Yining

"Kulja" redirects here. For other uses, see Yining (disambiguation) and Kulja (disambiguation).
Yining
伊宁市 (Chinese)
غۇلجا (Uyghur)
قۇلجا (Kazakh)
Ghulja, Kulja, Ningyuan
County-level city
Batul Mosque [zh]
Liuxingjie Neighborhood
Downtown Yining
Ili River
Yining is located in Dzungaria
Yining
Yining
Location in Xinjiang
Yining is located in Xinjiang
Yining
Yining
Yining (Xinjiang)
Yining is located in China
Yining
Yining
Yining (China)
Coordinates (Yining municipal government): 43°54′29″N 81°16′40″E / 43.9080°N 81.2777°E / 43.9080; 81.2777
CountryChina
Autonomous regionXinjiang
Autonomous prefectureIli
Municipal seatDöngmehelle Subdistrict
Area
616.7 km2 (238.1 sq mi)
 • Urban
(2018)[1]
49 km2 (19 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)[2]
778,047
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2018)[1]
345,000
 • Urban density7,000/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard[a])
Postal code
835000
Area code0999
WebsiteOfficial website
Yining
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese伊宁
Traditional Chinese伊寧
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYīníng
Wade–GilesI1-ning2
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese固勒扎
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGùlèzhā
Wade–GilesKu4-lê4-cha1
Ningyuan
Simplified Chinese宁远
Traditional Chinese寧遠
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinNíngyuǎn
Tibetan name
Tibetanགུལ་ཅ
Transcriptions
Wyliegul ca
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicХулж
Mongolian scriptᠬᠤᠯᠵᠠ
Uyghur name
Uyghurغۇلجا‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiGhulja
Yengi YeziⱪƢulja
SASM/GNCĜulja
Siril YëziqiҒулҗа
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡤᡡᠯᠵᠠ
AbkaiGvlja
MöllendorffGūlja
Russian name
RussianКульджа
RomanizationKuldzha
Kazakh name
Kazakhقۇلجا
Құлжа
Qulja
Oirat name
Oiratᡎᡇᠯᠴᠠ
Chagatay name
Chagatayغولجا

Yining[3] (Chinese: 伊宁), also known as Ghulja (Uyghur: غۇلجا) or Kulja (Kazakh: قۇلجا), is a county-level city in northwestern Xinjiang, China. It is the administrative seat and largest city of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. Historically, Yining is the successor to the ruined city of Almaliq in neighbouring Huocheng County. Yining is the third largest city in Xinjiang after Ürümqi and Korla.

Area and population

The city of Yining is a county-level administrative unit located along Ili River. As of 2015, it has an estimated population of 542,507, with a total land area of 629 km2 (243 sq mi).[4] It is the most populous city in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.

The land area and population of the City of Yining saw an increase in 2003; the increase resulted from the transfer of two villages with some 100 km2 (39 sq mi) of land from the adjacent Yining County, which is a separate administrative unit from the city.

Yining's population is primarily Uyghur, Han, Hui, and Kazakh, along with smaller numbers of people of Mongolian, Xibe, Uzbek, Russian, or other ethnicity.

History

Note on historical place names

From the 13 to 15th century it was under the control of Chagatai Khanate. Another Mongol empire—the Zunghar Khanate—established around Ili area. In the 19th and early 20th century, the word Kuldja (from Russian: Кульджа) or Ghulja was often used in Russia and in the West as the name for the entire Chinese part of the Ili River basin as well as for its two main cities. The usage of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica is fairly characteristic; it defines Kulja as a "territory in north-west China" bounded by the Russian border and the mountains that surround the Ili basin. It also talks about two major cities of the region:[5]

  • Kulja (i.e. today's Yining) or more specifically Old Kulja (elsewhere, also called Taranchi Kulja), which was the commercial center of the region.
  • Suidun (i.e. Suiding, now called Shuiding) or more specifically New Kulja, Manchu Kulja or Ili (elsewhere, also Chinese Kulja), the Chinese fortress and the regional capital.

Until the 1860s, Huiyuan to the south of Suiding was the regional capital.

Qing dynasty

The fort of Ningyuan (寧遠城) was built in 1762 to accommodate new settlers from southern Xinjiang. The forts of Huining (惠寧城) and Xichun (熙春城) built later in 1765 and 1780 were also located within the modern Yining City.

The Sino-Russian Treaty of Kulja 1851 opened the area for trade.

In 1864–66, the city suffered severely from fighting during the Dungan Revolt. The city and the rest of the Ili River basin were seized by the Russians in 1871 during Yakub Beg's independent rule of Kashgaria. It was restored to the Chinese under the terms of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881). In 1888, the Ningyuan County was established.

The Geographical Magazine in 1875 by Sir Clements Robert Markham stated:

What little industry Kulja possesses is all due to the Chinese, who transplanted the taste for art, assiduity and skilfulness of their pigtailed race, even to these western outskirts of "the celestial flowery dominion of the Middle." Had the Taranjis and Kalmuks been left to themselves, or had they remained in a preponderating majority, Kulja would not be a bit farther advanced than either Yarkand or Aksu. The principal trades are the following:— founders, manufacturing kettles, plates, and other implements of a very primitive form; paper-makers, whose productions do not seem to be superior to the paper manufactured at the present time after Chinese patterns at Khokand and Samarkand. There are, moreover, some confectionaries in which cakes of all shapes are baked of rice and millet, overlaid with sugar; also maccaroni-makers, the Taranjis being notoriously very fond of dried farinaceous food. In Eastern Turkistan there still exist many similar trades, and although their products are not equal to European articles of the same kind—I mean here the fabrics of the formerly western Chinese provinces— they are still said to be profitable. Finally among the tradesmen we may mention millers, vinegar manufacturers and potters. The number of factories amount to-day at Kulja to 38, wherein over 131 hands are occupied. To this of course other tradespeople have to be added, such as 169 boot-makers, 50 blacksmiths, 48 carpenters, 11 brass-founders, 3 silversmiths, 26 stone-cutters, and 2 tailors.[6]

Republic of China

In 1914, the Ningyuan County was renamed Yining County to avoid confusion with other places in China named Ningyuan.

People's Republic

Yining became a separate city from Yining County in 1952. In 1962, major Sino-Soviet clashes[citation needed] took place along the Ili River.

In 1997, in what came to be known as the Gulja Incident or massacre, the city was rocked by two days of demonstrations or riots[7] followed by a Chinese Communist Party government crackdown resulting in at least 9 deaths following the execution of 30 Uyghur activists.[8]

Geography

Yining (labelled as I-NING (KULDJA) 伊寧) (1952)
Yining (Gulja)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
18
 
 
−2
−15
 
 
19
 
 
0
−12
 
 
20
 
 
9
−3
 
 
28
 
 
20
6
 
 
27
 
 
25
10
 
 
29
 
 
29
14
 
 
20
 
 
31
16
 
 
14
 
 
30
14
 
 
15
 
 
26
9
 
 
26
 
 
18
3
 
 
28
 
 
9
−3
 
 
25
 
 
1
−10
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: CMA [9]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.7
 
 
28
5
 
 
0.7
 
 
32
10
 
 
0.8
 
 
48
28
 
 
1.1
 
 
69
42
 
 
1.1
 
 
77
50
 
 
1.1
 
 
83
57
 
 
0.8
 
 
88
60
 
 
0.6
 
 
87
57
 
 
0.6
 
 
78
49
 
 
1
 
 
64
37
 
 
1.1
 
 
48
27
 
 
1
 
 
34
15
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Yining is located on the northern side of the Ili River in the Dzungarian basin, about 70 km (43 mi) east of the border with Kazakhstan and about 710 km (440 mi) west of Ürümqi. The Ili River valley is far wetter than most of Xinjiang and has rich grazing land.

The City of Yining borders on Huocheng County in the west and the Yining County in the east; across the river in the south is Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County.

Climate

Yining (Gulja) has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), without the strong variation in seasonal precipitation seen across most of China. Dry and sunny weather dominates year-round. Winters are cold, with a January average of −8.8 °C (16.2 °F). Yet the influence of the Dzungarian Alatau to the northwest and Borohoro Mountains to the northeast helps keep the city warmer than more easterly locales on a similar latitude. Summers are hot, with a July average of 23.1 °C (73.6 °F). Diurnal temperature ranges tend to be large from April to October. The annual mean temperature is 8.98 °C (48.2 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 53% in December to 73% in August and September, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,834 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −40.4 °C (−40.7 °F) on 29 January 1969 to 39.2 °C (102.6 °F) on 30 July 2024.

Climate data for Yining, elevation 663 m (2,175 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		27.6
(81.7) 		33.5
(92.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.3
(102.7) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.3
(99.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		39.3
(102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		25.7
(78.3) 		29.6
(85.3) 		31.6
(88.9) 		30.8
(87.4) 		26.2
(79.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		1.0
(33.8) 		17.2
(63.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.6
(18.3) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		17.6
(63.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		10.0
(49.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −13.1
(8.4) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		10.1
(50.2) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		3.8
(38.8)
Record low °C (°F) −40.4
(−40.7) 		−34.7
(−30.5) 		−23.8
(−10.8) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−40.4
(−40.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.4
(0.84) 		21.4
(0.84) 		21.1
(0.83) 		32.6
(1.28) 		29.8
(1.17) 		28.1
(1.11) 		28.4
(1.12) 		19.2
(0.76) 		15.1
(0.59) 		24.7
(0.97) 		37.1
(1.46) 		27.7
(1.09) 		306.6
(12.06)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.5 7.6 6.9 7.9 8.0 8.5 7.9 6.1 4.8 5.6 8.0 8.9 88.7
Average snowy days 10.7 9.4 4.1 1.0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.8 4.9 10.7 41.7
Average relative humidity (%) 77 75 64 53 52 54 53 54 56 66 74 78 63
Mean monthly sunshine hours 156.1 165.3 227.9 261.2 313.2 317.6 338.5 324.0 282.8 235.5 153.6 139.0 2,914.7
Percent possible sunshine 53 55 61 64 68 69 73 76 77 71 54 51 64
Source: China Meteorological Administration[10][11][9]all-time extreme temperature[12][13]

Administrative divisions

The administrative divisions of Yining include eight subdistricts, 4 towns, and 5 townships:[14]

Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Population

(thousand)

Area

km2

Number of communities
Subdistricts
Saybuyi Subdistrict
(Sayibuyi Subdistrict) 		萨依布依街道 Sàyībùyī Jiēdào سايبويى كوچا باشقارمىسى‎ Sayboyi Kocha Bashqarmisi 57.7 13
Döngmehelle Subdistrict
(Dunmaili Subdistrict) 		墩买里街道 Dūnmǎilǐ Jiēdào دۆڭمەھەللە كوچا باشقارمىسى‎ Döngmehelle Kocha Bashqarmisi 30 7
Ili Deryasi Road Subdistrict
(Yilihe Road Subdistrict) 		伊犁河路街道 Yīlí Hé Lù Jiēdào ئىلى دەرياسى يولى كوچا باشقارمىسى‎ Ili Deryasi Yoli Kocha Bashqarmisi 21.7 6
Qazanchi Subdistrict
(Kazanqi Subdistrict) 		喀赞其街道 Kāzànqí Jiēdào قازانچى كوچا باشقارمىسى‎ Qazanchi Kocha Bashqarmisi 28 8
Döletbagh Subdistrict
(Doulaitibage Subdistrict) 		都来提巴格街道 Dōuláitíbāgé Jiēdào دۆلەتباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى‎ Döletbagh Kocha Bashqarmisi 21.3 9
Chongköwrük Subdistrict
(Qiongkeruike Subdistrict) 		琼科瑞克街道 Qióngkēruìkè Jiēdào چوڭ كۆۋرۈك كوچا باشقارمىسى‎ Chong Köwrük Kocha Bashqarmisi 43.6 14
Herembagh Subdistrict
(Ailanmubage Subdistrict) 		艾兰木巴格街道 Àilánmùbāgé Jiēdào ھەرەمباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى‎ Herembagh Kocha Bashqarmisi 66.1 15
Azatliq Road Subdistrict
(Jiefang Road Subdistrict) 		解放路街道 Jiěfàng Lù Jiēdào ئازادلىق يولى كوچا باشقارمىسى‎ Azatliq Yoli Kocha Bashqarmisi 42 10
Towns
Bayanday Town
(Bayandai Town) 		巴彦岱镇 Bāyàndài Zhèn بايانداي بازىرى‎ Bayanday Baziri 31 262.36 8
Penjim Town
(Panjim Town) 		潘津镇 Pānjīn Zhèn پەنجىم بازىرى‎ Penjim Baziri 25.3 105.5 7
Yëngiyer Town
(Yingye'er Town) 		英也尔镇 Yīngyě'ěr Zhèn يېڭىيەر بازىرى‎ Yéngiyer Baziri 16.5 100 5
Dadamtu Town
(Dadamutu Town) 		达达木图镇 Dádámùtú Zhèn دادامتۇ بازىرى‎ Dadamtu Baziri 25.2 57.5 6
Townships
Xenbing Township
(Hanbin Township) 		汉宾乡 Hànbīn Xiāng خەنبىڭ يېزىسى‎ Xenbing Yézisi 14 18.7 4
Tashköwrük Township
(Tashekeruike Township) 		塔什科瑞克乡 Tǎshékēruìkè Xiāng تاش كۆۋرۈك يېزىسى‎ Tash Kowruk Yézisi 12.9 10.9 6
Qaradöng Township
(Ka'erdun Township) 		喀尔墩乡 Kā'ěrdūn Xiāng قارادۆڭ يېزىسى‎ Qaradöng Yézisi 10.2 26.7 5
Toghraq Township
(Tuogelake Township) 		托格拉克乡 Tuōgélākè Xiāng توغراق يېزىسى‎ Toghraq Yézisi 9.1 26 4
Këpekyüzi Township
(Kebokexuzi Township) 		克伯克圩孜乡 Kèbókèxūzī Xiāng كېپەكيۈزى يېزىسى‎ Képekyüzi Yézisi 7 16 3
Other
Yining Border Economic Cooperation Zone 伊宁边境经济合作区 Yīníng Biānjìng Jīngjì Hézuò Qū غۇلجا چېگرا ئىقتىسادىي ھەمكارلىق رايونى‎ ghulja chégra Iqtisadiy hemkarliq rayoni
Ili River South Bank New Area 伊犁河南岸新区 Yīlíhé Nán'àn Xīnqū ئىلى دەريا جەنۇبىي قىرغىقى يېڭى رايونى‎ Ili derya jenubiy qirghiqi yéngi rayoni

Economy

The city's nominal GDP was approximately 20.9 billion RMB (US$3.1 billion) as of 2015 with an annual increase of 7.6%.The nominal GDP per capita was approximately 38,805 RMB (US$5976).[15] Yining is the chief city and the agricultural and commercial center of the Ili valley. It is an old commercial center trading in tea and cattle and it is still an agricultural area with extensive livestock raising. It has fruit orchards. Iron, coal and uranium are mined nearby.

Transportation

Demographics

As of 2014, Yining had a population of 559,700. The city is inhabited by 38 ethnic groups, including 269,700 Uyghur people, 204,000 Han people, 26,200 Kazakhs and 39,600 Hui people, accounting for 48.19%, 36.45%, 4.68% and 7.08% of gross population respectively.[19]

Culture

Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Museum, opened in Yining in 2004, is one of Xinjiang's most important museums. In fact, at the time it opened it became, in the words of a Western scholar, the "only modern museum" in Xinjiang. (Xinjiang of course also has the provincial museum in Ürümqi; but at that time point, its old building had been demolished, while its replacement was still under construction.) The museum houses archaeological and ethnological artefacts from throughout the prefecture.[20]

Batul Mosque (for Uyghur people), Tatar Mosque (for Tatar people) and Shaanxi Grand Mosque (for Hui people) are considered the three main mosques in Ili.[21]

Notable persons

Notes

  1. ^ Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe UTC+6 (Xinjiang Time), 2 hours behind Beijing.

References

  1. ^ a b Cox, W (2018). Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition (PDF). St. Louis: Demographia. p. 88.
  2. ^ "Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties".
  3. ^ The official spelling according to 中国地名录. Beijing: SinoMaps Press (中国地图出版社). 1997. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
  4. ^ "Yining: Bulletin for economical and social development in 2015". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  5. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kulja" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 943–944 see page 943.
  6. ^ Sir Clements Robert Markham (1875). The Geographical Magazine. Trübner & Company. pp. 176–.
  7. ^ "Xinjiang to intensify crackdown on separatists", China Daily, 10/25/2001 [1]
  8. ^ "Gulja Massacre". Archived from the original on 2021-12-22 – via www.youtube.com.
  9. ^ a b 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  10. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  11. ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  12. ^ "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  13. ^ "中国各地城市的历史最低气温". Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  14. ^ "2022年统计用区划代码". www.stats.gov.cn.
  15. ^ "Bulletin for the economy and society development in 2015". Retrieved May 6, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  16. ^ Xingjiang’s first electrified railway rails laid 2009-09-17
  17. ^ Tickets of train from Urumqi to Yining put on sale[usurped] (2010-06-22)
  18. ^ Xinjiang's first electrified railway passenger train (2010-07-07)
  19. ^ "Overview of Ethnic Minorities in the Project Area". World Bank-financed Xinjiang Yining Urban Transport and Environment Project: Ethnic Minority Development Plan (PDF) (Report). Yining Municipal Government (YMG). May 2017. p. 6.
  20. ^ A TALE OF TWO CITIES: NEW MUSEUMS FOR YINING AND URUMQI. CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER, No. 3, September 2005
  21. ^ 艾尼瓦·海浪巴依，伊宁市拜图拉清真寺，中国民族宗教网，2014-02-03 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine

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Hungarian screenwriter (1886–1954) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ernest Vajda – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vajda in 1926 Ernest Vajda (born Ernő Vajda; 27 May 1886 in Komárno, Austria-Hungary, today Slovakia – 3 ...

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Philippine lacrosse team PhilippinesWL membership2014AssociationPhilippines Lacrosse AssociationConfederationAPLU (Asia–Pacific)Head coachKirk VentiquattroCaptainDan MorrisWorld ChampionshipAppearances2 (first in 2018)Best result10th (2018)Asia Pacific ChampionshipAppearancesNone The Philippines men's national lacrosse team is the national team which represents the Philippines in international lacrosse competitions. It is organized by the Philippines Lacrosse Association, which is a full me...

 

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