This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (December 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Superhero film" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Superhero films are movies centered around one superhero or several superheroes. These characters typically possess superhuman abilities. Hero ensembles often feature many distinct character archetypes and personalities. Traditionally, the first film in a series about a superhero character focuses on the hero's origin story and introduces the hero's nemesis. Superhero films typically contain genre elements of action, adventure, fantasy, or science fiction, and often address themes of power, justice, and morality.

Many superhero films are adaptations of existing work, though some, like RoboCop and The Incredibles, were developed as original projects. Marvel, DC, and Dark Horse comic books have frequently provided source material for the films. However, some may also be based on pre-existing live-action, animation, or radio series.

Superhero stories initially gained popularity through comic books and were later adapted into film serials. Early examples include Mandrake the Magician (1939), The Shadow (1940), Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941), Batman (1943), The Phantom (1943), Captain America (1944), and Superman (1948).^[1][2]

Between 1941 and 1943, Fleischer Studios produced a series of animated short films based on the Superman comic book.^[3]

In the following decades, the decline of Saturday matinee showings of serials, along with turmoil in the comic book industry, slowed superhero motion picture production except for Superman and the Mole Men (1951), starring George Reeves, and Batman (1966), a big-screen extension of the Batman television series starring Adam West. Superman and the Mole Men served as a pilot for the TV series Adventures of Superman. Compilations of the series were later released theatrically.^[4][5][6]

In 1957, Shintoho produced the first film serial featuring the tokusatsu superhero character Super Giant, signaling a shift in Japanese popular culture toward masked superheroes in tokusatsu. Along with Astro Boy, the Super Giant film series heavily influenced later Japanese tokusatsu superhero films.^[7] Moonlight Mask had also become popular around that time, with six films retelling the story of the TV series.^[8] Another early Japanese superhero film was Ōgon Bat (1966), starring Sonny Chiba and it was based on the 1931 kamishibai superhero Ōgon Bat.^[9]

The kaiju monster Godzilla, originally a villain, transitioned into a superhero role in subsequent films.^[10] He has been described as "the original radioactive superhero," due to his nuclear origin story predating Spider-Man's 1962 debut,^[10] although Godzilla did not become a hero until Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964).^[11] By the 1970s, Godzilla came to be viewed as a superhero, with the magazine King of the Monsters in 1977 describing Godzilla as the "Superhero of the '70s". Donald F. Glut wrote that Godzilla was "the most universally popular superhero of 1977."^[12]

1966 saw the debut of the Ultra Series with the kaiju TV show Ultra Q. However, with the release of the original Ultraman, the franchise started focusing on superheroes. The series had an average audience rating of 36.8% through its first 39 episodes.^[13] In 1967, Ultraman started expanding to films. Early films, such as Ultraman: Monster Movie Feature, were compilations or theatrical releases of TV show episodes. The first original Ultraman film was The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army, a co-production with Thailand.^[14]

This rise in popularity of television superheroes in Japan led to the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai franchises by manga artist Shotaro Ishinomori in 1971 and 1975, respectively. Similar to Ultraman, many early Kamen Rider and Super Sentai episodes were released as films. Original Kamen Rider films released before 1978 include Kamen Rider vs. Shocker, Kamen Rider vs. Ambassador Hell, Kamen Rider V3 vs. Destron Mutants, and Five Riders vs. King Dark.^{[citation needed]}

Original superhero characters emerged in other, more comedy-oriented films, such as the French political satire film Mr. Freedom (1969), the Polish parody Hydrozagadka (1970), and the American B movies Rat Fink a Boo Boo (1966) and The Wild World of Batwoman (1966).^[15][16]

Following the success of Star Wars, Richard Donner's Superman (1978), the first big-budget DC feature film, was a critical and commercial success.^{[citation needed]} The same year, Toei Company's Spider-Man reimagining and the first Super Sentai crossover film, JAKQ Dengekitai vs. Gorenger, were released. Other entries emerged throughout the 1980s, including Eight Riders vs. Galaxy King (1980), Kamen Rider Super-1: The Movie (1981), Richard Lester's Superman II (1981), Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981), and Paul Verhoeven's RoboCop (1987). These were followed by Kamen Rider Black: Hurry to Onigashima and Kamen Rider Black: Terrifying! The Phantom House of Devil Pass, both released in 1988. The success of Tim Burton's Batman (1989) and its direct follow-up, Batman Returns (1992), spawned the DC Animated Universe.^[17]

Marvel Comics' Captain America (1991) did not have a theatrical release, and Roger Corman's The Fantastic Four (1994) was produced solely for the legal maintenance of the film rights to the property^[18] and was not released theatrically or on home video.^[19]

Alex Proyas's The Crow (1994) became the first independent comic superhero franchise film.^[19] The film introduced a new level of violence to a younger audience, bridging the gap between the superhero film and the modern action film.^[20] The success of The Crow may have influenced the release of a film version of Spawn (1997), Image Comics's leading character. After Marvel bought Malibu Comics (the company that owned The Men in Black comic series), Marvel and Columbia Pictures released Men in Black in 1997.^[21] This film was the first Marvel property to win an Academy Award and, at the time, was the highest-grossing comic book adaptation.^[22] While commercially successful, Joel Schumacher's Batman & Robin (1997) was critically panned for its campiness^[23] and deviation from the darker style of the series' first two films directed by Tim Burton.^[24] Some have cited it as a factor in the temporary decline of the superhero film sub-genre.^[25][26]

Starting with the 1990s, original Ultraman films became more common. In 1996, Tsuburaya released Ultraman Zearth, which parodied the original TV series and later installments.^[27] The following year, the sequel titled Ultraman Zearth 2: Superhuman Big Battle - Light and Shadow premiered.^{[citation needed]}

In 1998, Marvel released Blade, a darker superhero film blended with traditional action elements, featuring a title character with the powers of a vampire and an arsenal of weaponry.^[20] The success of Blade is considered the beginning of Marvel's film success and a catalyst for further comic book film adaptations.^[28][29] The popularity of the Ultraman Tiga TV series led to several films based on it and later installments, including Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: Warriors of the Star of Light (1998), Ultraman Gaia: The Battle in Hyperspace (1999) and Ultraman Tiga: The Final Odyssey (2000). Adam Sternbergh of Vulture has stated that The Matrix (1999) was influenced by comic books, cyberpunk fiction, Japanese anime, and Hong Kong action films, and reinvented the superhero film, setting the template for modern superhero blockbusters and inspiring the superhero renaissance in the early 21st century.^[30]

John Kenneth Muir, in The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television, describes The Matrix as a re-imagination of movie visuals, paving the way for the visuals of later superhero films. He credits it with helping to "make comic-book superheroes hip". He notes that its bullet-time effect successfully demonstrated the concept of "faster than a speeding bullet" onscreen.^[31] Inspector Gadget and Mystery Men would then follow to close out the decade for the sub-genre.^{[citation needed]}

Following the success of the Kamen Rider Kuuga television series, a new era of the Kamen Rider franchise began. This led to the production of annual Kamen Rider movies, starting with Kamen Rider Agito: Project G4 in 2001.^{[citation needed]}

The release of Iron Man in 2008 began the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). A few months later, The Dark Knight was released to widespread critical acclaim and became the first superhero movie to make over $1 billion at the worldwide box office.^[32] 2009 saw the release of Watchmen and X-Men Origins: Wolverine. The 2010s saw continued success for superhero films both culturally and economically,^[33] taking the sub-genres success and ubiquity to new heights.^[34] Matthew Vaughn's adaptation of Kick-Ass was released in 2010, followed by Iron Man 2 a month later. 2011 releases included The Green Hornet,^[35] Green Lantern, and X-Men: First Class. After referencing the "Avengers Initiative" in the Iron Man films and The Incredible Hulk, Marvel released Thor in May 2011,^[36] followed by Captain America: The First Avenger in July 2011.^{[citation needed]}

While Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2012) had little audience interest,^[37] superhero films dominated the 2012 summer film market, with three films occupying the top three positions of the box office chart.^[38] These were Marvel's The Avengers (May 2012), which broke box office records, becoming the highest-grossing superhero film at the time,^[39] The Dark Knight Rises (July 2012), and The Amazing Spider-Man (July 2012).^{[citation needed]}

A Superman Returns sequel was planned for 2009 but was delayed and later scrapped in favor of the reboot, Man of Steel (2013).^[40]

At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con, Marvel confirmed that an Ant-Man film was in development, as well as a film based on the 2008 comic series Guardians of the Galaxy, which was released in August 2014. Iron Man 3 was released in May 2013, Thor: The Dark World in November 2013, and Captain America: The Winter Soldier in April 2014. The Amazing Spider-Man 2, the sequel to the 2012 reboot, was released in May 2014. In 2013, a sequel to the 2009 film X-Men Origins: Wolverine, titled The Wolverine was released. In 2014, X-Men: Days of Future Past was released; the film became the highest-grossing film in the X-Men series at the time.^{[citation needed]}

In 2014, Italian filmmaker Gabriele Salvatores directed a superhero-fantasy film titled Il Ragazzo Invisible (The Invisible Boy) which won the Young Audience Award at the 2015 European Film Awards.^[41]

An Avengers sequel, titled Avengers: Age of Ultron, was released in May 2015. Following the success of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, rival DC Comics also planned to make and produce their own shared film universe called the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), which began with the release of Man of Steel in 2013. A sequel titled Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice was scheduled for release in May 2016. However, it was later moved up to March 2016. Nickelodeon's 2015 film, The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, features the main characters transforming into superheroes. 20th Century Fox rebooted the Fantastic Four series and released Fantastic Four in August 2015.^[42]

On March 9, 2015, publishing house Valiant Comics made a nine-figure deal with Chinese company DMG Entertainment to produce their series of superhero movies set in their cinematic universe.^[43] The series was co-produced by Sony Pictures and started with a movie adaptation of Bloodshot for a 2020 release, which will be followed by Harbinger, both movies receiving a sequel and ending in a crossover movie based on the Harbinger Wars arc from the comic books.^[44]

In 2015, Italian filmmaker Gabrielle Mainetti directed superhero film They Call Me Jeeg starring Claudio Santamaria.^[45] Its original title is Lo Chiamavano Jeeg Robot, from the Italian name of the anime and manga series Steel Jeeg. It was released in Italy on February 25, 2016.^[46]

The eighth installment in the X-Men series, Deadpool, was released in February 2016. It later went on to become the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time (when adjusted for inflation) and the highest-grossing film of the series. The ninth installment, X-Men: Apocalypse, was released in May. Warner Bros. released Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, the first film to feature both Batman and Superman, in March 2016. This film performed moderately well at the box office but was poorly received by critics. Suicide Squad, released in August, featured a team of antihero/supervillains. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad are in the DCEU.

In May 2016, Marvel Studios released Captain America: Civil War, in which the Avengers split into two opposing factions, in May, and that November released Doctor Strange, which recounts the superhero origin of Stephen Strange, both of which take place in the MCU. In October, Max Steel, based on the eponymous toy line by Mattel, was released.^[47]

January 2017 saw the release of M. Night Shyamalan's Split, which served as a standalone sequel to Unbreakable. The first Finnish superhero film, Rendel: Dark Vengeance, was released in September 2017 and it won the Best Action Movie award at the Erratum Film Festival in Mexico.^[48] Power Rangers, a movie reboot of the TV series, was released in March, with Lionsgate planning a seven-film franchise; however, it was a commercial disappointment. By contrast, the film Logan, which was Hugh Jackman and Patrick Stewart's last appearances as their characters in the X-Men film series before Disney acquired 20th Century Fox, proved to be a major critical and commercial success. This film was the first ever canon X-Men movie to be rated R and the first superhero movie to receive an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. In the summer movie season, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Wonder Woman, and Spider-Man: Homecoming confirmed the superhero film dominance of the mainstream movie market.^[49] That dominance continued into the fall with the success of Thor: Ragnarok. Due to this dominance, Warner Bros. attempted its own endeavour to have a shared universe media franchise, the DCEU, with Justice League, though this was a critical and financial disappointment.^{[citation needed]}

In February 2018, Marvel Studios released Black Panther, featuring the solo film adaptation of the first mainstream Black superhero, the Black Panther, which was a commercial and critical success in the MCU franchise. It became the first superhero film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.^[50]

This MCU project was soon followed up by Avengers: Infinity War, released in April 2018, which earned both critical acclaim^[51] and worldwide financial success, earning an excess of $2 billion.^[52] Soon after, 20th Century Fox released Deadpool 2 in May 2018.^[53] In addition, Incredibles 2 had its wide release in June 2018, and was met with considerable critical acclaim^[54] and earned $182.68 million on its premiere weekend.^[55] The next superhero film in the MCU, Ant-Man and the Wasp was released on July 6th, with competing studios declining to release major films on American Independence Day in the face of the reliably known film franchise.^{[citation needed]}

The antihero film Venom, based on the comic book character, was released in October 2018 to poor reviews but box-office success. In December 2018, Warner Bros. released Aquaman, a film about the DC Comics superhero of the same name, which became the DCEU's most successful film at the box office, grossing $1.148 billion worldwide.^{[citation needed]}

2019 began with M. Night Shyamalan's Glass, the culmination of Unbreakable and Split, in January. Marvel's Captain Marvel was released in May. The movie faced online hostility, stemming in part from star Brie Larson's comments about the lack of diversity in the film and film criticism industries.^[56] Despite the controversy, it earned over $1 billion worldwide^[57] and received largely positive reviews.^[58] Later in April, the DCEU's Shazam!, featuring the lead character who was previously known as Captain Marvel, had decent box office success for its relatively low budget,^[59] which has been seen as further evidence of the revitalization of the Warner Bros. media franchise. That same month, Avengers: Endgame ended the Infinity Saga with widespread acclaim, broke numerous box office records, and became the fastest film to exceed $1 billion worldwide, doing so in just five days. Avengers: Endgame became the highest-grossing film of all time, surpassing James Cameron's Avatar for over two years, before the latter retook its place.^{[citation needed]}

By contrast, the X-Men film Dark Phoenix performed poorly critically and financially upon release in June.^[60] This would be the last film in 20th Century Fox's X-Men series. Afterward, X-Men and the Fantastic Four both entered the MCU with Disney's acquisition of 20th Century Fox (however, neither franchise would receive a standalone film in the MCU until 2024's Deadpool & Wolverine; the first Fantastic Four standalone film, The Fantastic Four: First Steps, is planned for release in 2025).^[61] In July 2019, Phase 3 of the MCU was concluded with the Sony film Spider-Man: Far From Home, which was released to critical and commercial success.^{[citation needed]}

In August 2019, Joko Anwar's Gundala was released in Indonesia.^[62] It was screened at the Toronto International Film Festival in September and was the first entry in the Bumilangit Cinematic Universe (BCU) film series based on characters of comic books published by Bumilangit.^[63] The second and third films in the series, Sri Asih and Patriot Taruna: Virgo and the Sparklings, were announced for a 2020 release but were pushed back to 2021 as production was significantly delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.^[64] The production company's strategy of announcing films in volumes with a team-up film as the climax has led to the media dubbing it the "Indonesian equivalent to the MCU and DCEU".^[65]

The Suicide Squad was released in August but was a box office disappointment despite receiving positive reviews. The poor performance was attributed to the disruption of cinema during the COVID-19 pandemic (particularly the Delta variant) and confusion from the general audience on whether the film was a sequel, reboot, or remake.^[66][67] Meanwhile, Marvel's Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings broke Labor Day records,^[68] while similar successes were seen in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage.^[69] Despite middling reviews and the first rotten rating^[70] for a MCU film on Rotten Tomatoes, Eternals opened to moderate success at the box office.^[71]

Spider-Man: No Way Home was released in December 2021, and became the highest-grossing film of 2021,^[72] the sixth highest-grossing film of all time,^[73] the third-highest-grossing film in the United States and Canada,^[74] the highest-grossing Spider-Man film, and the highest-grossing film produced by Sony.^[75] It also became the first film to gross over $1 billion since Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic,^[76] as well as the highest-grossing film not to be released in China (one of the world's biggest box office markets).^[77]

In 2022, Warner Bros. released The Batman, a reboot of the Batman film series, and unconnected to the DC Extended Universe. It was a critical and commercial hit, with particular praise for the film being a grounded detective story,^[78]' due to Matt Reeves' direction and Robert Pattinson's performance as the titular hero.^[79] It went on to become the second biggest pandemic debut, after Spider-Man: No Way Home.^[80] Morbius, starring Jared Leto and based on the Spider-Man villain of the same name debuted that April as another chapter in Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The film was critically panned and a box-office bomb.^[81] Variety reported that whilst the initial opening was hopeful for Morbius, "the character is not nearly as recognizable to general audiences as Spider-Man, Batman or Venom, nor is the film clearly connected to a larger story like Eternals or Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings. Thus, Morbius wasn't expected to match the receipts for recent comic book tent-poles based on those characters."^[82] Scott Mendelson further stated that Sony seemed to rely on the film's connection to the Spider-Man universe, the success of Venom and a misguided assumption that audiences were interested in villain movies.^[83]

In May, Sam Raimi returned to the superhero genre with Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. The film was met with mixed-to-positive reviews and earned $187 million on its opening weekend, becoming the eleventh-best domestic debut of all time, the best summer debut for a Disney release during the pandemic, and Raimi's best opening.^[84] In its second weekend, the film earned $61 million, becoming one of the MCU'smost significant second-weekend box office drops. The 67% decline was attributed by Deadline Hollywood to the "bad word of mouth" on the film and its CinemaScore grade. At the same time, Intelligence saw more than 17% downsize of available seats for the film, resulting in fewer showtimes, which also led to the decline.^[85] In its third weekend, the film earned $31.6 million, contributing to the 800-million-dollar mark at the box office to become Hollywood's second-highest-grossing film released during the pandemic behind No Way Home.^[86] The film earned $16.4 million in its fourth weekend, contributing to the total box office that helped it to become the highest-grossing film of 2022 previously held by The Batman.^[87] As of June 2022, the film stands as the 11th highest-grossing of the MCU worldwide.^[88]

In 2023, a majority of the superhero films were released, such as Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania, Shazam! Fury of the Gods, The Flash, Blue Beetle, The Marvels, and Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom, were critical or commercial failures. Only two superhero films released that year, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, managed to do well at the box office, grossing $845 million and $690 million, respectively, turning a profit alongside positive reviews from audiences and critics.^[89]

In 2024, Sony released its fourth film in its Spider-Man Universe, Madame Web, in February. The film was panned by critics and underperformed at the box office. ^[90] In July, the MCU's first film of the year, Deadpool & Wolverine, also happened to be its first R-rated film. It was Hugh Jackman's first X-Men film since 2017's Logan and Ryan Reynolds' Deadpool's MCU debut. So far, the film has been highly acclaimed and has grossed over $1.28 billion worldwide, making it the 23rd-highest-grossing film of all time, the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time, and the second-highest-grossing film of 2024 to date. ^{[91] [92]} The sequel to the 2019 film, Joker, Warner Bros.' Joker: Folie a Deux (not connected to the DCEU), was released in October 2024. Joaquin Phoenix reprised his role as The Joker and Lady Gaga made her superhero film debut as Harley Quinn. Joker: Folie a Deux was followed by Sony Spider-Man Universe films Venom: The Last Dance in November 2024, and Kraven the Hunter in December 2024.^[93]

Throughout the 2010s, superhero films played a major role in the film industry. According to The Hollywood Reporter, "With rare exception, even A+ stars aren't making what they used to" making it "one of the last ways for an actor to earn a major payday". The article says, "If you want to get paid, you have to put on a cape." It also states that characters like Spider-Man and Batman are more important than the actors themselves.^[94]

Since 2022, superhero films (mainly from the MCU) have seen more inconsistent performances. 2023's The Marvels had the worst box-office showing for an MCU film since 2008's The Incredible Hulk amid a broader trend of box office disappointments for superhero films.^[95] Joe Russo disputed that disappointing box office results suggested cultural fatigue with superhero films; instead, he suggested that there may be a "generational divide" in media consumption driving declining box office performance.^[96]

Outside of live-action, animated superhero films have also achieved critical and financial success.^[97][98] Animated superhero films are typically direct-to-video. Batman: Mask of the Phantasm was released theatrically and was a critical success (though a box-office failure).^[99] In 1968, VIP my Brother Superman was released, directed by Italian animator Bruno Bozzetto; it parodied the superhero genre^[100] and was a financial success.^[101] In 2004, Pixar released The Incredibles, about a retired superhero couple and their children, which did extremely well both critically and financially and went on to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. In 2010 DreamWorks Animation released Megamind to middling success.^[102] In 2014, Walt Disney Animation Studios released an adaptation of the Marvel Comics superhero team Big Hero 6. The same year, Warner Bros. released The Lego Movie, which had Batman and other DC Comics superheroes in major and supporting roles. A significant box-office success, it was followed in 2017 by The Lego Batman Movie, as well as DreamWorks Animation's Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie.^{[citation needed]}

In 2018, three theatrical animated superhero films were released to critical and commercial success: Pixar's Incredibles 2, Warner Bros.' Teen Titans Go! To the Movies, and Sony Pictures Animation's Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse. Into the Spider-Verse swept that year's major film awards for animated features, including the Academy Award.^[103] A sequel to Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse came out in 2023, titled Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse to further acclaim. Another Spider-Verse sequel, Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse, is currently in production and set to release soon.^{[citation needed]}

As the number of superhero films being produced increased during the latter end of the 2010s, the genre's contribution to cinema was questioned. In a 2019 interview with Empire magazine, American filmmaker Martin Scorsese commented, "The closest I can think of them, as well made as they are, with actors doing the best they can under the circumstances, is theme parks. It isn't the cinema of human beings trying to convey emotional, psychological experiences to another human being." He stated that the Marvel films were not "cinema".^[104] He later added that he was worried about studios' dependence on the format because in "many places around this country and the world, franchise films are now your primary choice if you want to see something on the big screen. It's a perilous time in film exhibition, and there are fewer independent theaters than ever."^[105] Although, in a New York Times essay, he credited those who work on superhero films, writing:

"Many franchise films are made by people of considerable talent and artistry. You can see it on the screen. The fact that the films themselves don't interest me is a matter of personal taste and temperament. I know that if I were younger, if I'd come of age at a later time, I might have been excited by these pictures and maybe even wanted to make one myself," he wrote, adding, "but I grew up when I did and I developed a sense of movies — of what they were and what they could be — that was as far from the Marvel universe as we on Earth are from Alpha Centauri."^[105]

Criticism of Marvel Studios' films continued with Jennifer Aniston stating that Marvel movies are "diminishing". They believed that there should be a "resurgence" of "the era of Meg Ryan." "Let's get the Terms of Endearment back out there. You know, Heaven Can Wait, Young Frankenstein, Blazing Saddles, Goodbye Girl."^[106] Denis Villeneuve dismissed "too many Marvel films" as being "a cut and paste of others"^[107] and Roland Emmerich stated that large blockbuster films such as the MCU and Star Wars films were "ruining our industry a little" since "nobody does anything original anymore".^[108] However, in March 2022, Nicolas Cage stated that "Marvel has done a really excellent job of entertaining the whole family. They put a lot of thought into it. I mean, it's definitely had a big progression from when I was doing the first two Ghost Rider movies. Kevin Feige, or whoever is behind that machine, has found a masterful way of weaving the stories together and interconnecting all the characters. What could be wrong with wholesome entertainment that is appealing to the parents and the children and gives people something to look forward to?" Cage asked. "I just, I don't see what the issue is."^[109]

Some media commentators have attributed the increasingly popular superhero franchises in the new millennium to the social and political climate in Western society since the September 11 attacks,^[110] although others have argued advances in special effects technology have played a more significant role.^[111] Others have theorized that its box office dominance is in part due to its flexibility, a shared trait from its original publishing origins. Namely, the editorial realities of comic book publishing, which can have series running for decades, encouraged writers to resort to a variety of story situations so diverse, from the fantastic to the relatively realistic, for so long and so often that it has become an expected element of the genre to have such adaptability.^[112] For example, with the common element being that they all feature heroes with extraordinary abilities and typically in a distinctive costume, many successful superhero films have used a plethora of genres such as:

• Horror (Blade),
• Psychological thriller (Unbreakable),
• Period drama (Captain America: The First Avenger),
• Space opera (Guardians of the Galaxy),
• Family film (The Incredibles),
• Teen film (Spider-Man: Homecoming),
• Exploitation comedy (Deadpool),
• Heist film (Ant-Man),
• Fantasy (Doctor Strange),
• Neo-noir (The Dark Knight),
• Political thriller (Captain America: The Winter Soldier),
• Romance (Scott Pilgrim vs. the World), and
• Western (Logan).^[113]

However, there is additional questioning as to how broad or vague the superhero genre is – and whether it could be legitimately classified as a film genre at all – when the basic definition is that of a benevolent hero or antihero with superhuman abilities, in which case many other films not traditionally associated as superhero plots would fall under the description.^[114]

Writer Alan Moore, a veteran of the comics industry known for his work on Watchmen, V for Vendetta, Batman: The Killing Joke, and From Hell, has expressed criticism of modern superhero movies in general, which he once called a "blight" to cinema and "also to culture to a degree." He said in an October 2022 interview with The Guardian that the popularization of the genre on the part of adults is an "infantilization" that can act as "a precursor to fascism." Lamenting at how deeply such films became part of the culture, Moore commented:^[115][116]

"I will always love and adore the comics medium, but the comics industry and all of the stuff attached to it just became unbearable...Hundreds of thousands of adults [are] lining up to see characters and situations that had been created to entertain the 12-year-old boys – and it was always boys – of 50 years ago. I didn't think that superheroes were adult fare. I think that this was a misunderstanding born of what happened in the 1980s – to which I must put my hand up to a considerable share of the blame, though it was not intentional – when things like Watchmen were first appearing. There were an awful lot of headlines saying, 'Comics Have Grown Up'. I tend to think that, no, comics hadn't grown up. There were a few titles that were more adult than people were used to. But the majority of comics titles were pretty much the same as they'd ever been. It wasn't comics growing up. I think it was more comics meeting the emotional age of the audience coming the other way."^[115][116]

In a September 2023 interview with The Telegraph, Moore reiterated this view, saying that what had appealed to him most about output from comics publishers was "no more," saying, "Now they're called 'graphic novels', which sounds sophisticated, and you can charge a lot more for them. These innocent and inventive and imaginative superhero characters from the '40s, '50s and '60s are being recycled to a modern audience as if they were adult fare." During that same interview, journalist Jake Kerridge asked Moore if it was true that he divided the money he had received from onscreen adaptations of his work among the writers and other staff persons of those productions. Moore replied, "I no longer wish it to even be shared with them. I don't feel, with the recent films, that they have stood by what I assumed were their original principles. So, I asked for DC Comics to send all of the money from any future TV series or films to Black Lives Matter."^[117][116]

By the 2020s, the term superhero fatigue had emerged to describe audiences' increasing exhaustion of overly homogeneous superhero films, as evidenced by diminishing box-office returns and poor critical reception. In particular, the Marvel Cinematic Universe has been criticized for over-saturating the market with its expansion to streaming beginning with Phase Four, prompting Marvel Studios to begin rethinking its annual output.^{[118][119][120]}

• Andrzej Kondratiuk's 1970 film Hydrozagadka is a parody of the American ideals glorified in superhero films.^[121]
• Kinka Usher's 1999 film Mystery Men features a group of inept amateur superheroes.
• Another comedic play on superheroes is The Specials, a 2000 film in which the title team is more concerned with their public image than actually being superheroes.
• Kevin Smith's 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back parody film companies' seemingly compulsive purchase of comic book film rights with "Bluntman and Chronic." In the film, the character Brodie Bruce (played by Jason Lee) describes the process: "Well, after X-Men hit at the box office, all the studios started buying out every comic property they could get their dirty little hands-on."
• Mark Hamill's 2004 parody film Comic Book: The Movie, was about a comic book fan and a film adaptation of his favorite character and was released direct-to-video and achieved mild success,^[122] garnering a cult following among comic book readers.
• Craig Mazin directed the more direct parody Superhero Movie, released in 2008.
• 2008's Hancock was a subversion of the genre by having the title character become a reluctant superhero. The movie grossed more than $629 million at the box office.
• Matthew Vaughn directed the 2010 film Kick-Ass, which saw a normal teenager turn to crime fighting. A sequel, Kick-Ass 2 was released in 2013.
• James Gunn directed and wrote the 2010 film Super starring Rainn Wilson.
• Alejandro González Iñárritu's Oscar-winning 2014 film Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) satirizes Hollywood's reliance on superhero and blockbuster films. In the film, Michael Keaton portrays Riggan Thomson, a washed-up Hollywood actor known for playing the superhero Birdman in blockbuster movies decades earlier. He is tormented by Birdman's voice, which mocks and criticizes him, and he sees himself performing feats of levitation and telekinesis.^[123]
• The 2016 movie Deadpool and its 2018 sequel Deadpool 2 were box-office juggernauts, making $782.6 million and $785.8 million, respectively. Deadpool & Wolverine, which was released in 2024, has grossed approximately $1.3 billion and currently sits on the list of highest-grossing superhero films.
• Philippe Lacheau's 2021 French movie Super-héros malgré lui or Super Who? in English follows an actor who landed the role of a superhero named "Badman" but suffers an accident that causes him amnesia. So, he starts believing that he is an actual superhero. The movie references DC and Marvel while making fun of the superhero film genre.^[124]
• Quentin Dupieux’s 2022 French film Fumer Fait Touser (Smoking Causes Coughing) follows a team of five superheroes called the Tobacco Force who, following a battle against a diabolical giant turtle that goes wrong, go on compulsory retreat to strengthen cohesion within their group until an enemy named Lézardin interrupts the retreat to destroy the planet Earth.

According to box office income figures from The Numbers, as of December 2024, the ten highest-grossing superhero films are:

• Avengers: Endgame (2019)
• Avengers: Infinity War (2018)
• Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021)
• The Avengers (2012)
• Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)
• Deadpool & Wolverine (2024)
• Black Panther (2018)
• Iron Man 3 (2013)
• Captain America: Civil War (2016)
• Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019)

The Marvel Cinematic Universe has earned over $31.1 billion.^{[125][126][127]} The highest grossing film to date from the Marvel Cinematic Universe is Avengers: Endgame (2019), grossing $2.799 billion worldwide. It briefly held the record for the highest-grossing film of all time^[128] before being surpassed by a record-breaking re-release of Avatar (2009) in 2021.^[129]

• List of American superhero films
• List of films based on comics
• List of films based on Dark Horse Comics
• List of films based on DC Comics
• List of films based on Image Comics
• List of films based on Marvel Comics
• Superhero fiction

• Lichtenfeld, Eric (2007). Action Speaks Louder: Violence, Spectacle, and the American Action. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6801-4.
• The Staff and Friends of Scarecrow (2003). The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 1-57061-415-6.
• Graeber, David (2012). Super Position (Essay). The New Inquiry.*Graeber, David (October 8, 2012). "Super Position". The New Inquiry. Retrieved January 26, 2023.

• "All Time Worldwide Box Office for Super Hero Movies". The Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2024.