今後の開発の課題として、短期使用VAD・小児用VAD・遠心ポンプ植込型VADの小型化が挙げられる。米国では救命目的の1週間から1ヶ月程度の短期補助(後述のBTD: bridge to decision)に使用可能なデバイスとして、体外設置型第3世代遠心ポンプCentriMagや経皮的VADであるImpella、TandemHeartが普及してきており、特にImpellaとTandemHeartは血管内治療の手技を用いた経皮的VADとして循環器内科や救急領域に広がっており[21][22]、日本では2017年よりImpellaの臨床使用が開始された[23]。日本でも、国産の遠心ポンプ型植込型VAD(DuraHeart、EVAHEART)の小型モデル化に向けた開発が進んでいる[3]。
種類
VADにはポンプ本体を体外に置く体外設置型(paracorporeal VAD, extracorporeal VAD)、植込型(implantable VAD)、経皮型(catheter based VAD)がある。また、完全置換型人工心臓(TAH)は通常左心ポンプと右心ポンプが一体となっているが、VADは左室補助人工心臓(LVAD)と右室補助人工心臓(RVAD)の2種類がある。LVADの場合は胸部大動脈に直接接続した送血管と、左室または左房に挿入した脱血管をポンプ本体に接続し、RVADの場合は肺動脈に接続した送血管と、右室または右房に挿入した脱血管をポンプ本体に接続する。LVADとRVADを同時に装着する場合を両心補助人工心臓(BiVAD または BVAD)と呼ぶ。またポンプが生じる血流が心臓の拍出と同じ生理的な拍動流であるか、あるいは軸流ポンプや遠心ポンプを用いた定常流(連続流)であるかによっても分類される[24]。
VADの適応病態としては、開心術後の心不全症例、心筋梗塞後、心移植までのブリッジ(BTT: bridge to transplant、心移植までのつなぎのための使用)、心移植の代替としての永久使用(DT: destination therapy)などがある。日本においては、1997年に心移植が再開されるまでは開心術後の体外循環離脱困難や低心拍出量症候群、劇症型心筋炎などが主流であったが、心移植再開後は日本でもブリッジとしての使用が主流となっている[24][29]。主な適応疾患としては心筋症(拡張型心筋症、肥大型心筋症、その他の特発性心筋症、二次性心筋症、虚血性心筋症など)、致死的不整脈による血行動態破綻、また単心室症、大血管転位症、右室流出路狭窄疾患などの先天性心疾患が挙げられる[25]。
目的別の分類
VADの使用形態は、その使用目的に応じて以下のように分類される。
BTT: bridge to transplant
心移植までのつなぎ(ブリッジ/bridge)としての使用をBTT(bridge to transplant)と呼ぶ。2014年現在、日本で植込型VADの保険償還基準とされているのはBTTとしての使用だけであり、長期にわたる移植待機期間を乗り切るために使用されることが多い[34]。日本臓器移植ネットワークに登録済であることが望ましいが、未登録の状態で植込み手術を行うこともあり、その場合は術後可及的速やかに適応判定を受け、臓器移植ネットワークに登録することになる。
BTC: bridge to candidacy
VAD植込みに際して心移植の適応判定が直ちに下せない場合もありうる。重症心不全症例で血行動態が破綻しかけている場合、しばしば腎不全や肝不全など他の臓器不全の合併が問題となる[35][36]。しかし多くの場合、VAD植込み後に臓器不全が改善することが報告されている[37]。そこで将来的に移植申請可能な状態に到達したら移植適応の判定をするという目的で、当面の移植適応の判断を保留してVAD植込みを行うことをBTC(bridge to candidacy)と呼ぶ。
体外設置型VADで全身状態が回復した後に植込型VADへの植替えを行うことをBTB(bridge to bridge)と呼ぶ[25]。脱血用心尖部カフが同一サイズの場合(ニプロVAD → DuraHeart の場合など)は心尖部カフを付け替える必要はない[41]が、心尖部カフを外した後に再度脱血カニューレ(Cannula)を装着する必要がある場合もあり(ニプロVAD → EVAHEART の場合など)[42]、それぞれ手技が異なる。また、体外設置型VADで脱血管の出口部の感染を起こした場合はBTBは困難である。
BTD: bridge to decision
BTD(bridge to decision)とは、広義には心原性ショック(英語版)となった重症心不全症例で、心移植の適応判断ができるまでの救命手段としての体外設置型VADの装着を指す。しかし狭義には、体外設置型VADの適応も不明な症例に対する装着を指すことが多い[43]。日本では未導入であるが、欧米ではTandemHeart、Impella、CentriMagなどがBTD用のVADとして使用可能である。
BTR: bridge to recovery
重症心不全患者で自己の心機能が回復することを期待してVADを装着することをBTR(bridge to recovery)と呼ぶ。ただし、心機能が回復してVADから離脱できる割合は全植込み症例の数%〜10%程度であり、必ずしも植込み当初から回復することを目標にするわけではない。なお、劇症型心筋炎や周産期心筋症で心原性ショックとなった場合に救命目的に体外設置型VADを装着し、その後回復する場合もBTRと呼ばれる。
^日本ではマケット(英語版)社の遠心ポンプであるROTAFLOWを体外設置型VADとして用いた報告もある。(Kashiwa K, Nishimura T, Saito A, et al: Left heart bypass
support with the Rotaflow Centrifugal Pump as a bridge to decision and recovery in an adult. J Artif Organs, 2012.)
^INTERMACS: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support(米国の補助人工心臓市販後レジストリ)
^ただしソラテック社のPVADやベルリンハート社(ドイツ語版、英語版)のEXCORでは小型の駆動装置を用いて在宅治療を行うことが可能であり、日本でもニプロVADに対して小型駆動装置であるMobartを用いた院外環境での使用が報告されている。(Gon S, Suematsu Y, Morizumi S, et al: Experience of a patient with an extracorporeal ventricular assist system who participated in a sleepover program. J Artif Organs 14: 257-60, 2011)
^Liotta, D, ES Crawford, DA Cooley, ME DeBakey, M de Urquia, L Feldman (1962). Prolonged partial left ventricular bypass by means of an intrathoracic pump implanted in the left chest, Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs, 8: 90-99.
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Village in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandTkaczewVillageTkaczewCoordinates: 52°0′23″N 19°11′48″E / 52.00639°N 19.19667°E / 52.00639; 19.19667Country PolandVoivodeshipŁódźCountyZgierzGminaOzorkówPopulation10 Tkaczew [ˈtkat͡ʂɛf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ozorków, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Ozorków, 24 km (15 mi) north...
Hungarian pop-rock singer-songwriter (born 1968) The native form of this personal name is Kovács Ákos. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Ákos Kovács in 2008 Ákos Kovács (born in Budapest, 6 April 1968) is a Hungarian pop-rock singer-songwriter. He is known for his solo career writing and performing serious, poetic pop songs, as well as a member of the now defunct group Bonanza Banzai. Kovács uses his given name, Ákos, in his career. His name is writ...
British philologist and classical scholar (1937–2015) Martin Litchfield WestOM FBABorn(1937-09-23)23 September 1937London, EnglandDied13 July 2015(2015-07-13) (aged 77)Oxford, EnglandNationalityBritishAlma materBalliol College, OxfordOccupation(s)Professor, academic and authorKnown forClassics scholarHonoursOM Martin Litchfield West, OM FBA (23 September 1937 – 13 July 2015) was a British philologist and classical scholar.[1] In recognition of his contributi...
Student radio station in North Carolina WQFSGreensboro, North CarolinaBroadcast areaTriadFrequency90.9 MHzBrandingYour Only AlternativeProgrammingFormatVarietyOwnershipOwnerGuilford CollegeHistoryFirst air dateJanuary 6, 1970 (1970-01-06)Call sign meaningW Quaker Friends SchoolTechnical informationFacility ID68233ClassAERP1,900 wattsHAAT61.0 metersTransmitter coordinates36°5′39.00″N 79°53′21.00″W / 36.0941667°N 79.8891667°W / 36.0941667;...
Katedral SendaiGereja Katedral Santo Petrus dan Santo Paulus di Sendai司教座 – 仙台カテドラル 聖ペトロ・聖パウロ聖堂Katedral SendaiLokasiSendaiNegaraJepangDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaSejarahDedikasiSanto Petrus dan Santo PaulusArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Sendai Katedral Sendai atau yang bernama lengkap Gereja Katedral Santo Petrus dan Santo Paulus di Sendai (Jepang: 司教座 – 仙台カテドラル 聖ペトロ・...
French architecture writer (1619–1695) Engraving after a portrait by Charles Le Brun André Félibien (May 1619 – 11 June 1695), sieur des Avaux et de Javercy, was a French chronicler of the arts and official court historian to Louis XIV of France.[1] Biography Félibien was born at Chartres. At the age of fourteen he went to Paris to continue his studies; and in May 1647 he was sent to Rome in the capacity of secretary in the embassy of the marquis de Fontenay-Mareui...
2018 film by Jon S. Baird Stan & OllieTheatrical release posterDirected byJon S. BairdWritten byJeff PopeBased onLaurel and Hardy: The British Toursby A.J. Marriot[1]Produced byFaye WardStarringSteve CooganJohn C. ReillyShirley HendersonNina AriandaRufus JonesDanny HustonCinematographyLaurie RoseEdited byÚna Ní DhonghaíleBilly SneddonMusic byRolfe KentProductioncompaniesEntertainment OneBBC FilmsFable PicturesSonesta FilmsDistributed bySony Pictures Classics (United States)Ente...
Part of a flower Diagram showing the stigma-style-ovary system of the female reproductive organ of a plant. The stigma is fixed to the apex of the style, a narrow upward extension of the ovary. The stigma (pl.: stigmas or stigmata)[1] is the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels, in the gynoecium of a flower. Description Stigma of a Tulipa species, with pollen Closeup of stigma surrounded by stamens of Lilium 'Stargazer') The stigma, together with the style and ovary ...
City in West Azerbaijan province, Iran For other places with the same name, see Zurabad. City in West Azerbaijan, IranZurabad Persian: زور ابادCityZurabadCoordinates: 38°48′18″N 44°35′04″E / 38.80500°N 44.58444°E / 38.80500; 44.58444[1]CountryIranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyKhoyDistrictSafayyehPopulation (2016)[2] • Total1,147Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Zurabad (Persian: زور آباد)[a] is a city in, and the...
Historic house in Oklahoma, United States For other places with the same name, see Westhope (disambiguation). United States historic placeWesthopeU.S. National Register of Historic Places WesthopeShow map of OklahomaShow map of the United StatesInteractive map showing Westhope’s locationLocation3700 S. Birmingham Tulsa, OklahomaCoordinates36°6′35″N 95°57′14″W / 36.10972°N 95.95389°W / 36.10972; -95.95389Built1929ArchitectFrank Lloyd WrightArchitectural...
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento tecnologia è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la provenienza delle informazioni. Puoi migliorare questa voce citando le fonti più precisamente. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. In elettrotecnica, per scarica parziale si ...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Battle of Taku Forts 1858 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) For other uses, see Battle of Taku Forts. First Battle of Taku FortsPart of the Second Opium WarMap of the Peiho River forts, showing British and French shipsDate...