Acetazolamide

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Acetazolamide
Nome IUPAC
5-acetammido-1,3,4-tiadiazol-2-sulfonammide; N-(5-sulfamoil-1,3,4-tiadiazol-2-il)acetammide
Nomi alternativi
Acetazolam; Acetazolamida; Acetazolamidum
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC4H6N4O3S2
Massa molecolare (u)222.245 g/mol
Numero CAS59-66-5
Numero EINECS200-440-5
Codice ATCS01EC01
PubChem1986
DrugBankDBDB00819
SMILES
CC(=O)NC1=NN=C(S1)S(=O)(=O)N
Dati farmacologici
Modalità di
somministrazione
Orale - Endovenosa
Dati farmacocinetici
Emivita3 - 9 ore
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Simboli di rischio chimico
irritante
attenzione
Frasi H315 - 319
Consigli P305+351+338 [1]

L'acetazolamide è un principio attivo che fa parte della classe degli inibitori di anidrasi carbonica.[2] Viene indicato specificamente nel trattamento del glaucoma, dell'epilessia, ipertensione endocranica idiopatica (pseudotumor cerebri), mal di montagna, cistinuria ed ectasia durale.

Nel mondo è disponibile con diversi nomi commerciali: Diamox, Azomid, Carbinib, Dazamide, Diuramid, Defiltran, Glaupax, Huma-Zolamide, Odemin e Zolamox.

Caratteristiche strutturali e fisiche

L'acetazolamide è una polvere bianca e cristallina. Molto poco solubile in acqua, debolmente solubile in alcool, si dissolve in soluzioni diluite alcaline.

Farmacocinetica

L'assorbimento nel tratto gastrico è rapido, i massimi livelli plasmatici si raggiungono dopo due ore dall'assunzione orale. L'emivita è di circa otto ore.

Il legame con le proteine plasmatiche è del 90-95%. Si distribuisce nel liquor, latte, e attraversa la placenta.

Il farmaco è escreto nelle urine in forma immodificata, l'80% viene eliminato in 8-12 ore.

Farmacodinamica

Agisce come diuretico perché è un inibitore enzimatico che agisce sull’anidrasi carbonica: la molecola inibisce la reazione reversibile di idratazione del biossido di carbonio e la disidratazione dell'acido carbonico a livello renale. Il risultato di tale azione è una eliminazione, attraverso il rene, degli ioni HCO3-, Na+, H2O e K+.

Questo determina un incremento della diuresi e l'alcalinizzazione delle urine.

Indicazioni

L'acetazolamide è indicata nei seguenti casi:

  • trattamento degli edemi da insufficienza cardiaca. Nei pazienti affetti da prevalente insufficienza del cuore sinistro si ottengono ottimi risultati, con scomparsa dell'edema polmonare e miglioramento della dispnea dopo alcuni giorni.
  • edema oculare
  • trattamento coadiuvante di glaucoma cronico semplice (ad angolo aperto) e glaucoma secondario
  • misura terapeutica pre-operatoria nel glaucoma acuto ad angolo chiuso
  • trattamento coadiuvante nel trattamento dell'epilessia
  • Mal di montagna[3][4][5][6][7].

Off label

Dosaggi

Si somministra o tramite via orale o con iniezione endovenosa:

  • Glaucoma: 0,25 - 1 g in un giorno, con assunzioni da due a quattro volte al giorno (deve essere somministrato in più dosi, frazionando la quota giornaliera)
  • Epilessia: 0,25 - 1 g (adulti) 8–30 mg/kg (bambini)
  • Edemi: 5 mg ogni kg di peso

Controindicazioni e avvertenze

Necessario un monitoraggio attento degli elettroliti serici specie del potassio. Sconsigliato in soggetti con ipokaliemia, iponatriemia, insufficienza epatica grave, ipersensibilità nota ai sulfamidici.

Effetti collaterali e indesiderati

Fra gli effetti collaterali più frequenti si riscontrano vomito, nausea, diarrea, cefalea, acidosi metabolica, orticaria, frequenti parestesie e formicolii agli arti; sono possibili anche reazioni dermatologiche come eritema multiforme, sindrome di Stevens-Johnson e sindrome di Lyell.[31][32][33][34]

Sono segnalati casi di anemia aplastica.[35][36][37][38][39][40]

Interazioni

L'acetazolamide interferisce con numerosi farmaci, in particolare antiepilettici. Se co-somministrata con la fenitoina la molecola ne modifica il metabolismo e può incrementarne i livelli sierici;[41][42] l'associazione con primidone comporta invece una diminuzione dell’assorbimento gastrointestinale di quest'ultimo: pertanto si hanno ridotte concentrazioni sieriche di primidone e dei suoi metaboliti, con conseguente ridotto effetto anticonvulsivante.

Altre interazioni: le solfonammidi e derivati, gli antagonisti dell'acido folico, la chinidina, il bicarbonato di sodio, la ciclosporina, le anfetamine e gli antidepressivi triciclici, l'aspirina e i sali di litio.

Sovradosaggio

In caso di sovradosaggio il paziente tende a sviluppare uno stato acidosico ed uno squilibrio elettrolitico: entrambi i disturbi possono comportare effetti negativi sul sistema nervoso centrale, fino al coma.[43]

Il farmaco è dializzabile, non esiste antidoto specifico.

Note

  1. ^ Sigma Aldrich; rev. del 03.07.2013
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Bibliografia

  • British national formulary, Guida all’uso dei farmaci 4 edizione, Lavis, agenzia italiana del farmaco, 2007.
  • Sean C. Sweetman, Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 35th Edition: Book and CD-ROM Package, Pharmaceutical Press, ISBN 0-85369-704-3.

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Mountain in Smith Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica Not to be confused with Mount Colonel Foster. Mount FosterLeft to right Mount Foster, Evlogi Peak and Antim PeakHighest pointElevation2,025 m (6,644 ft)[1]Prominence2,025 m (6,644 ft)[1]ListingUltraCoordinates62°59′42″S 62°33′06.3″W / 62.99500°S 62.551750°W / -62.99500; -62.551750[1]GeographyMount FosterLocation in Antarctica LocationSmith Island, A...

Oldest known impact structure, in Western Australia Yarrabubba impact structureComposite aeromagnetic anomaly map of the Yarrabubba impact structure[1]Impact crater/structureConfidenceConfirmedDiameter30–70 km (19–43 mi)Age2229 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. ↓ ± 5 Ma Rhyacian, PaleoproterozoicExposedYesDrilledNoLocationLocationYilgarn CratonCoordinates27°10′56″S 118°50′04″E / 27.18222°S 118.83444°E / -27.18222; 118.83444C...

Subfamily of lizards Lygosominae Unidentified Eutropis species from Wayanad (Kerala, India) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Scincidae Subfamily: LygosominaeMittleman, 1952 Lygosominae is the largest subfamily of skinks in the family Scincidae. The subfamily can be divided into a number of genus groups. If the rarely used taxonomic rank of infrafamily is employed, the genus groups would be designated as such...

Ligue Pour les articles homonymes, voir Ligue. Ligue(it) Lega Logotype officiel. Présentation Secrétaire fédéral Matteo Salvini Fondation 4 décembre 1989 (alliance)8 janvier 1991 (parti) Fusion de Liga Veneta (en)Lega Lombarda (en)Piemont Autonomista (en)Uniun Ligure (en)Lega Emiliano-Romagnola (en)Alleanza Toscana (en) Siège Via Bellerio, 4120161 Milan Président fédéral Umberto Bossi Secrétaires fédéraux adjoints Giancarlo GiorgettiLorenzo FontanaAnd...

Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter Palm Beach (Begriffsklärung) aufgeführt. Palm Beach Palm Beach Town Hall (Rathaus) Siegel Flagge Lage im Palm Beach County und in Florida Basisdaten Gründung: 1911 Staat: Vereinigte Staaten Bundesstaat: Florida County: Palm Beach County Koordinaten: 26° 42′ N, 80° 2′ W26.705277777778-80.0364444444442Koordinaten: 26° 42′ N, 80° 2′ W Zeitzone: Eastern (UTC−5/−4) E...