Hormona liberadora da corticotropina

Imaxe da CRH xerada por ordenador.

A hormona liberadora da corticotropina (CRH) ou corticoliberina, antes chamada factor liberador da corticotropina (CRF) é unha hormona polipeptídica hipotalámica e neurotransmisor implicada na resposta ao estrés. A súa principal función é a estimulación da síntese de ACTH na hipófise ou pituitaria. Pertence á familia dos factores liberadores da corticotropina.

A CRH é un péptido de 41 aminoácidos derivado dunha preprohormona de 191 aminoácidos codificada nun xene do cromosoma 8 humano. A CRH é segregada polo núcleo paraventricular do hipotálamo en resposta ao estrés. Na enfermidade de Alzheimer obsérvase unha marcada redución nos niveis de CRH. Ademais de ser producida polo hipotálamo, a CRH tamén se sintetiza nos tecidos periféricos, como os linfocitos T, e é amplamente expresada na placenta. Na placenta, a CRH é un marcador que determina a duración da xestación e o momento do parto. Ao comezo do parto ten lugar un incremento rápido dos niveis circulantes de CRH, o que suxire que, ademais das súas funcións metabólicas, a CRH pode actuar como un causante do parto.[1]

Accións hormonais

A CRH é producida polas células parvocelulares neuroendócrinas (que están incluídas no núcleo paraventricular) do hipotálamo e libérase na eminencia media nos terminais neurosecretores destas neuronas, e pasa ao plexo de capilares primarios do sistema portal hipotalámico-hipofisario. O sistema portal transporta a CRH á adenohipófise ou pituitaria anterior, onde estimula as células corticotropas para que secreten a hormona adrenocorticotropa (corticotropina ou ACTH) e outras substancias bioloxicamente activas (β-endorfinas). A ACTH estimula a síntese de cortisol, glicocorticoides, mineralocorticoides e DHEA; polo que niveis elevados de CRH son comúns en pacientes da síndrome de Cushing (causada por un exceso de ACTH).

A curto prazo, a CRH pode suprimir o apetito, incrementar os sentimentos subxectivos de ansiedade, e realizar outras funcións como estimular a atención. Aínda que a acción distal da CRH é a inmunosupresión por medio da acción do cortisol, a CRH por si mesma pode en realidade aumentar a inflamación, un proceso que está sendo investigado en relación coa esclerose múltiple.[2]

Psicofarmacoloxía

O antagonista do receptor da CRH-1 pexacerfont está investigándose como tratamento do trastorno de ansiedade xeneralizada en mulleres.[3] Outros antagonistas da CRH-1 como a antalarmina foron estudados en animais para o tratamento da ansiedade, depresión e outras condicións, pero non se fixeron estudos en humanos.

Ademais, no líquido cefalorraquídeo de persoas que cometeron suicidio aparecen niveis anormalmente altos de CRH.[4]

Recentes investigacións asocian a activación do receptor da CRH1 coa sensación de euforia que se produce polo consumo de alcohol. Un antagonista do receptor da CRH1, o CP-154,526, está investigándose como tratamento potencial do alcoholismo.[5][6]

A CRH no parto

A CRH tamén é sintetizada pola placenta e parece determinar a duración do embarazo.[7]

Os seus niveis aumentan contra o final do embarazo xusto antes do parto, e unha teoría actual sostén que desempeña tres funcións no parto:[8]

  • Incrementa os niveis de deshidroepiandrosterona (DHEA) directamente pola acción das glándulas adrenais fetais, e indirectamente pola glándula hipófise da nai. A DHEA ten un papel na preparación e estimulación das contraccións cervicais.
  • Incrementa a dispoñibilidade de prostaglandinas nos tecidos uteroplacentarios. As prostaglandinas activan as contraccións cervicais.
  • Antes do parto pode ter un papel na inhibición das contraccións, ao aumentar os niveis de AMPc no miometrio.

En cultivo, a CRH do trofoblasto é inhibida pola proxesterona, que permanece en alta concentración durante todo o embarazo. A liberación de CRH é estimulada polos glicocorticoides e catecolaminas, as cales aumentan antes do parto levantando este bloqueo de proxesterona.[9]

Estrutura

A secuencia de 41 aminoácidos da CRH foi descuberta por Vale et al. en 1981 nos carneiros.[10] A secuencia completa é (véxase o significado das letras en aminoácido):

  • SQEPPISLDLTFHLLREVLEMTKADQLAQQAHSNRKLLDIA (ovinos)

Este péptido nas ratas e nos humanos é idéntico e difire da secuencia dos ovinos só en 7 aminoácidos (en letra grosa).[11]

  • SEEPPISLDLTFHLLREVLEMARAEQLAQQAHSNRKLMEII (homes, ratas)

Interaccións

A CRH interacciona co receptor 1 da hormona liberadora da corticotropina.[12][13]

Notas

  1. "Entrez Gene: CRH corticotropin releasing hormone". 
  2. Paul, William E. (setembro de 1993). "Infectious Diseases and the Immune System". Scientific American 269 (3): 112. Bibcode:1993SciAm.269c..90P. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0993-90. 
  3. "Study of Pexacerfont (BMS-562086) in the Treatment of Outpatients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder". ClinicalTrials.gov. 2008-08-01. Consultado o 2008-08-03. 
  4. Arató M, Bánki CM, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB (1989). "Elevated CSF CRF in suicide victims". Biol. Psychiatry 25 (3): 355–9. PMID 2536563. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90183-2. 
  5. "Drug Has Potential To Prevent Alcoholics From Relapsing". Science News. ScienceDaily. 2008-08-02. Consultado o 2008-08-09. 
  6. Pastor R, McKinnon CS, Scibelli AC, Burkhart-Kasch S, Reed C, Ryabinin AE, Coste SC, Stenzel-Poore MP, Phillips TJ (2008). "Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor involvement in behavioral neuroadaptation to ethanol: a urocortin1-independent mechanism". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (26): 9070–5. PMC 2449366. PMID 18591672. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710181105. 
  7. Kimball JW (2006-06-15). "Hormones of the Hypothalamus". Kimball's Biology Pages. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 27 de xuño de 2012. Consultado o 2008-08-03. 
  8. Lye S, Challis JRG (2001). "Chapter 12: Parturition". En Bocking AD, Harding R. Fetal growth and development. Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–266. ISBN 0-521-64543-3. 
  9. Jones SA, Brooks AN, Challis JR (1989). "Steroids modulate corticotropin-releasing hormone production in human fetal membranes and placenta". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68 (4): 825–30. PMID 2537843. doi:10.1210/jcem-68-4-825. 
  10. Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J (1981). "Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin". Science 213 (4514): 1394–7. PMID 6267699. doi:10.1126/science.6267699. 
  11. Chrousos GP, Schuermeyer TH, Doppman J, Oldfield EH, Schulte HM, Gold PW, Loriaux DL (1985). "NIH conference. Clinical applications of corticotropin-releasing factor.". Annals of internal medicine 102 (3): 344–358. PMID 2982307. 
  12. Grammatopoulos, D K; Dai Y, Randeva H S, Levine M A, Karteris E, Easton A J, Hillhouse E W (1999). "A novel spliced variant of the type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor with a deletion in the seventh transmembrane domain present in the human pregnant term myometrium and fetal membranes". Mol. Endocrinol. (UNITED STATES) 13 (12): 2189–202. ISSN 0888-8809. PMID 10598591. doi:10.1210/me.13.12.2189. 
  13. Gottowik, J; Goetschy V, Henriot S, Kitas E, Fluhman B, Clerc R G, Moreau J L, Monsma F J, Kilpatrick G J (1997). "Labelling of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors using the novel radioligand, [3H]-urocortin". Neuropharmacology (ENGLAND) 36 (10): 1439–46. ISSN 0028-3908. PMID 9423932. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00098-1. 

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