リドカインが局所麻酔薬として使用され、正しく投与される場合、薬物有害反応(Adverse drug reactions: ADR)はまれである。麻酔目的の(抗不整脈作用目的では無く)リドカインに関連するADRのほとんどは、投与手技(血管内誤注入や過量投与など)または麻酔薬そのものの薬理学的作用に関連しており、麻酔アレルギーはまれにしか起こらない[31]。過剰量のリドカインへの全身曝露は、主に中枢神経系および心血管系の作用を惹起する。中枢神経系作用は通常、低血漿濃度で起こり、心血管作用は高濃度でさらに現れるが、低濃度でもショックが起こることがある。臓器別のADRは以下の通りである。
^ abcNolan JP, Baskett PJ (1997). "Analgesia and anaesthesia". In David Skinner, Andrew Swain, Rodney Peyton, Colin Robertson (eds.). Cambridge Textbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine. Project co-ordinator, Fiona Whinster. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 194. ISBN9780521433792. 2017年9月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。
^((World Health Organization)) (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02
^Hamilton R (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 22. ISBN9781284057560
^Sinha S, Schreiner AJ, Biernaskie J, Nickerson D, Gabriel VA (November 2017). "Treating pain on skin graft donor sites: Review and clinical recommendations". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 83 (5): 954–964. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001615. PMID28598907. S2CID44520644。
^“Lidocaine/prilocaine spray for premature ejaculation”. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin55 (4): 45–48. (April 2017). doi:10.1136/dtb.2017.4.0469. PMID28408390.
^Biller JA (2007). "Airway obstruction, bronchospasm, and cough". In Berger AM, Shuster JL, Von Roenn JH (eds.). Principles and practice of palliative care and supportive oncology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 297–307. ISBN978-0-7817-9595-1. Inhaled lidocaine is used to suppress cough during bronchoscopy. Animal studies and a few human studies suggest that lidocaine has an antitussive effect…
^Birsa LM, Verity PG, Lee RF (May 2010). "Evaluation of the effects of various chemicals on discharge of and pain caused by jellyfish nematocysts". Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 151 (4): 426–430. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.01.007. PMID20116454。
^Morabito R, Marino A, Dossena S, La Spada G (June 2014). "Nematocyst discharge in Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) oral arms can be affected by lidocaine, ethanol, ammonia and acetic acid". Toxicon. 83: 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.03.002. PMID24637105。
^ abNielsen LJ, Lumholt P, Hölmich LR (October 2014). "[Local anaesthesia with vasoconstrictor is safe to use in areas with end-arteries in fingers, toes, noses and ears]". Ugeskrift for Laeger. 176 (44). PMID25354008。
^“Lidocaine - N01BB02”. Drug porphyrinogenicity monograph. The Norwegian Porphyria Centre and the Swedish Porphyria Centre. 2014年4月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年8月29日閲覧。 “strong clinical evidence points to lidocaine as probably not porphyrinogenic”
^Khan MG (2007). Cardiac Drug Therapy (7th ed.). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. ISBN9781597452380
^Baselt R (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 840-844. ISBN978-0-9626523-7-0
^Carterall WA (2001). "Molecular mechanisms of gating and drug block of sodium channels". Sodium Channels and Neuronal Hyperexcitability. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 241. pp. 206–225. doi:10.1002/0470846682.ch14. ISBN9780470846681。
^ abLöfgren N (1948). Studies on local anesthetics: Xylocaine: a new synthetic drug (Inaugural dissertation). Stockholm, Sweden: Ivar Heggstroms. OCLC646046738[要ページ番号]
^Löfgren N, Lundqvist B (1946). "Studies on local anaesthetics II". Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift. 58: 206–217.
^Pupka A, Sikora J, Mauricz J, Cios D, Płonek T (2009). "[The usage of synthol in the body building]". Polimery W Medycynie. 39 (1): 63–65. PMID19580174。
^Bernardo NP, Siqueira ME, De Paiva MJ, Maia PP (2003). "Caffeine and other adulterants in seizures of street cocaine in Brazil". International Journal of Drug Policy. 14 (4): 331–334. doi:10.1016/S0955-3959(03)00083-5。
US patent 2441498, Nils Magnus Loefgren & Bengt Josef Lundqvist, "Alkyl glycinanilides", published 1948-05-11, issued 1948-05-11, assigned to ASTRA APOTEKARNES KEM FAB
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This page is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. Map update Could someone act on the request at WP:USRD/MTF/R#M-6 (Michigan highway) in an expedited manner? M-6 will be the TFA this coming Sunday, November 20. Imzadi 1979 → 23:18, 16 November 2011 (UTC) Future Future???? I had a newbie tell me that this was the standard here. We are now promoting WP:CRYSTAL...
Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori svizzeri è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Gregory WüthrichNazionalità Svizzera Altezza192 cm Peso88 kg Calcio RuoloDifensore Squadra Sturm Graz CarrieraGiovanili 2002-2005 Bümpliz2005-2013 Young Boys Squadre di club1 2011-2014 Young Boys II29 (1)2013-2015 Young Boys17 (2)2015→ Grasshoppers8 (0)2015-2019 Y...