List of American independent films

This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]

Differences from Hollywood

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[9][10] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards[11][12]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation.[13][14]

Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.[15]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration[16][17] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[18]

Background

The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[19][20][11] was previously associated with race films,[21] Poverty Row b movies (e.g. Republic Pictures[22]), exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema[23]), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.[24][25][26][14][27][28][29]

A notable scholar of indie cinema is Ray Carney, known for championing the works of Cassavetes and Mark Rappaport.[30]

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[31][32][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[33][34][35][36][37][4]

Divisions

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[38] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[39][40] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.[41][42]

Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors

Sources

[44][2][45][31][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]

List of notable American independent films

Pre-1950s

1950s

1960s

1970s

[50][137][96][86][126][97]

1980s

[197][84][130][131][14][50][172][167]

[196][197][25][84][130][131][50][167][168]

[130][25][131][172][96][126][74]

[130][203][25][221][131][14][50][86][126]

1990s

[6][217][197][84][96][86]

[86][227][129][14][50][96][234]

[6][217][240][197][50][96][241][97]

[209][95][6][217][245][101][96][227]

[240][197][84][130][129][50]

[4][239][195][47][6][84][14][50][74]

[197][130][50][96][226][227]

[6][245][101][50][226][227]

[132][84][101][50][96][86]

2000s

[95][84][130][129][50][96][277]

[308][240][197][280][84][129][101][50][96][277]

2010s

2020s

List of notable directors of American independent cinema

[50][96][7][86]

[19][131][14][50][172][96][86][170]

[259][49][209][95][217][197][14][96][387]

[196][197][14][50]

[191][49][209][196][197][19][131][172][96]

[196][131][14][96][7][86]

[197][131][154][86]

[86][60][105][411][58]

[50][215][86]

[197][188][144][170]

[49][95][220][197][129][131][50][96][336]

[209][95][217][197][131][14][50][86][387]

[254][95][197][96][144]

[139][50][172][96][86]

[32][185][209][95][220][196][197][257][203][14][50][336]

[32][282][5][243][217][197][14][50][96]

[131][86]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz Indie - Google Books
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk Cinema of Outsiders - Google Books
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Deep focus: The other side of 80s America|Sight & Sound|BFI
  8. ^ Robey, Tim (5 September 2004). "The rise and rise of Indiewood". Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
  10. ^ a b c d e f How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
  11. ^ a b c d e f g The Nineties (A Book) - Google Books
  12. ^ Horton, Robert (1990). "Stranger Than Texas". Film Comment. 26 (4): 77–78. ISSN 0015-119X. JSTOR 43453863.
  13. ^ a b c d Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Rewriting Indie Cinema - Google Books
  15. ^ ‘We can’t afford to lose them’: the fight to bring missing movies back|Movies|The Guardian
  16. ^ a b c In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
  17. ^ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
  18. ^ a b c d e Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
  19. ^ a b c d e f 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
  20. ^ Louie Maple teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster|The A.V. Club
  21. ^ a b c d e Restored 'Race Films' Find New Audiences : Code Switch : NPR
  22. ^ Why B-Movies never won Oscars|HOW TO SEE B_Movie with Dave Kehr - The Museum of Modern Art on official YouTube channel
  23. ^ a b c Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
  24. ^ a b c Tom Waits and John Lurie helped Jim Jarmusch perfect his indie cool|A.V. Club
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx A Companion to American Indie Film - Google Books
  26. ^ 27 Of The Best Indie Movies Of All Time|Esquire
  27. ^ a b c d e THE ACADEMY PRESENTS 'RESTORED ANIMATED RARITIES'|AFA: Animation for Adults
  28. ^ a b c d Enchanted Drawings - Google Books (pgs.286-293)
  29. ^ a b c d e f An Archive Restores and Resurrects Hollywood's Earliest Indie Films - Hyperallergic
  30. ^ The Strange and Sad Saga of How Filmmaker Mark Rappaport Lost His Movies (And What He Can Do To Get Them Back)|IndieWire
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Hollywood: A Short Introduction - Google Books (section: "Indiewood")
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Colin Marshall › Me on Battleship Pretension: a three-hour course on the nineties' "Indiewood" movement
  33. ^ Home video and Indiewood|Hollywood: A Very Short Introduction|Oxford Academic
  34. ^ 'Indie doc': documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking: Studies in Documentary Film Volume 10, 2016 - Issue 1
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema". ibtauris.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  36. ^ The Cinema Book - Google Books (pg.59)
  37. ^ a b c d e f g CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
  38. ^ American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
  39. ^ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
  40. ^ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
  41. ^ King, Geoff (2009). "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema" (PDF). gkindiefilm.com. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  42. ^ [The End of Independent Film As We Know It - The Ringer]
  43. ^ a b What was the first-ever independent movie?|Far Out Magazine
  44. ^ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Epilogue: from independent cinema to specialty content - De Gruyter
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Indie Movies, Explained: What is an Independent Film? - MovieWeb
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Indie Reframed - Google Books
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Indie, Inc. - Google Books
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu The Top 10 Indie Movies of All Time | A Cinefix Movie List - IGN
  51. ^ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
  53. ^ How Bleecker Street Survived a Decade in the Indie Film Business - Variety
  54. ^ The indie film outlook for 2024 - AV Club
  55. ^ MGM - Google Books (pg.1980)
  56. ^ The Battle of the Bs: 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low-Budget Cinema on JSTOR
  57. ^ a b c d Indie Film Box Office: A24 Turns 'The Brutalist' Into Event Cinema|IndieWire
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa American New Wave Cinema, A History (Part One)
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Screening American Independent Film - Google Books
  60. ^ a b c d e f g The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
  61. ^ a b c d e f THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
  62. ^ a b c The Lessons Are Lost, but Not the Laughs - Los Angeles Times
  63. ^ Paul Strand - Leo Hurwitz
  64. ^ Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
  65. ^ Macdonald, Moira (October 27, 2021). "A 20-year-old made a movie in Seattle in the 1930s. This week, it finally makes its TV debut". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  66. ^ The Blood of Jesus with Hellbound Train - Academy Museum
  67. ^ Native Land + The Forgotten Village - Film at Lincoln Center
  68. ^ The 50 Most Important Independent Films - Filmmaker Magazine - Fall 1996
  69. ^ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
  70. ^ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
  71. ^ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm". www.awn.com.
  72. ^ a b An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
  73. ^ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
  74. ^ a b c d e URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
  75. ^ film essay for "Mom and Dad" - loc.gov
  76. ^ The amazing story of Mom and Dad|Wexner Center for the Arts
  77. ^ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
  78. ^ Five - Trailers From Hell
  79. ^ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
  80. ^ a b c The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  81. ^ a b Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
  82. ^ a b c d e 25 Films Named to National Film Registry for Preservation|Library of Congress
  83. ^ Invaders From Mars: The Sci-Fi Classic That Inspired The Spielberg Generation|Den of Geek
  84. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
  85. ^ a b c d e f THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
  87. ^ Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
  88. ^ Dementia: Myth and Nocturne - Art & Trash on Vimeo
  89. ^ a b c d e f THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
  90. ^ a b c d e When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
  91. ^ a b c d Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
  92. ^ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
  93. ^ a b A Film That Live Forever|Animation Obsessive
  94. ^ a b "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
  95. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
  96. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
  97. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 great breakthrough American indies|BFI
  98. ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1959 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  99. ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1960 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  100. ^ American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films and Television Programs, 1961-1973 - Google Books (pg.197)
  101. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  102. ^ a b Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
  103. ^ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
  104. ^ BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
  105. ^ a b c BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
  106. ^ a b Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
  107. ^ Night Tide - Variety
  108. ^ Night Tide - Cinema - Queensland Art Gallery|Gallary of Modern Art
  109. ^ Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
  110. ^ Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
  111. ^ INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
  112. ^ How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
  113. ^ 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
  114. ^ a b Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
  115. ^ Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
  116. ^ a b c d Arch Hall, Jr.: Inside the Wild Guitar - Off Beat Magazine
  117. ^ a b The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
  118. ^ FILMS FOR CHILDREN (1972 program) on MoMA.org
  119. ^ a b c The Independent Spirit of Robert M. Young|Current|The Criterion Collection
  120. ^ West Virginia related films|News, Sports, Jobs - Graf WV
  121. ^ a b c d The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
  122. ^ Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
  123. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Help! I Love Watching Animated Shorts|Animation World Network
  124. ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  125. ^ 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
  126. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  127. ^ The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
  128. ^ a b The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
  129. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Not Hollywood - Google Books
  130. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
  131. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Outsider Features - Google Books
  132. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
  133. ^ The Last Picture Show - Trailers From Hell
  134. ^ Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
  135. ^ a b "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1970 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  136. ^ Joe - Trailers From Hell
  137. ^ a b The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  138. ^ a b c d e f When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
  139. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
  140. ^ a b c d e Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
  141. ^ a b c Nightmare USA - Book by Stephen Thrower - MOVIES and MANIA
  142. ^ Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
  143. ^ a b c d e NIGHTMARE USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents on Amazon.com
  144. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
  145. ^ 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
  146. ^ "A Boy and His Dog". New Beverly Cinema. 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  147. ^ Brody, Richard. "Movie of the Week: "Aloha, Bobby and Rose"". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  148. ^ Chicago-based Cooley High turns 40|Time Out Chicago
  149. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
  150. ^ A Year of Fear - Google Books (pg.117)
  151. ^ "Film History of the 1970s". www.filmsite.org.
  152. ^ American Genre Film Archive THE HILLS HAVE EYES
  153. ^ a b To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
  154. ^ a b c d e Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
  155. ^ Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
  156. ^ a b c d Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
  157. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  158. ^ Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
  159. ^ American Genre Film Archive THE WHOLE SHOOTIN' MATCH
  160. ^ MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
  161. ^ a b c d Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
  162. ^ Nick Johnstone (1999). Abel Ferrara: The King of New York. Omnibus Press: 8-9
  163. ^ From the Vaults of Streaming Hell: The Psychotronic Man - Spectrum Culture
  164. ^ Stanley, John (2000). Creature Features: The Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Movie Guide (illustrated, revised ed.). Berkley Boulevard Books. p. 418. ISBN 0-425-17517-0.
  165. ^ Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
  166. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
  167. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao BAM "Indie '80s' film series: 'Decline II,' 'Spinal Tap,' 'River's Edge,' 'Let's Get Lost' & more - BrooklynVegan
  168. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap "Indie 80s". bam.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.
  169. ^ a b c How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
  170. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
  171. ^ a b c d e Looking for Quality Indie Cinema? Try Ovid. - The New York Times
  172. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
  173. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Acting Indie - Google Books
  174. ^ a b America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
  175. ^ Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
  176. ^ "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
  177. ^ a b c d e f 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  178. ^ ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
  179. ^ Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
  180. ^ AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
  181. ^ The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  182. ^ a b c HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
  183. ^ American Genre Film Archive SMITHEREENS
  184. ^ a b c d e The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
  185. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
  186. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
  187. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
  188. ^ a b c d e f g 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
  189. ^ a b c February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
  190. ^ a b Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
  191. ^ a b c d e f g h i Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
  192. ^ a b c The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
  193. ^ Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
  194. ^ Repo Man|Quad Cinema
  195. ^ a b c d e f g Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
  196. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
  197. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
  198. ^ a b 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
  199. ^ FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
  200. ^ 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
  201. ^ Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
  202. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
  203. ^ a b c d The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
  204. ^ The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
  205. ^ THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
  206. ^ Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
  207. ^ a b c d e f g An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
  208. ^ The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
  209. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
  210. ^ a b c d Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
  211. ^ a b Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
  212. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
  213. ^ Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
  214. ^ a b July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Annonuced - CriterionCast.com
  215. ^ a b c d e f g h i 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
  216. ^ Powwow Highway - DVD Talk
  217. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
  218. ^ a b c Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
  219. ^ a b c d e The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
  220. ^ a b c d e f g h The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
  221. ^ a b Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
  222. ^ a b Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
  223. ^ a b c Schlock & Awe: THE DRILLER KILLER - Nerdist
  224. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p The Best Indie Films of the 1990s - Yahoo Entertainment
  225. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
  226. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
  227. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  228. ^ Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
  229. ^ a b 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
  230. ^ a b Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
  231. ^ a b Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
  232. ^ KVIFF|Queen of Diamonds
  233. ^ a b Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
  234. ^ a b c The Phantom Menace Is An Independent Success Worthy Of Celebrating|GIANT FREAKIN ROBOT
  235. ^ The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
  236. ^ ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
  237. ^ Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
  238. ^ a b c Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
  239. ^ a b c d Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  240. ^ a b c d e f g A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
  241. ^ a b c "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". The Criterion Channel. Feb 14, 2024.
  242. ^ a b c d e f Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
  243. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
  244. ^ a b c d e Where to Stream the Best Classic Independent Films This October, from ‘Eraserhead’ to ‘Igby Goes Down’ - IndieWIre
  245. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
  246. ^ Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
  247. ^ For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
  248. ^ a b c d Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
  249. ^ a b c d e f g h Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
  250. ^ a b c d e f g h i j CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
  251. ^ a b Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
  252. ^ a b c d e Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
  253. ^ a b John Waters|Underground Film Journal
  254. ^ a b c d e f g h The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  255. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
  256. ^ Closer to Home - Variety
  257. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
  258. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
  259. ^ a b Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  260. ^ a b c d The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
  261. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  262. ^ Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
  263. ^ 'Return of the Jedi,' 'Selena' and 'Sounder' added to National Film Registry|88.5 WFDD
  264. ^ What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
  265. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
  266. ^ The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
  267. ^ a b Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
  268. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Inside Indiewood|The Nation
  269. ^ a b Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
  270. ^ a b c d e Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  271. ^ John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
  272. ^ Brody, Richard (2021-06-05). "What to Stream, Urgently: "Compensation," a Modern Classic Rescued". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  273. ^ a b The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
  274. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
  275. ^ a b The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
  276. ^ a b c d e f g 'Longlegs,' 'Thelma' and Indie Film's New Formula for Success - Bloomberg
  277. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Best American Indies: 'Tangerine', 'Past Lives' and More|IndieWire
  278. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Indiewood - Backstage
  279. ^ Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
  280. ^ a b c d The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  281. ^ a b c d e f The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  282. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
  283. ^ Bruce Campbell Joins Bubba Ho-Tep Director in Celebrating the Cult Classic's 21st Anniversary - CBR
  284. ^ 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
  285. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
  286. ^ Judy Greer Credits Maggie Gyllenhaal’s ‘Secretary’ Role for Making ‘Quirky’ Lead Actresses Cool - Yahoo Entertainment
  287. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
  288. ^ PIECES OF APRIL: A snapshot of an honest Thanksgiving – Moviejawn
  289. ^ 'Pieces of April's' Quirky Turkey Day - The Washington Post
  290. ^ Pieces of April - Variety
  291. ^ 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
  292. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  293. ^ a b c 10 Best Peter Sargaard Movies, Ranked|Collider
  294. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  295. ^ a b Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
  296. ^ a b c d e f g h i How independent film merchandise became a hot commodity - Los Angeles Times
  297. ^ 20 Years Ago, This Iconic Indie Horror Hit Revolutionized Twist Endings & Changed the Genre Forever - CBR
  298. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
  299. ^ Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
  300. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
  301. ^ a b c d "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
  302. ^ Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
  303. ^ Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
  304. ^ a b Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  305. ^ BLOOD TEA AND STRING - Film Threat
  306. ^ Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
  307. ^ a b Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
  308. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
  309. ^ 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
  310. ^ a b c d e Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
  311. ^ Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
  312. ^ Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
  313. ^ a b c d 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
  314. ^ Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
  315. ^ a b c d e f On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
  316. ^ a b Indie Film Box Office: 'Strange Darling', 'Between The Temples' & 'Coraline' - Deadline
  317. ^ Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
  318. ^ It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
  319. ^ a b c d e f Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
  320. ^ a b The Criterion Channel's July 2024 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  321. ^ 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
  322. ^ a b Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
  323. ^ a b Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
  324. ^ Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
  325. ^ a b Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
  326. ^ Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
  327. ^ The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
  328. ^ a b Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
  329. ^ Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
  330. ^ It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
  331. ^ 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
  332. ^ 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
  333. ^ a b c d History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
  334. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag The best A24 films to date|EW.com
  335. ^ 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
  336. ^ a b c d e f g Cannes' Directors' Fortnight: American indies' new proving ground|AV Club
  337. ^ LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
  338. ^ a b Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
  339. ^ a b The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
  340. ^ a b c d Sundance 2018: Full-sentence movie titles are increasingly common - Quartz
  341. ^ La La Land Opens Big; Sets Indie Box Office Records - Screen Rant
  342. ^ Lauded 'La La Land' Breaks Indie Box Office Records - TheWrap
  343. ^ The making of 'La La Land': Why it's important to modern cinema - ABC News
  344. ^ La La Land's success heralds return to Lionsgate's small-scale roots|Film|The Guardian
  345. ^ a b BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
  346. ^ a b c d e 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
  347. ^ Animated Mischief: Essays on Subversiveness in Cartoons Since 1987 - Google Books (pg.176)
  348. ^ In a Heartbeat: the story behind the animated gay love short that's gone viral|Animation in film|The Guardian
  349. ^ a b Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
  350. ^ a b c Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
  351. ^ a b The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
  352. ^ 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
  353. ^ Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story - Los Angeles Times
  354. ^ Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
  355. ^ Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
  356. ^ 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
  357. ^ Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
  358. ^ a b c Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
  359. ^ a b Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
  360. ^ How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
  361. ^ Indie Focus: Sitting with the anxious comedy of 'Shiva Baby' - Los Angeles Times
  362. ^ Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
  363. ^ Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
  364. ^ 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
  365. ^ a b A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
  366. ^ a b Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
  367. ^ a b c d e Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
  368. ^ Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
  369. ^ A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
  370. ^ 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
  371. ^ Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
  372. ^ A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
  373. ^ Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
  374. ^ A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
  375. ^ a b c d Best Indie Movies Overlooked in 2024|IndieWire
  376. ^ a b c The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
  377. ^ "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
  378. ^ 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
  379. ^ Gasoline Rainbow: A pleasantly meandering Gen-Z road trip from upcoming auteur siblings the Ross brothers - The Irish Times
  380. ^ "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
  381. ^ a b c d e f 10 Best Indies Movies Of 2024 - Screen Rant
  382. ^ a b c Top indie films of 2024: unveiling this year's best gems|Meer
  383. ^ 'The Brutalist' producers betting on a 3.5-hour Adrian Brody Indie - Los Angeles Times
  384. ^ a b Best Indie Movies of 2024 (So Far) - MovieWeb
  385. ^ a b c d e How Indie Horror Went Mainstream in 2024|Flickering Myth
  386. ^ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Review: Five Zoomers Hit the Road to Put Off Growing Up in an Endearing, Semi-Improvised Indie - Variety
  387. ^ a b c d e Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
  388. ^ a b 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
  389. ^ Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
  390. ^ Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
  391. ^ a b Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
  392. ^ a b DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
  393. ^ MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
  394. ^ 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
  395. ^ A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
  396. ^ Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
  397. ^ a b c Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  398. ^ ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
  399. ^ Indie Animation - WSJ
  400. ^ a b Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
  401. ^ Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
  402. ^ The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
  403. ^ Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
  404. ^ Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective
  405. ^ CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
  406. ^ Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
  407. ^ Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
  408. ^ 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
  409. ^ House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
  410. ^ Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
  411. ^ Composing for Cassavetes|Current|The Criterion Collection
  412. ^ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Release Set With Mubi Ahead Of Pic’s Venice Debut - Deadline
  413. ^ a b c Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
  414. ^ Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
  415. ^ Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
  416. ^ THE EYES OF RAY DENNIS STECKLER - Spectacle Theater
  417. ^ The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
  418. ^ Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
  419. ^ Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  420. ^ 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times

Bibliography

Notes

See also