Hjalmar Hammarskjöld

Hjalmar Hammarskjöld

Knut Hjalmar Leonard Hammarskjöld (f. 4. febrúar 1862, d. 12. október 1953) var sænskur fræðimaður, lögspekingur, stjórnmálamaður og forsætisráðherra Svíþjóðar frá 1914 til 1917. Hammarskjöld sat á þingi frá 1923 til 1938. Hjalmar Hammarskjöld var faðir Dag Hammarskjöld, aðalritara Sameinuðu Þjóðanna frá 1953-1961.

Hammarskjöld var af aðalsættum. Árið 1884 útskrifaðist hann með kandídatspróf í lögfræði frá Uppsalaháskóla og tveimur árum síðar hóf hann kennslu við sama skóla sem dósent. Árið 1891 varð hann prófessor í lögfræði við sama skóla. Hammarskjöld var á sínum tíma einn fremsti lögspekingur Svíþjóðar og hafði mikil áhrif á norrænan einkamálarétt. Áhrif hans voru einnig mikil innan alþjóðaréttar en hann varð dómari við Alþjóðagerðardóminn í Haag árið 1904. Alþjóðagerðardómurinn var stofnaður 1899 með það hlutverk að miðla málum og komast að niðurstöðum í ríkjadeilum og er aðskilinn Alþjóðadómstólnum í Haag, sem stofnaður var árið 1945.

Hammarskjöld tók fyrst þátt í stjórnmálum sem utanþingsraðherra (dómsmálaráðherra, 1901-1902) í ríkisstjórn Fredrik von Otter. Þá var hann menntamálaráðherra í ríkisstjórn Christian Lundeberg sem sat haustið 1905. Hammarskjöld tók þátt í samningum vegna aðskilnaðar Svíþjóðar og Noregs árið 1905. Hammarskjöld var um stund sendiherra í Danmörku en eftir bændagönguna (bondetåget, 1914) var hann skipaður forsætisráðherra í utanþingsstjórn sem sat til 1917. Hammarskjöld þótti ósveigjanlegur og hallur undir Þjóðverja en hann neitaði meðal annars að skrifa undir verslunarsmaning við Breta sem Marcus Wallenberg, bróðir Knut Wallenberg sem var utanríkisráðherra í ríkisstjórn Hammarskjöld. Ósætti innan ríkisstjórnarinnar varð til þess að hún missti stuðning íhaldsmanna í þinginu og féll stjórnin um vorið 1917. Þá var Hammarskjöld kennt um vöruskort og hungur sem íbúar Svíþjóðar þurftu að líða á stríðsárunum og var í því sambandi talað um „Hungur-skjöld“ (s. Hungerskjöld).

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