Prekmurje Slovene is part of the Pannonian dialect group (Slovene: panonska narečna skupina), also known as the eastern Slovene dialect group (vzhodnoslovenska narečna skupina). Prekmurje Slovene shares many common features with the dialects of Haloze, Slovenske Gorice, and Prlekija, with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It is also closely related to the Kajkavian dialect of Croatian, although mutual comprehension is difficult. Prekmurje Slovene, especially its more traditional version spoken by the Hungarian Slovenes, is not readily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, whereas speakers from eastern Slovenia (Lower Styria) have much less difficulty understanding it. The early 20th-century philologist Ágoston Pável stated that Prekmurje Slovene in fact it is a major, independent dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in the relationships of stress, in intonation, in the softening of consonants and—as a result of the lack of linguistic reform—in the striking dearth of modern vocabulary[10] and that it preserves many older features from the Proto-Slavic language.
Geographical distribution
Prekmurje Slovene is spoken by approximately 110,000 speakers worldwide.[1] 80,000 in Prekmurje, 20,000 dispersed in Slovenia (especially Maribor and Ljubljana) and 10,000 in other countries. In Hungary it is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in Vas County in and around the town of Szentgotthárd. Other speakers of the dialect live in other Hungarian towns, particularly Budapest, Szombathely, Bakony, and Mosonmagyaróvár. The dialect was also spoken in Somogy (especially in the village of Tarany), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries. There are some speakers in Austria, Germany, the United States, and Argentina.
Status
Nouvi Zákon (New Testament) by István Küzmics. The Prekmurian language was codified by this book.
Prekmurje Slovene has a defined territory and body of literature, and it is one of the few Slovene dialects in Slovenia that are still spoken by all strata of the local population.[11] Some speakers have claimed that it is a separate language. Prominent writers in Prekmurje Slovene, such as Miklós Küzmics,[11]István Küzmics, Ágoston Pável, József Klekl Senior,[12] and József Szakovics, have claimed that it is a language, not simply a dialect. Evald Flisar, a writer, poet, and playwright from Prekmurje (Goričko), states that people from Prekmurje "talk in our own language."[11] It also had a written standard and literary tradition, both of which were largely neglected after World War II. There were attempts to publish in it more widely in the 1990s, primarily in Hungary,[13] and there has been a revival of literature in Prekmurje Slovene since the late 1990s.
Others consider Prekmurje Slovene a regional language, without denying that it is part of Slovene.[14][15][16][17][18] The linguist Janko Dular has characterized Prekmurje Slovene as a "local standard language" for historical reasons,[19] as has the Prekmurje writer Feri Lainšček. However, Prekmurje Slovene is not recognized as a language by Slovenia or Hungary, nor does it enjoy any legal protection under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In 2016 the General Maister Society (Društvo General Maister) proposed that primary schools offer education in the Prekmurje Slovene.[20][21] Some regional politicians and intellectuals advocate Prekmurje Slovene.[22]
Together with Resian, Prekmurje Slovene is the only Slovene dialect with a literary standard that has had a different historical development from the rest of Slovene ethnic territory. For centuries, it was used as a language of education, as well as in the press and mass.[23] The historical Hungarian name for the Slovenes living within the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary (as well as for the Slovenians in general) was Vendek, or the Wends. In the 18th and 19th centuries Prekmurje authors used to designate this language variety as sztári szlovenszki jezik 'old Slovene'. Both then and now, it is also referred to as the "Slovene language between the Mura and Raba" (Slovenščina med Muro in Rabo; Slovenski jezik med Mürov i Rábov).
Prekmurje Slovene is widely used in the regional media (Murski Val Radio, Porabje, Slovenski utrinki), films,[24] literature. The younger generation also write SMS messages and web comments in their local tongue. In the Prekmurje and Hungary a few streets, shops, hotels, etc. have Prekmurje Slovene names.[25][26] In the 2012 protests in Slovenia in Murska Sobota the protesters used Prekmurje Slovene banners.[27] It is the liturgical language in the Lutheran and Pentecostal churches, and in the Catholic Church of Hungarian Slovenes. Marko Jesenšek, a professor at the University of Maribor, states that the functionality of Prekmurje Slovene is limited, but "it lives on in poetry and journalism."[28]
Prekmurian graffiti in Murska Sobota.
Scholars in modern linguistics, dialectology and other special fields, consistently use the term prekmurščina, which means that it is a language code.[clarification needed][29][30][31] Slovene affix -ščina means the language (e.g., nemščina 'German'), dialect (e.g., celjščina 'Celje dialect'), or manner of speaking (e.g., latovščina 'jargon').
Name
Prekmurje or Prekmurian?
Slovene English-language specialist Stanko Klinar in 1988 was ascertain that it is grammatically correct the name Prekmurian.[32]
The name Prekmurian first appeared in a scientific discussion in 1977.[33] Previous scientific texts in 1990s and 2000s mostly used the names Prekmurje Slovene, Prekmurje language, Prekmurje dialect etc. (for ex. Greenberg).[34] Nowadays, in the scientific texts is most popular the name Prekmurian.[dubious – discuss][35][36][31][37]
The Prekmurje Slovene developed from the language of the Carantanian Slavs who settled around Balaton in the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of contemporary Slovenia, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurje Slovene acquired many specific features. Separated from the cultural development of the remainder of ethnic Slovene territory, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language.
From Carniola and Styria in the 16th and 17th centuries, a few Slovene Protestant pastors fled to Hungary. The pastors brought along the Bible of Jurij Dalmatin, were used in Felsőszölnök and Postil of Primož Trubar, were used in Gornji Petrovci.[40][41][42] Hungarian Slovenes found it difficult to understand the language of this book.
By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancient Vandals had become popular.[43] Accordingly, Prekmurje Slovene was frequently designated in Hungarian Latin documents as the Vandalian language (Latin: lingua vandalica, Hungarian: Vandál nyelv).
The fact of double development of the Slovene language in Slovenian linguistics and science was ignored for a long time. The current form of the standard Slovene language only developed in the 19th century. Prior to this, there was two types of language norms: the Central Slovene language (mostly in Carniola) and the East Slovene language (in Styria and Hungary).[44]
For a short time, there were also two variants of the East Slovene language: the Prekmurian Slovene and the East Styrian Slovene (in the regions of Ormož, Ljutomer and Lenart of Slovene Hills).[45]
The literary traditions of the Prekmurian language developed during the Protestant Reformation: mostly manuscript hymnals with religious hymns, psalms from the 16th and 17th century[46] and an agreement from 1643.[47] The standard language emerged at the beginning of the 18th century and slowly developed.[48] The Prekmurian literary language followed homogeneous grammatical rules and phonetic characteristics.[49][50] An example of this is the use of the wovels ö or ü and diphthongs in writing.
Manuscripts were also written in the East Styrian Slovene language.[51] Printed books in this language were also published.[52] However, there were no homogeneous grammatical or phonologycal forms in this language variant. Styrian Slovene authors had completely different ideas about the standard language.[53] The Styrian Slovene literary language eventually ceased to exist and was replaced by the Central Slovene language.[54]
18th century
The first book in the Prekmurje Slovene appeared in 1715, and was written by the Lutheran pastor Ferenc Temlin.[55] The most important authors from this period were the Lutheran pastor István Küzmics[56] and the Roman Catholic priest Miklós Küzmics[57] who settled the standard for the Prekmurje regional standard language in the 18th century.
István translated the entire New Testament into Prekmurian (Nouvi Zákon 1771). István was born in Ravensko, the standard language was based on the Lowland dialect of Prekmurian Slovene,[58] just like the as is the language of the old manuscripts.[59] István as well expanded the language with elements from Highland (Goričko) dialect.[60]
Who whill disallow those Slovenians who live between the Mura and the Raba the right to translate these holy books into the language, in which they understand God talking to them through prophets and apostles' letters? God tells them too read these books in order to get prepared for salvation in the fait of Jesus Christ. But they cannot receive this from Trubar's, Dalmatin's, Francel's,[61] or other translations (versio). The language of our Hungarian Slovenians is different from other languages and unique in its own characteristics. Already in the aforementioned translations there are differences.
— István Küzmics, József Torkos, Predgovor, Nouvi Zákon (1771)[62]
Miklós Küzmics though was born in Goričko, but he followed István's conception in language.[49] He adopted additional elements from the Highland and Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialects. Miklós wrote several books, which were reprinted in the 20th century. His prayer book was really popular (Kniga molitvena 1783). His text and coursebook (ABC Kni'sicza 1790) was mandatory for decades in Slovene schools.[63]
In 1774 was written Versus Vandalici, the first literary poem in Prekmurian language.[66]
19th century
Natural history in Prekmurian language. The Prekmurian scientific language was codified by Imre Augustich's Prirodopis (1878).
In 1823 Mihály Barla created a new orthography for the Prekmurian Slovene. Two new characters were introduced to denote diphthongs: ô (ou), ê (ej) and â (aj).[67] The new orthography was presented in new hymn books Diktomszke, versuske i molitvene kni'zicze (1820) and Krscsanszke nôve peszmene knige (1823). In 1820, a Lutheran teacher named István Lülik wrote a new coursebook Nôvi abeczedár, into which was made three issue (1853, 1856, 1863).[68] His book also spread Barla's orthography. Although this orthogragphy was used only in Prekmurian Lutheran literature.
Lülik wrote the first grammar of the Prekmurian language, but it remained in manuscript.
The first non-religious book in Prekmurian language was a ceremony book for weddings (Sztarisinsztvo i zvacsinsztvo 1804; the author is probably István Szijjártó).[69]
Catholic priest József Kossics brought the Prekmurian language to a new functional position. Kossics no longer wrote religious books, but books on history, grammar and etiquette. His orientation merged with the orientation towards national encouragement.[70]
Lutheran pastor Sándor Terplán translated the Psalmas (Knige 'zoltárszke 1848) and also wrote new school-books.
János Kardos translated numerous verses from Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and few Hungarian poet. He worked on new coursebooks, for ex. Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs.[71] Kardos followed a conservative conception in language: Kardos was not open to Slovene or Croatian, stuck to the archaic elements. Kárdos' purism was very similar to purism of Fran Levstik in Carniola.[72]
Opposite Kardos was Catholic priest József Borovnyák, who adapted the Prekmurian literary language to the Slovene literary language.[73] Borovnyák also contributed to the functional development of the Prekmurian language, for ex. with his political brochure Máli politicsni vodnik (1869).[74]
In 1875, poet, writer, translator and journalist Imre Augustich established the first Prekmurje Slovene newspaper Prijátel (The Friend).[75] Later, he wrote a new Hungarian–Prekmurje Slovene grammar (Návuk vogrszkoga jezika, 1876)[76] and translated works from Hungarian poets and writers.[77]
Augustich made approaches toward standard Slovene,[78][79] but at first retained the Hungarian alphabet. Later Augustich introduced the Gaj alphabet in the Prijátel[80] and in a new coursebook Prirodopis s kepami, the first natural science book in Prekmurian language.[81]
In 1871 József Bagáry wrote first course-book, which apply the Gaj alphabet (Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê).[82] The Magyarization policy tried to push the coursebook out of the school, however, the coursebook was so popular in schools that in 1886 it was reprinted.[83]
In the last decades of the 19th and 20th century, the denomination "Wends" and "Wendish language" was promoted, mostly by pro-Hungarians, in order to emphasize the difference between the Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, including attempts to create a separate ethnic identity.
The Prekmurian Slovene language was able to follow the changes of the modern era and was able to renew itself.[84] Either unaided or by taking over innovations from the (Central) Slovene and Croatian languages. The assertion that the Prekmurian Slovene slowly declined with modernization in the middle of the 19th century is not believable. This is contradicted by the first science books (by Kossics[85] and Augustich[81]) and the first journalistic products.[86][87]
20th century
In 1908 Hungarian minister of Education and ReligionAlbert Apponyi introduced a new law, according to which subjects of instruction must be taught in Hungarian language in all schools of Kingdom of Hungary. The purpose of the law was to Magyarization of national minorities. Education in the Prekmurian Slovenian language in schools has been displaced.[88]
In 1914–1918, the political leader and later parliamentarian congressman in BelgradeJózsef Klekl reformed the Prekmurje Slovene literary language,[78] making use of the Croatian and Slovene languages.[89] In 1923, the new prayerbook's Hodi k oltarskomi svesti (Come on to the Eucharist) orthography was written in the Gaj.
In 1919, most of Prekmurje was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Slovene and Serbo-Croatian replaced Hungarian as the language of education and administration. The language of literature, journalism and the church remained Prekmurian Slovene.
Although in Yugoslavia, education in Prekmurian Slovene was not restored in schools (instead, they learned Serbo-Croatian and Standard Slovene at schools), nevertheless journalism in Prekmurian language flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. Items in the newspapers the catholic Novine, Marijin list, Marijin ograček, calendar Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga, the Lutheran Düševni list and Evangeličanski kalendari were written in the Prekmurje Slovene.[90] Prekmurian Slovene Emigrants also had their own weekly in the USA between 1921 and 1954: Amerikanszki Szlovencov Glász (American Windish Voice).[91]
József Szakovics took an active part in cultivating the Prekmurje Slovene with his books and articles in newspapers and calendars or with the reprints of oldest book of Miklós Küzmics. The prominent Prekmurje writer Miško Kranjec also wrote in Slovene.
János Berke started to collect the vocabulary for the first Prekmurian dictionary.[94]János Fliszár was published a part of this dictionary (Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik 1922). The dictionary, which contains fifty thousand terms, has been preserved in manuscript.[95]
In 1941, the Hungarian Army seized back the Prekmurje area and by 1945 aimed to make an end of the Prekmurje Slovene and Slovene by the help of Mikola.[96]
After 1945, Communist Yugoslavia banned the printing of books and newspapers in the Prekmurje Slovene, and only standard Slovene or Serbo-Croatian was used in administration and education.[97] In Hungary, the dictator Mátyás Rákosi banned every minority language and deported the Slovenes in the Hungarian Plain.[98]
Since the independence of Slovenia, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in the Prekmurian language and cultural heritage. Few assotioations, publisher and self-publisher prints both old and new books in Prekmurian.
21st century
In the 21st century, the Prekmurian language has become more most visible in Slovenia's cultural life. The Premurian can be more often heard in different interviews on TV channels and radios (Murski val,[99] Slovenski utrinki[100]). Today, Prekmurian is also found in written form on public signs, such as some shop signs, evidence of growing use in the linguistic landscape.
Singer and songwriter Nika Zorjan in 2018 created the Prekmurje Slovene version of Mariah Carey's All I Want for Christmas Is You aka Fse ka bi za Božič.[102][103] On one occasion she said: »Prekmurians are often local patriots and sometimes we say with pride: This is prekmurščina, not slovenščina.«[104]
Popular throughout Slovenia, Vlado Kreslin also sings in Prekmurian.[105] It also has its own website in the Prekmurian.[106]
Phonology
The vowel ö occurs only in a few words as a variant of closed e or ö.[107] It has plain a in long stressed syllables and rounded a in short stressed and unstressed syllables in the Hill country (Goričko) and Lowland (Ravensko) dialect.[107] The relationship is reversed in the Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, where the long stressed a is rounded.[107]
Long vowels and most diphthongs occur only stressed in syllables. If the stress shifts, the vowel loses its length and the diphthong usually loses its glide, e.g.: Nom.Boug; Gen.Bogá.[107]
Diphthongs
The diphthong ej (ei) is a short, closed e followed by a shorter, less fully articulated i, e.g.: dejte (child), bejžati (run), pejnezi (money), mlejko (milk), bejli (white).[108]
The diphthong ou consists of a short o and a short, less fully articulated u, e.g.: rouka (hand), nouga (foot), goloub (dove), rour (chimney), gospoud (lord).
Prekmurian Slovene is very rich in the diphthongs ej and ou.[108] These diphthongs are found in various Slovene dialects, but in forms that are phonetically different from the diphthongs of Prekmurian Slovene. The ou and ej diphthongs were represented in the old Prekmurian literary language ortographically by separate signs ê and ô but only in the books and newspapers of the Lutheran Slovenes.[67]
The diphthong ou in the northern Goričko subdialects (mostly near the river Rába) and in the settlements along the Hungarian-Slovene border is reduced to au. The Ravensko dialect and some Goričko subdialects have diphthongs üj or öj.[109]
Diphthongs in open syllables, if they occur in polysyllabic words, are broken up into their components,[110] for ex. Nom.sou (salt), Gen.soli; Nom.krau (king), Gen.krala.
Vowel alternations
a>e
Unstressed a and a in a diphthong with i or j often sound like open e.[111] This system is typical mostly in the lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, for ex. eli (or) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: ali), nezaj (back) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: nazaj), dele (forward) (Ravensko, Goričko: dale, Standard Slovene: dalje).
o>i
This is a sporadic dissimilation and assimilation. e.g.: visiki (high, Standard Slovene visok).[111]
o>e
In inflected forms a soft consonant (c, č, š, ž, j) is usually followed by o instead of the e in Standard Slovene.[112] For example: z noužicon (Standard Slovene z nožem 'with knife'), s konjon (Standard Slovene s konjem 'with horse'). In neuter nominative singular and accusative o is also heard instead of e, e.g.: mojo delo, našo delo, (Standard Slovene moje delo, naše delo 'my work', 'our work'). Innovative e is heard only in the eastern subdialects of the Dolinsko dialect, mostly along the Slovene-Croatian border (near the Međimurje).
o>u
The diactric ŭ refers to the non-frontedness of the vowel.[112] For ex. un, una Standard Slovene on, ona (he, she). The Dolinsko dialect have has even more diactric u, for ex. kunj (horse) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: konj), Marku (Marc) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene Marko).
a>o
For ex. zakoj (why) (Standard Slovene zakaj).
u>ü
The historical u is pronounced almost without exception as ü and it is also spelled this way.[112] For ex. küp (mound) (Standard Slovene kup), küpiti (purchase) (Standard Slovene kupiti), düša (soul) (Standard Slovene duša), lüknja (slit) (Standard Slovene luknja), brüsiti (facet) (Standard Slovene brusiti).
In words starting wutg a v there are mixed forms,[110] while in the Standard Slovene remains the u, for ex. vüjo (ear) (Standard Slovene uho), vujti (escapes) (Standard Slovene uiti).
The u derived from earlier ol preceding a consonant does not turn into ü,[110] for ex. pun (full) (Standard Slovene poln), dugi (long) (Standard Slovene dolg), vuna (wool) (Standard Slovene volna), vuk (wolf) (Standard Slovene volk).
Consonant alternations
Z preceding nj often sounds like ž, for ex. ž njin (with him) (Standard Slovene z njim).
k>c
For ex. tenko, natenci (thin, thinly) (Standard Slovene tanko, natanko).[113] This type of alternations was even more frequent in the old Prekmurian Slovene,[113] for ex. vuk, vucke, vuci (wolf, wolves) (Standard Slovene volk, volki, Croatian vuk, vuci). Today it is preserved in the speech of older people in Goričko and the subdialect of Hungarian Slovenes.
m>n
Word final m in Prekmurian Slovene almost always sounds like n[114] (just like in other Pannonian Slovene dialects[115][116] or in the Chakavian[117]). For ex. znan (I know) (Standard Slovene znam), man (I have) (Standard Slovene imam), tan (there) (Standard Slovene tam), vüzen (Easter) (Standard Slovene vuzem[118]z zlaton (with gold) (Standard Slovene z zlatom), ran (building) (Standard Slovene hram). Exceptions: grm (bush), doum (home), tram (strut) etc.
The change of m>n can also occur in middle position, preceding consonants,[114] for ex.: Nom.vüzen,Gen.vüzma.
nj>n
The n has developed from an nj in word-final position or medial position,[119] for ex. ogen (fire) (Standard Slovene ogenj), kniga (book) (Standard Slovene knjiga). In declined forms nj return,[119] for ex. ognja (Genitive).
lj>l
The hard lj (ł) has totally disappeared from Prekmurian Slovene,[119] for ex.: klüč (key) (Standard Slovene ključ), lübiti, lübezen (love) (Standard Slovene ljubiti, ljubezen), grable (rake) (Standard Slovene grablje).
h>j or ∅
In certain regions and in certain positions it is still present the h.
in word initial position preceding a vowel or syllable forming r its usage is ambiguous and regionally variable.[119] For ex. hüdi, üdi (evil) (Standard Slovene hud). In noun iža (house) (Standard Slovene hiša) in every Prekmurian dialect is missing the h
in medial position, between vowels h is present, a j has replaced it,[119] for ex. küjati (cook) (Standard Slovene kuhati)
h usually disappears in word position followed by consonants and in medial position preceded by consonants,[120] for ex. lad (cold) (Standard Slovene hlad), sprneti (decay) (Standard Slovene trohneti)
the syllable-final h in word-medial position followed by consonants usually turns into j, which merge with the preceding vowel to form a diphthong,[120] for ex. lejko (perhaps, easily) (Standard Slovene lahko)
in word-final position, preceded by a vowel, it either changes into j,[120] for ex. grej (sin) (Standard Slovene greh), krüj (bread) (Standard Slovene kruh).
Exceptions shajati (to make do on something), zahtejvati (demand) etc.
bn>vn
For ex. drouvno (tiny) (Standard Slovene drobno).
Also in Prekmurian Slovene can be nouns masculine, feminine or neuter.[122] Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have three numbers: singular, dual and plural,[123] just like in the Standard Slovene.[124]
Masculine nouns ending in a consonant.[131] The singular accusative of masculine nouns designating animate things is the same as their genitive form. The singular accusative of nouns designatinginanimate things is the same as their nominative.[131]
Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in consonant (Prekmurian Slovene)
In the declension of nouns for ex tejlo (body, St. Slov.: telo) or drejvo (three, St. Slov.: drevo) are not lengthened as in the Standard Slovene with the syllable –es (Prekmurian: Nom. tejlo, drejvo Gen. tejla, drejva; Standard Slovene: Nom. telo, drevo Gen. telesa, drevesa).[137]
Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in e (Standard Slovene)[138]
The names for numerals in Prekmurian Slovene are formed in a similar way to that found in the Standard Slovene or other Slavic languages.[147][148] The again, the old way of two-digit numbers was preserved. Ten comes first, followed by a one-digit number. They don't need a conjunction. In Standard Slovene the formation of numerals from 21 to 99, in which the unit is placed in front of the decade ("four-and-twenty"), as in German language.
Numerals
Prekmurian Slovene
Standard Slovene
Number
štirideset eden
enainštirideset
41
štirideset dva
dvainštirideset
42
štirideset tri(j)
triinštirideset
43
štirideset štiri
štiriinštirideset
44
Verb
Verb stems in Prekmurian Slovene is most frequently üvati or avati, more rarely ovati[149] (stem ovati is most frequently in Standard Slovene). In the conjugation suffixes change is also dissimilar in Prekmurian and Slovene. For ex. Prekm.nategüvati, obrezavati, conj. nategüvlen/nategüjen, obrezavlen, Stand. Slov.nategovati, obrezovati, conj. nategujem, obrezujem.
In Goričko dialect and some western subdialects of Ravensko is the infinitive stem with the suffix -niti (zdigniti),[150] just like in the Standard Slovene (dvigniti), infrequently -nouti (Prekm. obrnouti, Stand. Slov. obrniti). In the Dolinsko dialect and other Ravensko subdialects the infinitive stem with the suffix -noti (zdignoti),[150] just like in Croatian (and Kajkavian).
The Prekmurian Slovene vocabulary is very rich[156] and is significantly different from the Standard Slovene vocabulary. The dialect includes many archaic words that have disappeared from modern Slovene. Along with the three dialects spoken in Venetian Slovenia and the Slovene dialects of eastern Carinthia, Prekmurje Slovene is considered the most conservative of all Slovene dialects with regard to vocabulary.[citation needed]
The Prekmurian Slovene greatly expanded its vocabulary from the other Slavic languages (mainly from Kajkavian Croatian, Standard Slovene, Styrian Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, partly from the Czech and Slovak) and non-Slavic languages (mainly from Hungarian and German,[157] partly from Latin and Italian).[158] The more recently borrowed and less assimilated words are typically from English.
Comparison
Prekmurian Slovene
Standard Slovene
Kajkavian Croatian
Serbo-Croatian
English
bajžlek
bazilika
bajžulek, bažuljek
bosiljak
basil
bejžati
hiteti, teči
bežati
trčati
run
betvo
betev
betvo
stabljika
stem
blejdi
bled
bledi
blijed
white-faced
bliskanca
bliskavica
bliskavica, blesikavec
blistanje
flashing
bougati
ubogati
poslušati
pokoravati se, slušati
submit
brač
trgač
brač
berač
vintager
brbrati, brbravi
klepetati, klepetav
brbotati, brblivi, brbotlivi
brbljati, brbljavi
chatter, chatterbox
comprnjak
čarovnik, čarodej
coprnik carovnik
čarobnjak
wizard
cükati
lulati
cukati
piškiti
urinate
čarni, črni
črn
črni
crn
black
česnek
česen
česen, češnjak
češnjak
garlic
činiti
delati, opravljati
činiti
činiti
make
čun
čoln
čun
čamac
boat
čüti
slišati
čuti
čuti
hear
den
dan
den
dan
day
dečko
fant, deček
dečko
dečak
boy
deklina, dekla
deklica
dekle
devojka
girl
delati
delati
delati
raditi
work
dokeč
dokler
doklam, dok
dok
until
dveri
vrata
vrata
vrata
door
fala
hvala
fala/hvala
hvala
thanks, gratitude
fčela
čebela
čmela
pčela
bee
fčera/včera
včeraj
čera
jučer
yesterday
geniti
ganiti
genuti
ganuti
move
ge
kje, kjer
de, gde
gdje
where
gorice
vinograd
trsje
vinograd
vineyard
grbanj
jurček
vrganj
vrganj
penny bun
gnes, gnjes
danes
denes
danas
today
gnüs
gnus
gnus, gnjus
gnus
disgust
gostüvanje
ženitovanje
goščenje
svadba
wedding
goušča
gozd
šuma
šuma
forest
gučati
govoriti
govoriti
govoriti
speak, talk
grüška
hruška
hruška
kruška
pear
inda
nekoč
negda
nekada
once
istina
resnica
istina
istina
truth
iža
hiša
hiža
kuća
house
Jezuš Kristuš
Jezus Kristus
Jezuš Kristuš
Isus Krst
Jesus Christ
ka
kaj
kaj
što
what
ka
da
da
da
that
ka
ker
arold jernew
jer
as
kakši
kakšen
kakvi
kakov
what
kama
kam, kamor
kam
kamo
to where
kapla
kaplja
kaplja, kapla
kapljica
drop
keden, tjeden
teden
tjeden
tjedan
week
kelko
koliko
kulko, kuliko
koliko
how much
kisili
kisel
kisel
kiseo
sour
kitina
kutina
kutina
dunja
quince
klejt
klet, shramba
sramba
podrum
cellar
klün
kljun
klun
kljun
beak
kmica
tema
tmica, kmica
tama, tmina
darkness
koupanca
kopalnica
kopel
kupatilo
bathroom
kopün
kopun
kopon, kopun
kopun
capon
koula
voz
kola, vozica
kola
cart
krapanca
krastača
krastača
krastača
toad
krpliva
kopriva
kopriva
kopriva
nettle
krpüšnica
robidnica, robida
kupina
kupina
blackberry
krumpiš, krumpič, krumše
krompir
krumpir
krumpir
potato
krüj
kruh
kruh
hlijeb, kruh
bread
krv
kri
krv
krv
blood
kukorca
koruza
kuruza
kuruza
corn
küščar
kuščar
kuščer
gušter
lizard
lapec
hlapec
hlapec
sluga
servant
ledičen
samski
ledičen
samac
bachelor
lejko
lahko
lehko
lako
possible
len
lan
len
lan
flax
lice
obličje
lice
lice
face
liki
toda, ampak
nego
međutim, ali
but
loški
divji
divji
divlji
wild (plant)
lübezen
ljubezen
ljubav, lubav
ljubav
love
mejšati
mešati
mešati
miješati
mix
meša
maša
meša
misa
mass
metül
metulj
metul, metulj
leptir
butterfly
mouč
moč
jakost
jakost
power
modroust
modrost
mudrost
mudrost
wisdom
Möra, Müra
Mura
Mura
Mura
Mura (river)
mrejti
umreti
hmreti, vumreti
umreti
die
mrlina
mrhovina, crkovina
mrcina
lešina
corpse
miditi
muditi
muditi
kasniti
be late
müja
muha
muha
muha
fly
nači(k)
drugače
inače
inače
other
natelebati
natepsti
nabobotati, namlatiti
istuči
beat
nedela
nedelja
nedela
nedjelja
Sunday
nigdar
nikoli
nigdar
nikada
never
nigi
nikjer
nigde, nigdi
nigdje
nowhere
nikak
nikakor
nikak
nikako
no way
nojet
noht
nohet
nokat
nail
norija
norost, neumnost
norost, norija
glupost
foolishness
obed, obid, oböd
kosilo
obed
ručak
lunch
oditi
hoditi
hoditi
hoditi
move
odzaja
odzadaj, zadaj
odzaj
odostraga
from behind
ograd
vrt
vrt
vrt
garden
ovak
drugače
inače
inače
other
öček
sekirica
sekirica
sjekira
ax
pajžli
parkelj
parkel
kopita
hoof
paroven
pohlepen, požrešen
paraven
proždrljiv
gluttonous
paska
pazljivost
paska
skrbljenje
prudence
pejati
bosti
pehati
ubosti
prod
pejsek
pesek
pesek
pijesak
sand
pesen
pesem
pesem
pjesma
song
pondejlek
ponedeljek
pondelek
ponedjeljak
Monday
pitati, pitanje
vprašati, vprašanje
pitati, pitanje
pitati, pitanje
ask, question
plantavi
šepav
šantavi, plantavi
šepav, šantav
lame
plastič
kopica, kopa
stok
plast sena
haycock
plüča
pljuča
pluča
pluća
lung
plüskati
klofutati
pluskati
ošamariti
slap
poboukšati
poboljšati
pobolšati
poboljšati
improve
pogača
potica
pogača
pogača
scone
pojeb, pojbič
fant, fantič
dečec
dečak
boy
pokapanje
pokop
pokapanje
pogreb
burial
pozoj
zmaj
pozoj
zmaj
dragon
pükša
puška
puška, pušak
puška
riffle
praviti
reči
reči
reći
say
püščava
puščava
pustina
pustinja
desert
radost
veselje
radost
radost
joy
ranč tak, gli tak
prav tako
ravno tak
isto tako
alike
rasoje, rašoške
vile, vilice
rasohe
vile, viljuška
pitchfork, fork
rejč
beseda
reč
riječ
word
sklejca
skleda, krožnik
zdela
zdjela
dish
sledi, sledkar
kasneje
stopram
kasnije
later
slejpi
slep
slepi
slijep
blind
smej
smeh
smeh
smijeh
laugh
spitavati
izpraševati, spraševati
spitavati
ispitavati
interrogate
sprejvod
pogreb
sprevod, pogreb
pogreb
funeral
spuniti
izpolniti
spuniti
ispuniti
fulfil
stüdenec
vodnjak
zdenec
bunar
well
sunce
sonce
sunce
sunce
sun
svaja
prepir
svaja
svađa
conflict
ščava
kislica
ščava
štavelj
sorrels
šinjek
vrat, tilnik
šinjak
vrat
neck
šoula, škola
šola
škola
škola
school
školnik
učitelj
školnik
učitelj
teacher
škrampeu
krempelj
krampel
pandža
claw
taca
šapa
taca
šapa
paw
telko
toliko
tulko, tuliko
toliko
that much
tejlo
telo
telo
tijelo
body
tenja
senca
senca
zasenak
shadow
tou
to
to, ovo
to, ovo
this
trplenje
tprljenje
muka
muka
pain
trüd
trud
trud
napor
effort
türen, tören
stolp
turem
toranj
tower
ugorka
kumara
vugorek
krastavac
cucumber
vaga
tehtnica
vaga
vaga
scales
veleti
ukazati
veleti
naređivati
instruct
vejnec
venec
venec
vjenac
wreath
vonjati
smrdeti
smrdeti
smrdeti
smell
vonjüga
smrad
smrad
smrad
stench
vüpati, vüpanje
upati, upanje
vufati, vufanje
ufati, ufanje
hope, trust
vživati
uživati
vživati
uživati
enjoy
zajtra
zjutraj
vjutro
ujutro
morning
zoubar
zobozdravnik
zobar
zubar
dentist
zveličanje
zveličanje
zveličenje
spasenje
redemption
žalec
želo
žalec
žaoka
sting
žmeten
težek
teški
teški
heavy
žnjec
žanjec
žnjač
žetelac
harvester
žuč
žolč
žuč
žuč
bile
žuna
žolna
žuna
detlić
woodpecker
župa
juha
juha
supa
soup
Loanwords
Prekmurian Slovene has also today many foreign words of mostly German and Hungarian origin.[159] The German loanwoards German mainly come from the Austro-Bavarian dialect.[160] There is still a strong German influence in Goričko dialect.[161]
Prekmurian Slovene
Hungarian
Standard Slovene
English
beteg, betežen
betegség, beteg
bolezen, bolan
illness, ill
čonta, čunta
csont
kost
bone
engriš
egres
kosmulja
gooseberry
gezero, jezero
ezer
tisoč
thousand
pajdaš
pajtás
kamerad
buddy
laboška
lábas, lábos
kozica
pot
ugorka
uborka
kumara
cucumber
koudiš
koldus
berač
beggar
valon
való
veljaven
suitable
varaš
város
mesto
city, town
Prekmurian Slovene
German
Standard Slovene
English
brütif, brütof
Friedhof
pokopališče
cemetery
cajgar
Zeiger
kazalec
hand of watch
cigeu
Ziegel
opeka
brick
cimprati
zimmparon(Bav.)
graditi
build (with wood)
cug
Zug
vlak
train
cvek
zwëc(Middle High German)
žebelj
spike
dönok, denok
dennoch(Middle High German)
vendar
however
fabrika
Fabrik
tovarna
factory
fašenek
Fasching
pust
carnival
farba
Farbe
barva
color
farar
Pfarrer
duhovnik
Protestant pastor
fejronga
Vorhang
zavesa
curtain
förtoj
Fürtuch(Bavarian)
predpasnik
woman apron
glaž
Glas
steklo
glass
gratati
geraten
postati, nastati
to arise
gvant
Gewand
obleka
clothes
lampe
Lippen
usta
mouth
pejgla
Bügeleisen
likalnik
clothes iron
plac
Plaz
trg
square
rafankeraš, rafankerar
Rauchfangkehrer
dimnikar
chimney-sweep
šalica
Schale(Bavarian)
skodelica
cup
šker
geschirre(Middle High German)
orodje
tool
špilati
spielen
igrati
play
šrajf
Schrafe(Bavarian)
vijak
screw
šraklin
Schürhakel
žarač, grebača
fire rake
žajfa
Seife
milo
soap
We also find Latin loanwords: bauta, bunta (storage, Lat. voluta, Stand. Slov. trgovina), cintor (cemetery, Lat. coementerium, Stand. Slov. pokopališče), kanta (can, Lat. canna, Stand. Slov. ročka), oštarija (inn, Italian osteria, Stand. Slov. gostilna), upkaš (hoopoe, Lat. upupa, Stand. Slov. smrdokavra) etc.
Loanwords adopted from the Serbo-Croatian during Yugoslavia: dosaden (tedious, Serbo-Croatian dosadan, Stand. Slov. dolgočasen), novine (newspaper, Serbo-Croatian novine, Stand. Slovene časopis), život (live, Serbo-Croatian život, Stand. Slov. življenje).
The issue of how Prekmurje Slovene came to be a separate tongue has many theories. First, in the 16th century, there was a theory that the Slovenes east of the Mura were descendants of the Vandals.[162]
In 1627, was issue the Protestant visitation in the country Tótság, or Slovene Circumscription (this is the historical name of the Prekmurje and Raba March, Prekmurje Slovene: Slovenska okroglina).[163]
According to extremist Hungarian groups, the Wends were captured by Turkish and Croatian troops who were later integrated into Hungarian society. Another popular theory created by some Hungarian nationalists was that the speakers of the Wendish language were "in truth" Magyar peoples, and some had merged into the Slavic population of Slovenia over the last 800 years.[164]
In 1920, Hungarian physicist Sándor Mikola [sl] wrote a number of books about Slovene inhabitants of Hungary and the Wendish language: the Wendish-Celtic theory. Accordingly, the Wends (Slovenians in Hungary) were of Celtic extraction, not Slavic. Later Mikola also adopted the belief that the Wends indeed were Slavic-speaking Hungarians.[164] In Hungary, the state's ethnonationalistic program tried to prove his theories. Mikola also thought the Wends, Slovenes, and Croatians alike were all descendants of the Pannonian Romans, therefore they have Latin blood and culture in them as well.
During the Hungarian revolution when Hungarians rebelled against Habsburg rule, the Catholic Slovenes sided with the Catholic Habsburgs. The Lutheran Slovenians, however, supported the rebel Lajos Kossuth siding with Hungary and they pleaded for the separation of Hungary from Habsburg Austria which had its anti-Protestant policy.[165] At that time, the reasoning that the inhabitants of the Rába Region were not Slovenes but Wends and "Wendish-Slovenes" respectively and that, as a consequence, their ancestral Slavic-Wendish language was not to be equated with the other Slovenes living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established. In the opinion of the Lutheran-Slovene priest of Hodoš, the only possibility for the Lutheran Slovenes emerging from the Catholic-Slovenian population group to continue was to support Kossuth and his Hungarian culture.[166] Thereafter, the Lutheran Slovenes used their language in churches and schools in the most traditional way in order to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Slovenes and the Slovene language (i.e., pro-Hungarian or pan-Slavic Slovene literature). The Lutheran priests and believers remained of the conviction that they could only adhere to their Lutheran faith when following the wish of the Hungarians (or the Austrians) and considering themselves "Wendish-Slovenes". If they did not conform to this, then they were in danger of being assimilated into Hungarian culture.[167]
In the years preceding World War I, the Hungarian Slovenes were swept into the ideology of Panslavism, the national unity of all Slavic-speaking peoples of Eastern Europe. The issue was volatile in the fragmented Austro-Hungarian empire, which was defeated in the war. In the 1921 Treaty of Trianon, the southern half (not the whole) of the Prekmurje region was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The Hungarian government in Budapest after 1867 tried to assimilate the Prekmurje Slovenes. In Somogy in the 19th century, there was still a ban on using Prekmurje Slovene. József Borovnyák, Ferenc Ivanóczy, and other Slovenian politicians and writers helped safeguard the Prekmurje Slovene and identity.
In the late 20th century and today, the new notion for Prekmurian Slovenes is to conceive Prekmurian is in fact the Slovene language, but not dialect.[14][15][16][17][18] Prekmurians and other Slovenes have common national and ethnic identity but Prekmurians have also their special separate language identity, literature, grammar and spelling. Literature in Prekmurian Slovene is linguistically clearly distinguished from the literature in standard Slovene or other Slovene dialectical traditions.[28] Prekmurian literature is always variegated, multifarious and not only a repository of religious books, as Slovene linguistics and literary history once claimed.[168]
In Communist Yugoslavia, Prekmurje Slovene was looked down upon because numerous writers, such as József Klekl, were anti-communists.[169][170]
Examples
A comparison of the Lord's Prayer in standard Slovene, Old Prekmurje Slovene, new Prekmurje Slovene, Kajkavian Croatian, and standard Croatian. The Prekmurje Slovene versions is taken from a 1942 prayer book (Zálozso János Zvér, Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti, Murska Sobota, 1942, third edition) and from a 2022 prayer book Jezuš tovariš moj.[171] The original Hungarian orthography has been transliterated into Gaj's Latin alphabet, as used in the other versions, for easier comparison.
Standard Slovene
Old Prekmurje Slovene
New Prekmurje Slovene
Standard Kajkavian
Standard Croatian
Oče naš, ki si v nebesih,
posvečeno bodi tvoje ime,
pridi k nam tvoje kraljestvo,
zgodi se tvoja volja
kakor v nebesih tako na zemlji.
Daj nam danes naš vsakdanji kruh
in odpusti nam naše dolge,
kakor tudi mi odpuščamo svojim dolžnikom,
in ne vpelji nas v skušnjavo,
temveč reši nas hudega.
Amen.
Oča naš, ki si vu nebésaj!
Svéti se Ime tvoje.
Pridi králestvo tvoje.
Bojdi vola tvoja,
kak na nébi, tak i na zemli.
Krüha našega vsakdanéšnjega daj nam
ga dnes.
I odpüsti nam duge naše,
kak i mi odpüščamo dužnikom našim.
I ne vpelaj nas vu sküšávanje.
Nego odslobodi nas od hüdoga.
Amen.
Oča naš, šteri si v nebesaj,
sveti se ime tvojo,
pridi k nan kralestvo tvojo,
bodi vola tvoja
kak na nebi tak na zemli.
Krüj naš sakdanešnji daj nan gnes,
odpüsti nan duge naše,
kak mi odpüščamo dužnikon našin.
Ne pelaj nas v sküšnjavo,
nego rejši nas hüdoga.
Amen.
Otec naš, koji jesi v nebesih,
sveti se ime tvoje,
dojdi kralevstvo tvoje,
budi volja tvoja,
kak na nebu tak i na zemli.
Kruh naš svakdašni daj
nam denes
i otpusti nam duge naše,
kak i mi otpuščamo dužnikom našim,
i ne uvedi nas v napast,
nek izbavi nas od zla.
Amen.
Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima,
sveti se ime tvoje,
dođi kraljevstvo tvoje,
budi volja tvoja,
kako na nebu tako i na zemlji.
Kruh naš svagdanji daj
nam danas
i otpusti nam duge naše,
kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim,
i ne uvedi nas u napast,
nego izbavi nas od zla.
Amen.
Mouž pa žena sta domou gnala kravo, štero sta na senji v Motvarjavcaj küjpila. Nouč je že bjla, nejbo je bilou puno zvejzd pa mejsec fejst svejto. Mouž je kravo vlejko za lanc, žena jo je pa odza gonila z boton.
Preci potij sta že opodila, kda sta pa bila blüjzi potoka, sta na nejbi pod seuf vídla glij takšiva dva, kak kravo ženejta. Kak da bi samiva sebe vidla v glendali! Samo ka njima je tista ženska majütala z rokouv, ka naj idete bole na pravo rokou. Tak sta tüdi šla, pa sta zabloudila mijmo mousta pa v potok spadnola s kravov vrejt. Šče sreča, ka je bilou malo vodej v njon, vači bi se vsi trgej zalejali v njon.
Kda so se vö rejšili z vodej, je tista prikazen z nejba minoula.
Mož in žena sta vodila kravo, kupljeno na senju v Motvarjevcih, proti domu. Bila je že noč, nebo je bilo posejano z zvezdami in mesec je sijal. Mož je vlekel kravo za verigo, žena pa jo je od zadaj priganjala s palico.
Dobršen kos poti sta že prehodila, ko pa sta se približala potoku, sta na nebu nad sabo zagledala prav taka, kot onadva, ki sta ravno tako gnala kravo. Kot da bi videla sama sebe v ogledalu! Vendar pa jima je tista ženska na nebu mahala z roko, naj gresta bolj na desno. Tako sta tudi ravnala, vendar pa sta zgrešila most in s kravo vred padla v potok Še sreča, da je bilo le malo vode v njem, sicer bi se vsi trije utopili.
Ko pa so rešili iz vode, je nebesna prikazen izginila.
Eden moški je kesno vnoči s konjami vlejko pune mele z mlina domou.
Kda je pelo prejk potoka Mokoša, je vido gouske, štere so se koupale notri. Zeu je bič pa z norije začno mlatiti po nji. Pa so priletele do kola, prijale potače, pa so ga nej püstile naprej. Tisti moment so se spremejnile v čarno oblečene ženske, štere so bile doma ž njegove pa s sousidni vesnic. Zgrabile so ga pa začnole gvant ž njega trgati, zraven pa so njemi zagrouzile, ka njemi gezik vö potegnejo, če je vö ovadi komi.
Nek možakar je pozno ponoči s konjsko vprego vlekel poln voz moke iz mlina domov.
Ko je prečkal Mokoš, je videl goske, ki so se kopale v njem. Vzel je bič in iz objestnosti švrkal po njih, pa so priletele do voza, prijele za kolesa in ga niso pustile naprej. V tem so se že spremenile v črno oblečene ženske, domačinke iz njegove in sosednje vasi. Ujele so ga in pričele trgati obleki iz njega, grozeč mu, da mu iztrgajo jezik, če jih komu izda.
Zidari so pri ednoj iži zidali nouvo ižo. Vertinja njin je dobro dvorila. Pouleg župe pa mesa so meli sakši den na stouli šče dobre retaše pa krapce. Piti so si pa točili po vouli.
Krav pa pri iži nej bilou, ka bi je dojijli, moški so pa tüdi nigdar nej vidli, ka bi kakša sousida prinesla k iži mlejko eli kislikaj, kak je v Prekmörji pač bijla stara navada. Če so ge zidali, so sousidje pa rodbina pomagali z delon pa jestijon.
Gda so zidari tak že več dnij dobro jeli, je eden od njij, šteromi je bilou sümlivo, stoupo pred obedon v küjnjo gledat, kak vertinja küja.
Ravno te je zela krapce s peči, te je pa v rokaj stiskavala krotajco, šteroj je z gobca prikaplalo vrnje, z njin je pa namazala krapce.
Tak so zidari gor prišli, ka je vertinja cumprnica, pa v pamet zeli, otket njoj telko kisilaka pa vrnja.
Zidarji so pri neki hiši zidali novo zgradbo. Gospodinja jim je dobro stregla. Ob juhi in mesu so imeli vsak dan na mizi tudi zavitke in pogače. Tudi pijačo so si točili po volji.
Krave pa pri hiši ni bilo, da bi jo dojili in možje nikoli niso videli, da bi katera izmed sosed prinesla k hiši mleko ali skuto, kakor je bila v Prekmurju navada. Če so namreč kje zidali, so sosedje in sorodniki pomagali z delom in hrano.
Ko so zidarji tako že nekaj dni dobro jedli, je eden izmed njih, ki mu je bilo vse skupaj sumljivo, stopil pred kosilom v kuhinjo, da bi videl, kako gospodinja kuha.
Ravnokar je vzela pogače iz peči. Nato je v rokah stiskala krastačo, ki ji je prikapljalo iz gobca smetano, s katerim je namazala pogače.
Tako so zidarji spoznali, da je gospodinja čarovnica, in ugotovili, odkod ji toliko smetane in skute.
Prekmurian Slovene version (translated Peter Brenčič, 2018)[175]
Spet trte so rodile
prijatli, vince nam sladkó,
ki nam oživlja žile,
srcé razjásni in oko,
ki utopi
vse skrbi,
v potrtih prsih up budi!
Komú najpred veselo
zdravljico, bratje! čmò zapét'!
Bog našo nam deželo,
Bog živi ves slovenski svet,
brate vse,
kar nas je
sinóv sloveče matere!
V sovražnike 'z oblakov
rodú naj naš'ga treši gróm;
prost, ko je bil očakov,
naprej naj bo Slovencov dom;
naj zdrobé
njih roké
si spone, ki jih še težé!
Edinost, sreča, sprava
k nam naj nazaj se vrnejo;
otrók, kar ima Slava,
vsi naj si v róke sežejo,
de oblast
in z njo čast,
ko préd, spet naša boste last!
Bog žívi vas Slovenke,
prelepe, žlahtne rožice;
ni take je mladenke,
ko naše je krvi dekle;
naj sinóv
zarod nov
iz vas bo strah sovražnikov!
Mladenči, zdaj se pije
zdravljica vaša, vi naš up;
ljubezni domačije
noben naj vam ne usmŕti strup;
ker zdaj vàs
kakor nàs,
jo sŕčno bránit' kliče čas!
Živé naj vsi naródi,
ki hrepené dočakat' dan,
da koder sonce hodi,
prepir iz svéta bo pregnan,
da rojak
prost bo vsak,
ne vrag, le sosed bo mejak!
Nazadnje še, prijatlji,
kozarce zase vzdignimo,
ki smo zato se zbrat'li,
ker dobro v srcu mislimo;
dókaj dni
naj živí
vsak, kar nas dobrih je ljudi!
Pajdaši! poroudilo,
je tršče víjno nan sladko,
štero nam žilé poživê,
srcê bistrî pa okô,
štero doj vtopî,
sakše skrbi,
v potrtij prsaj vüpanje bidî !
Komi naj najprlê vesêjlo
zdravico, bratja !mo spopêvali !
Boug našo nam krajino,
Boug živi Slovenski cêjli svejt,
brate vse,
ka nas je,
sinov sloveče matere!
F te štêri nas mrzê, doj z oblakov
roda naj našoga' ga vdari gron;
prost, tak kak je biu že očákov
dale naj bo Slovencov doum;
naj spotêrejo
njüve roke
si lance štêri jih drž ê!
Fküp držanje, sreča, spravlênje
k nan naj nazaj pridejo;
dicê, kelko jih ma Slava,
vsi si naj v roke sêgnejo,
te de vlast
vkup z njo pa čast,
kak prle, boujo naša last!
Boug živi vas Slovenke,
lepe, érašne roužice;
nega takših mladih diklin,
kak naša je krf dekel
naj sinov
zarod nouv
od vas de straj neprijatelof.
Pojge, zdaj se pige
zdravica vaša, vi naš vüp;
lübezen domačije
ni eden naj vas ne buje strup;
kak zdaj vas,
tak kak nas,
jo srčno branoti zove čas !
Živêjo naj vsi narodi,
štêri trdno ščêjo dočakat dên,
da tan gê sunce odi
svaja iz svejta de stirana,
gda rojak
sloboden bou fsak,
nej vrag, liki sousid bou mejak!
Na kunci pa še ,pajdaši,
küpice za sebe zdignimo,
šteri smo se zato pobratili,
ka dobro v srci mislimo;
püno dni
naj živi
saki, pa vsi ka nas je dobrij lidi!
Gallery
The first printed book in Prekmurje Slovene: Mali cathecismus (Small Catechism), by Ferenc Temlin.
The ABC-book of Miklós Küzmics. This is also the first Hungarian-Slovenian Dictionary.
József Kossics: Small Grammar of the Hungarian language and Vandalic language
^Greenberg 2020, p. 1:"There is reason to think of Prekmurje Slovene as a dialect of Slovene as well as a separate language. Indeed it has carried through many of the innovations that are characteristic of Slovene, shares most core vocabulary and grammatical structure, and from this perspective is part of a broader dialect group of the Pannonian group of Slovene dialects, together with the Slovenske gorice, Prlekija, and Haloze dialects, which in turn share a number of characteristics that differ from the rest of Slovene as well as neighboring Kajkavian dialects in Croatia (see Ramovš 1935, 171–193 for details). In favor of Prekmurje Slovene as a language it is written tradition, as it has been used for several centuries in a loosely standardized form, largely, but not exclusively, as a liturgical language. From a diachronic perspective, the Prekmurje Slovene offers a glimpse at a linguistic code that came into being through heterogeneous processes."
^Logar, Tine. 1996. Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave. Ljubljana: SAZU, p. 240.
^Greenberg, Marc L. (2013). "Prekmurščina med slovanskimi jeziki". In Pavel, Avgust (ed.). Prekmurska slovenska slovnica. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta. (Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora, 100). p. 405. ISBN978-961-6656-94-8.
^Klinar, Stanko (1988). Slovenska zemljepisna imena v angleških besedilih. Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze Edvarda Kardelja. p. 9. Možnost za izpeljavo pridevnika se kaže še pri "Prekmurju" in "Prlekiji", ki lahko dasta "Prekmurian" in "Prlekian"…
Dobrovoljc, Helena (2011). Prekmurščina. Prekmurje za radovedneže in ljubitelje. Uredil: Oto Luthar. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU. pp. 22–26. ISBN978-961-05-0058-2.
Doncsecz, Etelka (2009). Deportálások a szentgotthárdi járásból az 1950-es években. Vasi honismereti és helytörténeti közlemények 2009/3. Szombathely: Vas Megyei Levéltár. pp. 76–89.
Dončec, Akoš Anton (2018). Megyimurszki-szlovenszki — Nevjerojatna sudbina "međimurskoga jezika" (1. dio). Kaj: časopis za književnost, umjetnost, kulturu. Vol. 51 (240) No. 1-2 (350-351). Zagreb: Kajkavsko spravišče. pp. 55–81.
Dončec, Akoš Anton (2023). Megyimurszki-szlovenszki — Nevjerojatna sudbina "međimurskoga jezika" (2. dio). Kaj: časopis za književnost, umjetnost, kulturu. Vol. 56 (255) No. 1-2 (380-381). Zagreb: Kajkavsko spravišče. pp. 49–80.
Franček, Rudolf (1990). Kratka zgodovina Slovencev: legenda o strukturi. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga. ISBN9788611054629.
Greenberg, Marc L. (2020). Fortuin, Egbert; Houtzagers, Peter; Kalsbeek, Janneke (eds.). Prekmurje Slovene Grammar: Avgust Pavel's Vend nyelvtan (1942). Critical edition and translation from Hungarian by Marc L. Greenberg. Leiden, Boston: Brill Rodopi. ISBN978-9004419117.
Gutschimdt, Karl; Kempgen, Sebastian; Berger, Tilman; Kosta, Peter, eds. (2014). Die slavischen Sprachen/The Slavic Languages. Berlin, Munich, Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. ISBN978-3-11-017153-2.
Hajdinjak, Maja (2020). Opis sodobne prekmurščine. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani. Oddelek za slovenistiko.
Jesenšek, Marko (2010). Prekmuriana. Fejezetek a szlovén nyelv történetéből. Cathedra Philologiae Slavicae. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó. ISBN978-963-506-846-3.
Jesenšek, Marko (2013). Poglavja iz zgodovine prekmurskega knjižnega jezika. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru. ISBN978-961-6656-93-1.
Jesenšek, Marko (2018). Prekmurski jezik med knjižno normo in narečjem. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru. ISBN978-961-286-222-0.
Koletnik, Mihaela (2001). Slovenskogoriško narečje. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru. ISBN961-6320-04-1.
Kozár, Mária; Gyurácz, Ferenc (2001). Száz magyar falu: Felsőszölnök. Száz magyar falu könyvesháza Kht. ISBN963-9287-20-2.
Kuzmič, Franc (2000). Petanjski grad v domačem tisku. Protestantizem – zatočišče izgnanih na Petanjcih. Ur. Jože Vugrinec. Petanjci: Ustanova dr. Šiftarjeva fundacija. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. pp. 75–84.
Kuzmič, Franc (2008). Predgovor. Nouvi Zákon. Stevan Küzmics. Murska Sobota: Pokrajinski Muzej Murska Sobota. ISBN978-961-6579-04-9.
Kuzmič, Mihael (2001). Slovenski izseljenci iz Prekmurja v Bethlehemu v ZDA 1893–1924. Naselitev in njihove zgodovinske, socialne, politične, literarne in verske dejavnosti. Založba ZRC. ISBN961-6358-38-3.
Kuzmič, Mihael (2006). Prekmurski protestanti v 18. stoletju in njihva izselitev v artikularne kraje na Madžarskem. Podravina Volumen 5, broj 10. Koprivnica: Povijesno društvo Koprivnica. pp. 74–79.
Lončar, Nataša (2010). Ledinska in hišna imena v izbranih naseljih občine Cankova. Diplomsko delo. Maribor: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Mariboru. Oddelek za slovanske jezike in književnosti.
Moguš, Milan (1977). Čakavsko narječje. Fonologija. Zagreb: Školska knjiga.
Molnár, András; Mayer, László, eds. (2008). Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja 1./Források a Muravidék történetéhez 1. Szombathely, Zalaegerszeg, Maribor: Vas Megyei Levéltár, Zala Megyei Levéltár, Pokrajinski arhiv Maribor. ISBN978-963-7227-19-6.
Novak, Franc; Novak, Vilko (2009). Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora. Ponatis druge, popravljene in dopolnjene izdaje iz leta 1996, ki jo je priredil in uredil Vilko Novak. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba. ISBN978-961-249-068-3.
Novak, Vilko (1976). Izbor prekmurskega slovstva. Ljubljana: Self-publishing.
Novak, Vilko (1936). Izbor prekmurske književnosti. Cvetje iz domačih in tujih logov 9. Urejuje prof. Jakob Šolar s sodelovanjem uredniškega odbora. Celje: Družba Sv. Mohorja.
Novak, Valentina (2013). Prekmurje, prekmurščina in regionalni razvoj : (analiza najbolj poslušane oddaje v prekmurščini na radiu Murski val) Diplomsko delo. Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani.
Rešek, Dušan (1995). Brezglavjeki. Zgodbe iz Prekmurja. Ljubljana: ČZD Kmečki glas. ISBN961-203-060-X.
Smej, Jožef (1997). Se je Mikloš Küzmič v svojem prevodu evangyeliomov res naslanjal na Štefana Küzmiča? Slavistična revija letnik 45, številka 3/4. Ljubljana: Slavistično društvo Slovenije. pp. 533–544.
Šebjanič, Franc (1978). The protestant movement of Slovenes in Pannonia. Translated by Király-Moss, Suzanne. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba.
Škafar, Ivan (1978). Jurančič, Janko (ed.). Bibliografija prekmurskih tiskov od 1715 do 1919. Ljubljana: Seja razreda za Filološke in literarne vede Slovenske Akademije znanosti in umetnosti.
Toporišič, Jože (2004). Slovenska slovnica. Četrta, prenovljena in razširjena izdaja. Maribor: Založba Obzorja. ISBN961-230-171-9.
Trajber, Aleksander-Saša (2010). Germanizmi v prekmurskem narečju. Diplomsko delo. Maribor: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Mariboru. Oddelek za germanistiko.
Trstenjak, Anton (2006). Slovenci na Ogrskem. Narodopisna in književna črtica, objava arhivskih virov. Maribor: Pokrajinski arhiv. ISBN961-6507-09-5.
Ulčnik, Natalija (2007). Bogastvo panonskega besedja. Slavistična revija. Letn. 55. Štev. 4. Ljubljana: Slavistično društvo Slovenije. pp. 675–679.
Ulčnik, Natalija (2009). Začetki prekmurskega časopisja. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru. ISBN978-961-6656-40-5.
Zorko, Zinka (1998). Haloško narečje in druge dialektološke študije. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru. ISBN961-90073-8-7.
Zorko, Zinka (2009). Narečjeslovne razprave o koroških, štajerskih in panonskih govorih. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru. ISBN978-961-6656-37-5.
Zver, Stanislav (2001). Jožef Klekl prekmurski Čedermac. Koper: Ognjišče. ISBN961-6308-62-9.
Sources
Mária Mukics: Changing World - The Hungarian Slovenians (Változó Világ - A magyarországi szlovének) Press Publica
Mukics Ferenc: Szlovén Nyelvkönyv/Slovenska slovnica (Slovenian language-book), 1997. ISBN963-04-9261-X
Marc L. Greenberg: Glasoslovni opis treh prekmurskih govorov in komentar k zgodovinskemu glasoslovju in oblikoglasju prekmurskega narečja. Slavistična revija 41/4 (1993), 465–487.
Marc L. Greenberg: Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora. Slavistična revija 36 (1988). 452–456. [Review essay of Franc Novak, Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora [A Dictionary of the Prekmurje Dialect of Beltinci].
Vilko Novak: Zgodovina iz spomina/Történelem emlékezetből – Polemika o knjigi Tiborja Zsige Muravidéktől Trianonig/Polémia Zsiga Tibor Muravidéktől Trianonig című könyvéről, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 2004. ISBN961-6500-34-1
Bea Baboš Logar: Prekmurska narečna slovstvena ustvarjalnost – mednarodno znanstveno srečanje: prekmurščina zanimiva tudi za tuje znanstvenike, Vestnik July 17, 2003.
Predgovor. Nouvi Zákon, Stevan Küzmics, Pokrajinski Muzej Murska Sobota 2008. ISBN978-961-6579-04-9 (Translations: in English Peter Lamovec; in Hungarian Gabriella Bence; in Slovene Mihael Kuzmič)
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