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Okhotsk microplate
Okhotsk microplate
Type	Minor
Movement1	South-west
Speed1	13–14 mm/year
Features	Hokkaido, Kamchatka Peninsula, Kantō, Kuril Islands, Magadan Oblast, Sakhalin Island, Sea of Okhotsk, Tōhoku
	1Relative to the African plate

The Okhotsk microplate^[1] is a proposed minor tectonic plate covering the Kamchatka Peninsula, Magadan Oblast, and Sakhalin Island of Russia; Hokkaido, Kantō and Tōhoku regions of Japan; the Sea of Okhotsk, as well as the disputed Kuril Islands.

Japan's principal fault system is the zone where the Amurian microplate, the Eastern edge of the Eurasian plate, meets the Okhotsk microplate, sometimes considered the Western edge of the North American plate.^[2]

It is controversial whether the northern Honshu, Okhotsk and North American plate constitute separate blocks or plates. "A slightly better fit to data is obtained" when the proposed blocks, Honshu and Okhotsk, are independent of North America, so some studies make this an assumption of their analysis.^[3]

The boundary is a left-lateral moving transform fault, the Ulakhan Fault originating from a triple junction in the Chersky Range.

Proposed microplate

During the 1970s Japan was thought to be located on the Eurasian plate at a quadruple junction with the North American plate, the Pacific plate and the Philippines Plate. At that time the western boundary of the North American plate was drawn through southern Hokkaido. In the 1980s, the boundary of the North American plate was extended to the Japan Sea and the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line (I-STL) due to earthquakes occurring at the eastern edge of the Japan Sea. 1990s research supported a proposal of an Okhotsk microplate independent from the North American plate.^[4]^[3]

The Southern boundary through I-STL was proposed by Peter Bird in 2003 and places Japan on the Okhotsk Plate.^[5] Other researchers have proposed a plate boundary that passed through Hokkaido during the Neogene. Under their proposal, northeastern Japan and western Hokkaido would have been part of the Eurasian plate in the Neogene.^[4]

Geology

The boundary between Okhotsk microplate and Amurian microplate might be responsible for many strong earthquakes that occurred in the Sea of Japan as well as in Sakhalin Island, such as the M_W7.1 (M_S7.5 according to other sources) earthquake of May 27, 1995 in northern Sakhalin.^[6]^[7]^[8] The earthquake devastated the town of Neftegorsk, which was not rebuilt afterwards. Other notable intraplate earthquakes, such as the 1983 Sea of Japan earthquake and the 1993 Hokkaidō earthquake, have triggered tsunamis in the Sea of Japan.

The boundary between Okhotsk microplate and Pacific plate is a subduction zone, where the Pacific plate subducts beneath the Okhotsk Plate. Many strong megathrust earthquakes occurred here, some of them among the largest on world record, including the Kamchatka earthquakes of 1737 (estimated M9.0~9.3) and 1952 (M9.0). Such strong megathrust earthquakes can also occur near the Kuril Islands, as the M8.3 earthquake of November 15, 2006,^[9]^[10] Hokkaido, as the M8.3 earthquake of September 26, 2003^[11]^[12] and the M9.0 2011 Tōhoku earthquake off the coast of Honshu.^[13]

GPS measurements and other studies show that the Okhotsk microplate is slowly rotating in a clockwise direction. Models indicate that it rotates 0.2 deg/Myr about a pole located north of Sakhalin.^[14]

2011 Tohoku megathrust earthquake

In 2011 a M_w 9.0–9.1 undersea megathrust earthquake caused by the subduction of the Pacific plate below the Okhotsk microplate. The worst effected areas in Tohoku, Japan experienced around six minutes of shaking. The main slip occurred at the "North America or Okhotsk plate".^[15]

References

^ "Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011 | Facts & Death Toll | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. January 10, 2024.
^ Gioncu, Victor; Mazzolani, Federico (2011). Earthquake Engineering for Structural Design. Taylor & Francis. p. 461.
^ ^a ^b Volcanic and Tectonic Hazard Assessment for Nuclear Facilities. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.
^ ^a ^b Barnes, Gina L. (2022). Tectonic Archaeology: Subduction Zone Geology in Japan and Its Archaeological Implications. Archaeopress Publishing Limited. pp. 35–6.
^ Bird, Peter (2003). "An updated digital model of plate boundaries". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 4 (3). doi:10.1029/2001GC000252.
^ Tamura, Makoto; et al. (2002). "The ShalIow Seismicity in the Southern Part of Sakhalin" (PDF). Geophysical Bulletin of Hokkaido University. 65: 127–142.
^ "Earthquake Information for 1995". United States Geological Survey.
^ Arefiev, S. S.; et al. (2006). "Deep structure and tomographic imaging of strong earthquake source zones". Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth. 42 (10): 850–863. Bibcode:2006IzPSE..42..850A. doi:10.1134/S1069351306100090. S2CID 129384070.
^ Matsumoto, Hiroyuki; Kawaguchi, Katsuyoshi; Asakawa, Kenichi (2007). "Offshore Tsunami Observation by the Kuril Islands Earthquake of 15 November 2006". 2007 Symposium on Underwater Technology and Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables and Related Technologies. IEEE. pp. 482–487. doi:10.1109/UT.2007.370767. ISBN 978-1-4244-1207-5. S2CID 40544639.
^ "Magnitude 8.3 – KURIL ISLANDS". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
^ Watanabe, Tomoki; et al. (2006). "Seismological monitoring on the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake, derived from off Kushiro permanent cabled OBSs and land-based observations". Tectonophysics. 426 (1–2): 107–118. Bibcode:2006Tectp.426..107W. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.02.016.
^ "Magnitude 8.3 – HOKKAIDO, JAPAN REGION". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
^ Zhao, Dapeng; Liu, Xin (2018-06-01). "Upper and lower plate controls on the great 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake". Science Advances. 4 (6): eaat4396. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.4396L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat4396. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6010320. PMID 29938226.
^ Apel, E. V.; Bürgmann, R.; Steblov, G.; Vasilenko, N.; King, R.; Prytkov, A. (2006). "Independent active microplate tectonics of northeast Asia from GPS velocities and block modeling". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (11): L11303. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3311303A. doi:10.1029/2006GL026077.
^ Uchida, Naoki; Burgmann, Ronald (23 April 2021). "A Decade of Lessons Learned from the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake". Reviews of Geophysics. 59 (2). doi:10.1029/2020RG000713.