Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from a streptomycete, Streptomyces ribosidificus, originally identified in a soil sample from Tsu City of Mie Prefecture in Japan.[1] It is made up of 3 ring subunits: 2-deoxystreptamine (DOS), neosamine C, and ribose.[2] Ribostamycin, along with other aminoglycosides with the DOS subunit, is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic with important use against human immunodeficiency virus[citation needed] and is considered a critically important antimicrobial by the World Health Organization.,[3][4] Resistance against aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as ribostamycin, is a growing concern. The resistant bacteria contain enzymes that modify the structure through phosphorylation, adenylation, and acetylation and prevent the antibiotic from being able to interact with the bacterial ribosomal RNAs.[5]
The biosynthesis of ribostamycin begins with the sugar, D-glucose, which is phosphorylated at the 6 position to form glucose-6-phosphate. The enzyme rbmA contains a genetic sequence that corresponds to NAD+ binding and catalyzes the formation of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose. The enzyme rmbB then catalyzes the transamination of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose to 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine with L-glutamine and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). Enzyme rbmC oxidizes the ring to 2-deoxy-3-amino-scyllo-inosose, which is then transaminated by enzyme rmbB to DOS. DOS is then glycosylated by the glycosyltransferase rmbD with uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-Glc-NAc) to form 2’-N-acetylparomamine. The deacetylase, racJ, removes the acetyl group and forms paromamine. Paromamine is oxidized by enzyme rbmG and then enzyme rmbH transaminates to produce neamine. Neamine is then ribosylated to form ribostamycin.,[2][3]
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Negara gagal adalah negara yang dianggap gagal memenuhi persyaratan dan tanggung jawab dasar suatu pemerintahan berdaulat. Tidak ada kesepakatan umum tentang definisi negara gagal. Definisi negara gagal menurut Fund for Peace sering digunakan untuk mencap suatu negara yang memiliki ciri-ciri berikut: Kehilangan kontrol atas wilayahnya sendiri, atau monopoli pengerahan pasukan fisik sah di wilayahnya Tergerusnya kewenangan yang sah dalam pembuatan keputusan bersama Tidak mampu menyediakan layanan…
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2009 filmJohn RabeTheatrical release posterDirected byFlorian GallenbergerWritten byFlorian GallenbergerProduced byBenjamin HerrmannMischa HofmannJan MojtoStarring Ulrich Tukur Daniel Brühl Steve Buscemi Anne Consigny Jingchu Zhang CinematographyJürgen JürgesEdited byHansjörg WeißbrichMusic byAnnette FocksProductioncompaniesMajestic FilmproductionCanal+Huayi BrothersFrance 2 CinémaAntena 3 FilmsRAI CinemaORFDistributed by 20th Century Fox and Majestic Filmverleih (Germany)[1] Arami…
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Monocloruro de bromo GeneralOtros nombres Bromocloruro Cloruro de bromoFórmula semidesarrollada BrClFórmula molecular ?IdentificadoresNúmero CAS 13863-41-7[1]ChemSpider 55600PubChem 61697UNII 7G62XY5724Propiedades físicasApariencia Gas amarillentoDensidad 2172 kg/m³; 2,172 g/cm³Masa molar 115 357 g/molPunto de fusión −54Punto de ebullición 5 °C (278 K)Propiedades químicasSolubilidad en agua 1.5 g/LPeligrosidadNFPA 704 0 3 2 OX Valores en el SI y …
Biara Keabasan WhitbyInformasi biaraOrdoBenediktinDidirikan657 MDibubarkan1538KeuskupanKeuskupan YorkTokohPendiri1. Oswiu2. Prior ReinfridSitusLokasiWhitby, Yorkshire Utara, InggrisKoordinat54.4883 -0.6075Reruntuhan yang terlihatsubstantialAkses publikyes Keabasan Whitby adalah biara Kristen abad ke-VII yang kemudian menjadi biara keabasan Benediktin.[1] Gereja keabasan itu terletak menghadap ke Laut Utara di Tebing Timur Whitby di Yorkshire Utara, Inggris, pusat kerajaan Northumbria aba…
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College Board examinations This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: AP Physics – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article is part of a series onAdvanced Placement Exams • Awards AP Capstone Seminar (AP Capstone Part 1) Research (AP Capsto…
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