttp://www.georgetakei.com www.GeorgeTakei.com George Hosato Takei (lahir 20 April 1937) adalah seorang aktor berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat yang menjadi terkenal saat bermain di seri TV utamanya seperti Star Trek. Ia dilahirkan di Los Angeles. Ia berkarier di dunia film sejak tahun 1958. Pada tahun 2008, ia menjalin pernikahan sejenis dengan Brad Altman. Pranala luar Wikimed...

 

 

Councils of governments in Connecticut

Subdivision of Connecticut, United States Councils of governments in ConnecticutA clickable Connecticut planning region mapClickable map of Connecticut planning regionsLocationConnecticut, United StatesNumber9Populations96,692 (Northeastern CT) – 975,328 (Capitol Region)Areas140.46 square miles (363.8 km2) (Metropolitan) – 1,027.46 square miles (2,661.1 km2) (Capitol Region)GovernmentCouncil of governmentsSubdivisionscities, towns, unincorporated communities, census designated p...

 

 

George Thomas Napier

For other people with similar names, see George Napier (disambiguation). SirGeorge NapierKCBBirth nameGeorge Thomas NapierBorn(1784-06-30)30 June 1784Died16 September 1855(1855-09-16) (aged 71)Geneva, SwitzerlandAllegiance United KingdomBranchBritish ArmyRankLieutenant generalWarsPeninsular War Sir George Thomas Napier KCB (30 June 1784 – 16 September 1855) was a British Army officer who saw service in the Peninsular War and later commanded the army of the Cape Colony. Life H...

孫國璽

孫國璽（?—?），字振九，漢軍正白旗人，康熙六十年（1721年）進士。雍正六年（1728年）由汀漳道調任福建分巡台灣道，旋即調離台灣。 參考文獻 劉寧顏編，《重修台灣省通志》，台北市，台灣省文獻委員會，1994年。 張炳楠（監修），李汝和（主修），《台灣省通志》，台灣省政府，1961年。 李騰嶽等（監修），王詩琅（纂修），1981年，《台灣省通志稿—人物志》，台北...

 

 

Championnats d'Océanie de cyclisme sur route 2015

Championnats d'Océanie de cyclisme sur route 2015 Généralités Sport Cyclisme sur route Organisateur(s) Confédération océanienne de cyclisme Lieu(x) Toowoomba Date 13 au 15 février 2015 Épreuves 10 Navigation Championnats d'Océanie 2014 Championnats d'Océanie 2016 modifier Les Championnats d'Océanie de cyclisme sur route 2015 ont lieu du 13 au 15 février 2015 à Toowoomba en Australie. Podiums masculins Compétitions Or Argent Bronze Élites Course en ligne Taylor Gunman Jord...