30,000, exaggerated[1] and many Sogdian and Indian foreigner diaspora residing in Luoyang also died in the disaster.
The capital was sacked in the disaster, an landmark incident in the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. The deaths of 30,000 was based on the Book of Jin compiled in 648.[1] All Sogdians and Indians living in Luoyang were killed during the disaster.
10,000 Uyghurs were killed at Shahu by Tang armies, more Manichaean priests massacred after Shahu and more Uyghurs were killed by the Yenisei Kyrgyz
Tang dynasty general Shi Xiong slaughtered 10,000 Uyghur Manichaeans at Shahu on 13 February 843 and then the Tang dynasty launched the Huichang persecution of Buddhism where Manichaean priests were slaughtered. Another Tang dynasty general Liu Mian massacred the remaining Uyghur troops. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate helped the Tang dynasty massacre Uyghurs on the Mongolia steppe.
Genghis Khan and his sons waged war against the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and after Mongol siege of Kaifeng they massacred Jurchens of the imperial family, Wanyan.
Yuan dynasty loyalists led by Chen Youding massacred Hui Semu Muslims who rebelled against Yuan rule.
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre
1583 (Ming)
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè)
?
The Jianzhou Jurchens Giocangga and his son Taksi are massacred by Nikan Wailan. Taksi's son Nurhaci blames the Jianzhou Jurchen's Ming rulers for the massacre and starts building up his followers in preparation for revolt against the Ming.
The Yangzhou massacre in May, 1645 in Yangzhou, Qing dynasty China, refers to the mass killings of innocent civilians by Manchu and defected Han Chinese soldiers, commanded by the Manchu general Dodo. Defected southern Han Chinese made up the majority in addition to the Eight Banner Han forces. The massacre is described in a contemporary account, A Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou, by Wang Xiuchu which is the account that exaggerated the figure to 800,000.
People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong
People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong[8][9]
Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov leads Russian Cossacks to massacre Daur men and take Daur girls and women as concubines before being fought off by the Qing.
Manchus massacred Chahar Mongol rebels led by Abunai and his son Borni. Abunei was Ejei Khan's brother. Manchus then massacred all male members of Abunai and Borni's particular branch of the Borjigin family after killing them.
Due to a combination of massacres, famine, war/famine migration and corpse-transmitted plague,[11] Gansu lost 74.5% (14.55 million)[12] of its population while Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million)[11] of its population. Not all "loss" were massacres. Besides the dead, some Hui from Shaanxi permanently moved to Gansu while other Hui from both Shaanxi and Gansu permanently left China and moved to Russian controlled Central Asia.
2,600 civilians were slaughtered within the city, while those slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city had no reliable count. In November 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in communist sources.[19]
Gutian (at that time known in the west as Kucheng), Fujian
11
A Fasting folk religious group attacked British missionaries who were then taking summer holidays at Gutian Huashan, killing eleven people and destroying two houses.
Second Dungan Revolt (Chinese: 乙未河湟事变) was a rebellion of various Chinese Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai and Gansu against the Qing dynasty, that originated because of a violent dispute between two Sufi orders of the same sect. The Wahhabi-inspired Yihewani organization then joined in and encouraged the revolt, which was crushed by loyalist Muslims.
In Xunhua, Qinghai, masses of Hui, Dongxiang, Bao'an, and Salars were incited to revolt against the Qing by the Multicoloured Mosque leader Ma Yonglin. Soldiers were ordered to destroy the rebels by Brigadier General Tang Yanhe. Ma Dahan arranged a deal with the fellow Dongxiang Ma Wanfu when rebelling against the Qing dynasty. In Hezhou, Didao, and Xunhua they directed their adherents to join the rebellion.
Boxer rebels massacre foreigners, then the foreign Eight Nation Alliance massacres Manchus in Beijing and a separate all Russian force massacres Manchus in Aigun and massacres Manchus and Daur people in Blagoveshchensk during the Russian invasion of Manchuria
Hui and Han Chinese revolutionaries massacred Manchus in Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and many other places across China, with the death toll of Manchus at Xi'an in the tens of thousands.
During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Korean civilians who numbered an estimated at least 5,000 and perpetrated widespread rape.
50 direct deaths. On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Two days later, on June 23, over 100,000 people convened in Eastern Jiaochang, announcing their plans to expel the foreign powers, cancel the unequal treaties and walk to the Shakee in protest. At 3 am, when the protest had moved to the west bridge, British and French embassy guards, after gunshots were fired at them, fired back at the protesters. In addition, British, French and Portuguese warships bombarded the north coast of Shamian. Over 50 were killed and more than 170 were seriously injured.
47 direct deaths. Duan Qirui, who was worried about the situation becoming destabilized, ordered armed military police to disperse the protesters. The confrontation led to violence, in which 47 protesters were killed and more than 200 injured.
5000 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers.
200 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. The Futian battalion's leaders had mutinied against Mao Zedong's purge of the Jiangxi Action Committee, ordered on the pretext of its alleged connection to the Anti-Bolshevik League and ties to Trotskyism.
The Minsaengdan incident, or Min-Sheng-T'uan Incident, was a series of purges occurring between 1933 and 1936 in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arrested, expelled, and killed Koreans in Manchuria, based on the suspicion that the purged Koreans were supporting the Japanese occupiers as part of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist group, Minsaengdan. The CCP arrested and expelled over 1,000 of its Korean members and killed 500 during the purges.
Chinese collaborationist troops of the East Hebei Army turned against the Japanese and massacre Japanese forces in revenge for Japanese planes bombing their barracks when they refused to attack fellow Chinese.
40,000 were massacred within Nanjing City Walls, mostly within the first five days; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000".[22][23]
120,000 to 160,000 civilian deaths due to starvation[27][28][29]
In the siege, in order to exhaust the food supply of the defenders, the communist rebels did not let civilians evacuate until very late so that the civilians and the defending government troops competed for food.
Exact death toll is unknown. In Shanghai alone, from 25 January to 1 April 1952, at least 876 people committed suicide.[37][38][39] Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
Exact death toll is unknown. Official statistics shows that at least 550,000 people were purged and many died.[42][43][44] Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
Killings occurred during the Great Chinese Famine.[52][53] According to Frank Dikötter, at least 2.5 million (2–3 million) people were beaten or tortured to death, which accounted for 6–8% of the total deaths in the famine.[51][53][54]
Some Chinese researchers have estimated that at least 300,000 people were killed in massacres during the Cultural Revolution.[57][58] Massacres in Guangxi Province and Guangdong Province were among the most serious: in Guangxi, the official annals of at least 43 counties report massacres with 15 of them recording a death toll of over 1,000, while in Guangdong at least 28 counties report massacres with 6 of them seeing over 1,000 deaths.[59][60] The following table only includes major massacres which have been well documented in literature.
Origin of the Red Terror in Chinese Cultural Revolution, triggering "Daxing Massacre" which killed 325 people in a few days. Statistics from 1985 showed a death toll of over 10,000 due to the Red August.[62]
Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Caused by the rumor that Laogaifan (prisoners of Laogai) were released. Local citizens began massive killings as self-defense.[67][68]
Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Over 50,000 people were jailed and thousands were permanently disabled. Conducted by People's Liberation Army and local militias.[60][74]
Wang Zhigang, a worker at a tractor factory, caused a spontaneous explosion in the south corridor of the second floor of the Beijing railway station due to a romantic dispute, killing 9 people and injuring 81-89[77][78]
Between 200 and 10,000 civilians were killed. The Red Cross states that around 2,600 died and the official Chinese government figure is 241 dead with 7,000 wounded.[88][89]Amnesty International's estimates puts the number of deaths at several hundred to close to 1,000.[90] As many as 10,000 estimated people were arrested during the protests.[91]
Twenty-four Taiwanese tourists, 6 crew members and 2 mainland Chinese passengers on board the Hai Rui sightseeing cruise were robbed and murdered. The incident cast a shadow over cross-strait relations.[92]
Tian Mingjian, angered by the death of his wife during a forced abortion, retrieved an assault rifle from the weapons vault in his army base, and shot to death 6 soldiers and officers. He then stole a jeep and drove to Jianguo Gate, where he shot and killed 23 civilians, and injured at least 30 others, before being shot by a military sniper.[93]
On the night of November 18, 1995, a mass shooting occurred in Zhaodong, Heilongjiang. Two suspects, 26-year-old Feng Wanhai and 22-year-old Jiang Liming, armed with a double-barreled shotgun and a small-bore rifle, opened fire at 48 people, killing 32 people and wounding 16 others. 37 families were affected by the incident.[94]
Uyghyr separatists bombed three buses, killing 9 people, including 3 children, and injuring 28. Another bomb was found at the main railway station but was defused. The bombings were a response to the Ghulja incident in which the Chinese army killed several Uyghur protestors
Guangdong Province, Shanwei City, the territory of an armed robbery case, the Hong Kong shipping company "Changsheng" million tons of cargo ship on which 23 Chinese expatriate crew were all killed and their corpses dumped into the sea.[clarification needed][97][98][99][100]
Jin Ruchao motivated by hatred of his ex-wife and her family detonated ammonium nitrate bombs at four locations across Shijiazhuang, killing 108 people and injuring 38 others
On July 16, 2001, an embittered villager Ma Hongqing ignited ammonium nitrate explosives in a rival's warehouse. The explosion leveled much of the village and killed at least 89 people, and injured 98 others
In order to commemorate the 49th anniversary of the armed uprising on 10 March 1959, some Tibetan demonstrators protested collectively in Tibetan areas of China and parts of southern Tibet. However, it later evolved into Tibetan attacks on civilians such as Han and Hui civilians and shops, cars, the Lhasa Great Mosque and other civilian facilities.
Two men drove an attack on the armed police of the border guard detachment of Kashgar, which was in operation. A total of 17 People's Armed Police were killed and 15 injured.
At first it was just a demonstration, which later evolved into a series of violent attacks by Uyghurs against non-Muslim ethnic groups such as the Han. At least more than 1,000 Uyghurs participated in the riot on the first day of the incident. A total of 197 people died, most of whom were Hans,[101] with 1,721 others injured,[102] and a large number of vehicles and buildings were destroyed.
18 young Uyghur men stormed a police station and killed two security guards by stabbing and lobbing molotov cocktails. They occupied the police station, took eight hostages, and smashed and set fire to the station. Shouting slogans and unfurling banners with Jihadi writing, they refused to negotiate and engaged in a firefight with police.[103] The attack ended within 90 minutes when police shot 14 attackers dead. Authorities detained four attackers and rescued six hostages, however two were killed.[104][105]
A group of eight Uyghur men led by religious extremist Abudukeremu Mamuti attacked pedestrians with axes and knives on Happiness Road. Seven terrorists were killed on the spot by the police, while the other one was injured and died after rescue. One police officer died and 4 police were injured, while 15 pedestrians died from Mamuti's assault and 14 more civilians were injured.[106]
It was an incident of ethnic clash that took place between Muslim Uyghur and Han Chinese community. As reported by BBC[107] nearly 21 people were killed in the incident including 15 police officers and local government officials.
A car crashed in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, as a terrorist suicide attack. Five people died in the incident; 3 inside the vehicle and 2 civilian nearby.
Eight Uyghur terrorists stabbed 31 civilians to death and left 141 injured.[108] On the afternoon of 3 March, the official announced the resolution of the case. A total of 8 people were killed. Of the 5 directly involved in the attack, 4 were killed on the spot and 1 was captured on the spot.
Two sport utility vehicles (SUVs) carrying five assailants were driven into a busy street market in Ürümqi, the capital of China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Up to a dozen explosives were thrown at shoppers from the windows of the SUVs. The SUVs crashed into shoppers then collided with each other and exploded. Forty-three people were killed, including 4 of the assailants, and more than 90 wounded. The event was designated as a terrorist attack.
A group of armed separatists attacked coal miners and security personnel, murdering 16 people and injuring 18 others. When the local police arrived at the scene, the attacker used a truck full of coal to hit the police vehicle and then fled into the mountains. The majority of the victims of this attack were Han people.
21+ people, including a doctor who arrived at the scene to provide medical assistance, were killed in a village massacre in Juxian County, Shandong.[111][112]
^Rossabi, Morris (2013). A History of China. John Wiley & Sons. p. 198. ISBN9781118473450. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2022. An Arab account written by Abu Zaid of Siraf within a couple of decades of Huang's rebellion estimated that Huang's forces massacred 120,000 Muslims, Jews, Zoroastrians, Christians and other foreigners. Arab historian al-Mas'udi, in a text written in the mid-tenth century, put the figure at 200,000. Both numbers are inflated, but they nonetheless indicate that the rebels attributed some of China's problems to the exploitation of foreigners, particularly merchants.
^Struve (1993) (note at p. 269), following a 1964 article by Zhang Defang, notes that the entire city's population at the time was not likely to be more than 300,000, and that of the entire Yangzhou Prefecture, 800,000.
^Geometric mean of 480,000 and 600,000 rounded up to nearest ten thousand.
^ ab路伟东 (2003年). "同治光绪年间陕西人口的损失". 历史地理第19辑 (in Chinese). 上海: 上海人民出版社. Archived from the original on 1 January 2009. 陕西人口损失主要原因主要有以下四种：战死、饿毙、病死及逃亡。其中前两种原因造成的人口损失数量最大。战后或是灾后因为尸体腐烂、水源污染等原因，导致各地瘟疫流行。死于瘟疫的人口在全部损失的人口中占有一定的比例。
^"1863年后，一座千年繁华城市的绝地反击". view.inews.qq.com (in Chinese). 9 October 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^戚其章 (2001). "旅顺大屠杀真相再考". 东岳论丛 (1). Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. 可见，经过落实，旅顺市街被杀人数为2600至2700人。请注意：这个数字仅是指旅顺市街的被杀人数而言，并不包括逃离市街以及旅顺郊区和山区被杀的人数，同时也不包括在炮台阵地或北撤过程中阵亡的清军官兵。
^王奇生. 党员、党权与党争: 1924-1949年中国国民党的组织形态. 上海书店出版社. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 – via Sohu.com. 在这场以清党为名的白色恐怖运动中，到底有多少人被捕被杀，很难有精确统计。目前所见主要有以下几种不同的统计数字：（1） 中共"六大"所作的不完全统计，1927年4月至1928年上半年，在"清党"名义下被杀害的有31万多人，其中共产党员2．6万余人。（2） 当时全国各地慈善救济机关所作的不完全统计，在1927年4月至1928年7月间，全国各省被国民党逮捕和杀害的人数总计81055人，其中被杀害者40643人，被逮捕者40412人（见附表）。（3） 《大公报》比较笼统的说法，到1930年，已有数以十万计的人被杀害。
^ abHalliday, Jon; Chang, Jung (30 September 2012). Mao: The Unknown Story. Random House. p. 133. ISBN9781448156863. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2020. The English and Chinese versions of the book had different interpretations of the statistics. The Chinese version: "中央苏区地处江西、福建。在它存在的四年中，人口在全国下降最多。根据中国人口统计，从一九三一到一九三五年，江西根据地内为中共完全控制的十五个县(不包括为中共部分控制的边缘县)，人口减少五十多万，占总人口的百分之二十。闽西根据地的减少幅度也差不多。中央苏区人口共下降七十万。由于住在这些地带的人很难外逃，这七十万基本上应属于死亡人数。毛死后的一九八三年，江西有二十三万八千八百四十四人被官方追认为"烈士"，包括战死的和肃反被杀的。" English version: The Ruijin base, the seat of the first Red state, consisted of large parts of the provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian. These two provinces suffered the greatest population decrease in the whole of China from the year when the Communist state was founded, 1931, to the year after the Reds left, 1935. The population of Red Jiangxi fell by more than half a million—a drop of 20 percent. The fall in Red Fujian was comparable. Given that escapes were few, this means that altogether some 700,000 people died in the Ruijin base. A large part of these were murdered as "class enemies," or were worked to death, or committed suicide, or died other premature deaths attributable to the regime.
^Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2008). "Leftover Problems". In Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (ed.). The Nanking Atrocity, 1937-38: Complicating the Picture. Berghahn Books. pp. 362, 382, 384. (p. 362) At the present stage of research, victimization estimates of under 40,000 and over 200,000 push the limits of reason, fairness, and evidence; [...] (p. 384) Japanese military sources dating from 1937, such as official battle reports and private field diaries, are the most reliable and revealing of all the sources examined here. Left by "the side that did the killing," these documents are self-incriminating in ways that their compilers did not intend. When read critically, they attest that Japanese troops illegally and unjustifiably massacred at least 29,240 Chinese—and I would say 46,215—just before and after Nanking fell. Beyond that, there is room for honest debate. Conservatives adhere to this academically reputable low-end estimate of over 40,000. By contrast, I hold that we must add several tens of thousands more Chinese illegally and unjustifiably killed from early December 1937 to the end of March 1938 in the NSAD—the walled city and 6 adjacent counties. This is a longer time span and a wider area than conservatives and deniers will allow. Largely following Kasahara Tokushi, then, I conclude that a final victim total will far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000 in the absence of new evidence. But, to repeat for emphasis, an empirically verifiable, scholarly valid victimization range is from over 40,000 to under 200,000. [...] (p. 384) However, as conservatives admit, the figure 300,000 does represent a credible total for Chinese belligerents and civilians killed in the entire Yangtze delta area from Shanghai to Nanking over the period August to December 1937.
^US Joint Publication research service. (1979). China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs. Foreign Broadcast information Service. No ISBN digitized text March 5, 2007
^"长春国军防守经过". Central Daily News. Nanjing: Kuomintang. 24 October 1948. 据最低估计，长春四周匪军前线野地里，从6月末到10月初，四个月中，前后堆积男女老少尸骨不下15万具
^段克文 (1978). 戰犯自述. New York City: World Journal. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2022. 除了共產黨夏初開始圍城,封鎖不嚴,利用各種方法逃生,至多不過廿萬人外,我計算一下,長春餓死的約有十六萬人。記得長春被圍開始時還有四十幾萬人,到失守時僅剩六、七萬人。
^尚传道 (1985). "长春困守纪事". In Subcommittee of Cultural and Historical Data of the CPPCC (ed.). 辽沈战役亲历记:原国民党将领的回忆. Beijing. 根据人民政府进城后确实统计……饿、病而死的长春市民共达十二万人{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Zhang, Ming. "执政的道德困境与突围之道——"三反五反"运动解析"(PDF) (in Chinese). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^Liu, Yongfeng (26 July 2013). "那一年，中国商贾千人跳楼 全家共赴黄泉（图）". Sohu (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
^Yang, Kuisong. "三反五反：资产阶级命运的终结". Phoenix New Media (凤凰网) (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
^Chen, Zhaonan (9 June 2018). "遇到中共就失憶！國民黨還能騙自己多久？". www.storm.mg (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^FISH, ISAAC STONE (26 September 2010). "Mao's Great Famine". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ abChai, May-Lee (31 May 2012). "A Review of "Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962"". Asian Affairs: An American Review. 39 (2): 127–128. doi:10.1080/00927678.2012.681276. S2CID153769216.
^"Initial probe completed and arrest warrants to be issued soon, Xinjiang prosecutor says". South China Morning Post. Associated Press. 17 July 2009. p. A7.
^"【37人被捕】新疆莎車縣縣委常委、公安局長涉賄" [[37 arrests] Member of the Standing Committee of the County Party Committee and Chief of Public Security of Shache County, Xinjiang, involved in bribery]. Apple Daily. 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021.
