Empayar Bulgaria Kedua

Empayar Bulgaria Kedua
ц︢рьство блъгарское
Второ българско царство
1185–1396
Bendera Bulgaria
Jata Imperial Bulgaria
Bendera Jata Imperial
Bulgaria di bawah Ivan Asen II
Bulgaria di bawah Ivan Asen II
Ibu negaraTarnovo
(1185 –1393)
Vidin dan Nikopol
(1393–1396)
Bahasa yang umum digunakanBulgaria Tengah
Agama
Kristian Ortodoks, Bogomilisme (diharamkan)
KerajaanMonarki
Tsar (Maharaja) 
• 1185–1190
Peter IV (pertama)
• 1396
Constantine II (akhir)
Era SejarahZaman Pertengahan
1185
1396
Keluasan
1205[1]248,000 km2 (96,000 bt2)
1241[1]477,000 km2 (184,000 bt2)
1350[1]137,000 km2 (53,000 bt2)
Kod ISO 3166BG
Didahului oleh		 Diganti oleh
Empayar Bulgaria Pertama
Empayar Byzantine
Empayar Uthmaniyyah
Sekarang sebahagian dari
Negara pada hari ini

Empayar Bulgaria Kedua (Bahasa Bulgaria: Второ българско царство, Vtorо Bălgarskо Tsartsvo) adalah sebuah negara Bulgaria pada Zaman Pertengahan yang wujud antara tahun 1185 sehingga 1396.[2] Ia merupakan negara penerus kepada Empayar Bulgaria Pertama, dan mencapai kemuncak kuasanya semasa di bawah pemerintahan Tsar Kaloyan dan Ivan Asen II sebelum secara perlahan-lahan ditakluk oleh Uthmaniyyah pada akhir kurun ke-14 dan awal kurun ke-15. Ia kemudian digantikan oleh Prinsipaliti Bulgaria dan kemudian Kerajaan Beraja Bulgaria pada tahun 1878.[3][4]

Sehingga tahun 1256, Empayar Bulgaria Kedua merupakan kuasa dominan di rantau Balkan, yang mana berjaya mengalahkan Empayar Byzantine dalam beberapa pertempuran penting. Pada tahun 1205, Maharaja Kaloyan mengalahkan Empayar Latin yang baru diasaskan dalam Pertempuran Adrianople. Anak saudara beliau, Ivan Asen II mengalahkan Despotate Epiros dan menjadikan Bulgaria sebuah kuasa wilayah sekali lagi. Semasa zaman pemerintahan beliau, wilayah Bulgaria meluas daripada Adriatik ke Laut Hitam dan ekonomi yang makmur. Bagaimanapun pada akhir kurun ke-13, kekuatan empayar ini mula jatuh di sebabkan serbuan berterusan oleh Mongol, Byzantines, Hungary, dan Serbia, selain kekacauan dan pemberontakan dalam negara. Kurun ke-14 menyaksikan kestabilan dan pemulihan sementara, serta kemuncak feudalisme Balkan sebagai pusat kekuasaan mula hilang di kebanyakan wilayah. Bulgaria kemudian dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian menjelang permulaan serangan Uthmaniyah.

Meskipun dipengaruhi kuat oleh Byzantine, para artis dan arkitek Bulgaria mencipta gaya mereka tersendiri. Pada kurun ke-14, di mana zaman ini dikenali sebagai Zaman Emas Kebudayaan Bulgaria Kedua, kesusasteraan dan kesenian berkembang pesat.[5] Ibu negara, Tarnovo, yang mana dianggap sebagai sebuah "Constantinople Baru", menjadi hub kebudayaan utama dan pusat dunia Ortodoks Timur untuk orang Bulgaria sezamannya.[6] Selepas penaklukan oleh Uthmaniyah, ramai sarjanawan dan alim Bulgaria berhijrah ke prinsipaliti Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia, dan Rusia, di mana mereka memperkenalkan budaya, buku dan idea hesychastik Bulgaria.[7]

Petikan

  1. ^ a b c Kamburova, Violeta (1992). Atlas "History of Bulgaria". Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. m/s. 18, 20, 23.
  2. ^ Тютюнджиев, Иван; Пламен Павлов (1992). Българската държава и османската експанзия 1369–1422 (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Велико Търново.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ http://promacedonia.org/en/sr/
  4. ^ http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/index.html
  5. ^ Kǎnev, Petǎr (2002). "Religion in Bulgaria after 1989". South-East Europe Review (1): 81.
  6. ^ Obolensky, p. 246
  7. ^ Kazhdan 1991, halaman 334, 337

Sumber

Rujukan

  • Андреев (Andreev), Йордан (Jordan); Лалков (Lalkov), Милчо (Milcho) (1996). Българските ханове и царе (The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo): Абагар (Abagar). ISBN 954-427-216-X.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Ангелов (Angelov), Димитър (Dimitar); Божилов (Bozhilov), Иван (Ivan); Ваклинов (Vaklinov), Станчо (Stancho); Гюзелев (Gyuzelev), Васил (Vasil); Куев (Kuev), Кую (kuyu); Петров (Petrov), Петър (Petar); Примов (Primov), Борислав (Borislav); Тъпкова (Tapkova), Василка (Vasilka); Цанокова (Tsankova), Геновева (Genoveva) (1981). История на България. Том II. Първа българска държава [History of Bulgaria. Volume II. First Bulgarian State] (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). и колектив. София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Ангелов (Angelov), Димитър (Dimitar) (1950). По въпроса за стопанския облик на българските земи през XI–XII век (On the Issue about the Economic Outlook of the Bulgarian Lands during the XI–XII centuries) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). ИП (IP).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Bogdan, Ioan (1966). Contribuţii la istoriografia bulgară şi sârbă în Scrieri alese (Contributions from the Bulgarian and Serbian Historiography in Selected Writings) (dalam bahasa Romanian). Bucharest: Anubis.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Бакалов (Bakalov), Георги (Georgi); Ангелов (Angelov), Петър (Petar); Павлов (Pavlov), Пламен (Plamen); Коев (Koev), Тотю (Totyu); Александров (Aleksandrov), Емил (Emil) (2003). История на българите от древността до края на XVI век (History of the Bulgarians from Antiquity to the end of the XVI century) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). и колектив. София (Sofia): Знание (Znanie). ISBN 954-621-186-9.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Божилов (Bozhilov), Иван (Ivan) (1994). Фамилията на Асеневци (1186–1460). Генеалогия и просопография (The Family of the Asens (1186–1460). Genealogy and Prosopography) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press). ISBN 954-430-264-6.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Божилов (Bozhilov), Иван (Ivan); Гюзелев (Gyuzelev), Васил (Vasil) (1999). История на средновековна България VII–XIV век (History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Анубис (Anubis). ISBN 954-426-204-0.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Cox, Eugene L. (1987). The Green Count of Savoy: Amadeus VI and Transalpine Savoy in the Fourteenth Century. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Дочев (Dochev), Константин (Konstantin) (1992). Монети и парично обръщение в Търново (XII–XIV век) (Coins and Monetary Circulation in Tarnovo (XII–XIV centuries)) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Дуйчев (Duychev), Иван (Ivan) (1972). Българско средновековие (Bulgarian Middle Ages) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Наука и Изкуство (Nauka i Izkustvo).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Fine, J. (1987). The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10079-3.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Георгиева (Georgieva), Цветана (Tsvetana); Генчев (Genchev), Николай (Nikolay) (1999). История на България XV–XIX век (History of Bulgaria XV–XIX centuries) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Анубис (Anubis). ISBN 954-426-205-9.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Kazhdan, A.; collective (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  • Коледаров (Koledarov), Петър (Petar) (1989). Политическа география на средновековната Българска държава, част 2 (1185–1396) (Political Geography of the Medieval Bulgarian State, Part II. From 1185 to 1396) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Колектив (Collective) (1965). Латински извори за българската история (ГИБИ), том III (Latin Sources for Bulgarian History (LIBI), volume III) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian dan Latin). София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Колектив (Collective) (1981). Латински извори за българската история (ГИБИ), том IV (Latin Sources for Bulgarian History (LIBI), volume IV) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian dan Latin). София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Лишев (Lishev), Страшимир (Strashimir) (1970). Българският средновековен град (The Medieval Bulgarian City) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Иречек (Jireček), Константин (Konstantin) (1978). "XXIII Завладяване на България от турците (Conquest of Bulgaria by the Turks)". Dalam Петър Петров (Petar Petrov) (penyunting). История на българите с поправки и добавки от самия автор (History of the Bulgarians with corrections and additions by the author) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Издателство Наука и изкуство.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Николова (Nikolova), Бистра (Bistra) (2002). Православните църкви през Българското средновековие IX–XIV в. (The Orthodox churches during the Bulgarian Middle Ages 9th–14th century) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Академично издателство "Марин Дринов" (Academic press "Marin Drinov"). ISBN 954-430-762-1.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Obolensky, D. (1971). The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453. New York, Washington: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  • Павлов (Pavlov), Пламен (Plamen) (2008). Българското средновековие. Познато и непознато (The Bulgarian Middle Ages. Known and Unknown) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo): Абагар (Abagar). ISBN 978-954-427-796-3.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Петров (Petrov), П. (P.); Гюзелев (Gyuzelev), Васил (Vasil) (1978). Христоматия по история на България. Том 2. Същинско средновековие XII–XIV век (Reader on the History of Bulgaria. Volume 2. High Middle Ages XII–XIV centuries) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Издателство Наука и изкуство.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Радушев (Radushev), Ангел (Angel); Жеков (Zhekov), Господин (Gospodin) (1999). Каталог на българските средновековни монети IX–XV век (Catalogue of the Medieval Bulgarian coins IX–XV centuries) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Агато (Anubis). ISBN 954-8761-45-9.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Цончева (Tsoncheva), М. (M.) (1974). Търновска книжовна школа. 1371–1971 (Tarnovo Literary School. 1371–1971) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). София (Sofia).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Vásáry, I. (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521837569.
  • Златарски (Zlatarski), Васил (Vasil) (1972) [1940]. История на българската държава през Средните векове. Том III. Второ българско царство. България при Асеневци (1185–1280). (History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume III. Second Bulgarian Empire. Bulgaria under the Asen Dynasty (1185–1280)) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian) (ed. 2). София (Sofia): Наука и изкуство (Nauka i izkustvo).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Pautan luar

Templat:Bulgaria topics Templat:Bulgarian Empire