Siméon-Denis Poisson

Siméon-Denis Poisson

Siméon-Denis Poisson (Pithiviers, 21 giugno 1781Parigi, 25 aprile 1840) è stato un matematico, fisico, astronomo e statistico francese.

Di origini modeste, venne incoraggiato agli studi ed entrò nel 1798 nell'École Polytechnique di Parigi. Divenne docente di questa scuola anche grazie al sostegno di Laplace e nel 1806 succedette a Fourier. Nel 1816 ottenne una cattedra di meccanica alla Sorbona e fu eletto all'Accademia delle Scienze di Parigi.

Matematica

Mémoire sur le calcul numerique des integrales définies, 1826

Tra i suoi contributi, vi è l'estensione della teoria della meccanica utilizzando la meccanica analitica (Traité de mécanique, 2 volumi, 1811 e 1833). Ha poi mostrato che una particella posta tra due placche ellissoidali orientate nella stessa direzione, non avverte alcuna forza. Ha inoltre applicato la matematica all'elettricità e al magnetismo, formulando l'estensione dell'equazione di Laplace, la ben nota equazione di Poisson. Altre sue importanti osservazioni riguardano la costanza del potenziale elettrico sulla superficie di un conduttore, ha quindi formulato la teoria sulla corrente superficiale e sul volume di magnetizzazione.

Nel 1819, durante una discussione sull'articolo di Fresnel sulla diffrazione presso l'Accademia francese delle scienze, sostenne che, come conseguenza di tale teoria, il centro dell'ombra di un disco diffrattivo doveva essere illuminato: questo effetto inatteso venne successivamente osservato, verificando così la teoria di Fresnel.

Ha anche contribuito allo sviluppo della statistica con la distribuzione di Poisson introdotta come distribuzione limite della distribuzione di Pascal () e della distribuzione binomiale. In realtà la poissoniana come approssimazione della binomiale era già stata introdotta nel 1718 da Abraham de Moivre in Doctrine des chances.[senza fonte]

Opere

Poisson ha pubblicato più di trecento articoli vertenti sulla matematica, la fisica e l'astronomia, nonché poco prima della sua morte, la statistica

Altre edizioni

Théorie mathématique de la chaleur, 1835

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN22241140 · ISNI (EN0000 0001 0855 871X · CERL cnp00557662 · LCCN (ENn83239440 · GND (DE116261293 · BNE (ESXX1402453 (data) · BNF (FRcb12471381g (data) · J9U (ENHE987007276241005171 · CONOR.SI (SL34362723

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