Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500–1899)
Chronological list of country and capital changes
This is a timeline of geopolitical changes around the world between 1500 and 1899. It includes dates of declarations of independence , changes in country name , changes of capital city or name, and changes in territorial ownership such as the annexation , occupation , cession , concession , or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of major military campaigns , but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included.
16th century
Year
Date
Event
1500
22 April
Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives at the coast of Brazil and claims all land in South America east of the Tordesillas Meridian for the Kingdom of Portugal , thus establishing the Portuguese Colony of Brazil .
The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Mombasa .
1501
João da Nova discovers Ascension Island .
The Wadai Sultanate is established.
The Uzbek Khanate is disestablished.
1502
The Golden Horde is disestablished following the death of Shaykh Ahmad .
1503
The Aceh Sultanate is established. Kutaraja is the capital.
1504
The Kingdom of Naples is ceded to the Crown of Aragon .
1505
The colony of Portuguese India is established. Kochi is the capital.
1506
Fall of the Timurid Empire . The Khanate of Bukhara is created from areas of the former empire. Samarkand is the capital.
The Delhi Sultanate moves its capital from Delhi to Agra .
1507
The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Muscat .
1510
The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Goa .
The Grand Duchy of Moscow annexes the Pskov Republic .
1511
The Khanate of Khiva is established in Central Asia . Old Urgench is the capital.
The Kingdom of Portugal conquers Malacca .
1513
Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain .
1514
The Principality of Moldavia becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire .
1515
Algeria becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire as the Regency of Algiers .
1517
The Ottoman Empire conquers Egypt from the Mamluks .
Fall of the Majapahit Empire in Indonesia.
1520
The Sultanate of Maguindanao is established.
1521
13 August
The combined forces of Hernán Cortés conquer Tenochtitlan , capital of the Aztec Empire . The Kingdom of Spain subsequently renames the region Viceroyalty of New Spain . The destroyed capital is rebuilt and renamed México .
Mayadunne establishes the Kingdom of Sitawaka in Sri Lanka from the Sinhala Kingdom at Kotte . Sitawaka is the capital.
A combined Portuguese-Hormuz force led by António Correia conquered Bahrain but briefly lost it to the princes of Al-Hasa the same year. In response, the Portuguese sent another expedition to Bahrain and the Arabian coast to subdue the Al-Hasa and stop their attempts to regain power.
1522
Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the Earth.
1523
The Kalmar Union is dissolved.
1525
14 January
The Teutonic Order relinquishes its rights over its autonomous Livonian Order .
10 April
The Duchy of Prussia emerges from the State of the Teutonic Order . Königsberg is the capital.
1526
Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi , establishing the Mughal Empire . Agra is the capital.
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is elected the next King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia , ruling the lands which would come to be known as the Habsburg monarchy .
After the Battle of Mohács , large parts of Hungary and Croatia fall to the Ottoman Empire .
1527
Thái Tổ establishes the Mạc dynasty in Vietnam .
The Kingdom of Croatia is established as part of the Habsburg monarchy . Zagreb is the capital.
The Bahmani Sultanate is dissolved.
1528
The County of Lippe is established from the Lordship of Lippe . Detmold is the capital.
1529
22 April
Representatives of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain sign the Treaty of Zaragoza , settling each nation's legal boundary of conquest in Asia and Oceania at a meridian c. 144°40' west of Greenwich .
Spain creates the Governorate of New Castile and New Toledo in South America .
14 October
The First Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Empire fails.
1530
26 October
The Order of Saint John annexes Malta and moves the capital from Mdina to Birgu .
The Duchy of Mantua is established in northern Italy. Mantua is the capital.
1532
The Kingdom of France annexes the Duchy of Brittany .
The Duchy of Florence replaces the Republic of Florence . Florence remains the capital.
1533
15 November
Francisco Pizarro leads an army into Cuzco , completing the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire .
The Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam is restored under Trang Tông .
1534
The Kingdom of Portugal divides its Colony of Brazil into 15 independent captaincies.
Spain creates the Governorate of New Andalusia and New León in South America .
The colony of New France is established in North America .
The Ottoman Empire conquers Baghdad from the Safavids .
1537
Denmark-Norway emerges as a dual monarchy after the withdrawal of the Kingdom of Sweden from the Kalmar Union .
1536
King Ferdinand I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Pozsony .
1539
24 January
Spain claims the territories to the south of the Strait of Magellan creating the Governorate of Terra Australis .
1540
Sher Shah Suri establishes the Sur Empire , which dominates northern India and follows the Mughal Empire . Sasaram is the capital.
1542
The Kingdom of Ireland supersedes the feudal Lordship of Ireland .
The Kingdom of England annexes the Principality of Wales .
The Viceroyalty of Peru is established as an overseas territory of Spain .
1545
The Trịnh lords establish de facto control over northern Vietnam .
The Duchy of Parma is established from parts of the Duchy of Milan .
1547
Ivan the Terrible proclaims the Tsardom of Russia , which follows the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Moscow is the capital.
1548
County of Stolberg is divided into Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg-Rochefort.
1549
The Kingdom of Portugal establishes a central government for its Colony of Brazil , with Salvador as the capital.
The Saadi dynasty is established in Morocco . Taroudant is the capital.
1550
The Kingdom of Loango is established.
1552
The Ottoman Empire conquers Muscat from Portugal .
The Tsardom of Russia annexes the Khanate of Kazan .
1554
Fall of the Wattasid dynasty in Morocco .
1555
The Republic of Siena is conquered by the Kingdom of Spain and most of it is granted to the Duchy of Florence . The Stato dei Presidi remain with Spain.
The Safavids in Persia move their capital from Tabriz to Qazvin .
1556
The Sur Empire is annexed by the restored Mughal Empire .
1557
Portugal establishes a settlement in Macau .
1558
18 July
Russia conquers the Bishopric of Dorpat in Estonia .
France reconquers Calais from England .
The Nguyễn lords establish de facto control over central and southern Vietnam .
1559
November
The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek in Western Estonia is sold to Denmark .
The Mali Empire moves its capital from Niani to Kangaba .
The Kingdom of Gorkha is founded. Gorkha is the capital.
1560
20 May
The Bishopric of Courland in Western Latvia is sold to Denmark .
Lan Xang in Laos moves its capital from Luang Prabang to Vientiane .
1561
4 June
The northern Livonian Order regions of Harrien -Wierland (without Reval ) and Jerwen pledge allegiance to Sweden .
6 June
The northern Livonian Order town Reval pledges allegiance to Sweden .
28 November
The Treaty of Vilnius dissolves the Livonian Order , which is in part organized as the Principality of Livonia in personal union with Lithuania , and in part organized as the Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia , taking effect on 5 March 1562. The Archbishopric of Riga also becomes a vassal state of Lithuania and the former condominium town of Riga becomes a free imperial city .
1562
Turin replaces Chambéry as capital of the Duchy of Savoy .
1563
Sweden conquers from Denmark the former areas of the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek in Wiek and Dagö , leaving Denmark only with its possessions in Ösel .
1564
The Bailiff of Soneburg of the former Livonian Order , now the Principality of Livonia , sells its bailiwick in the West Estonian archipelago to the Danish -controlled former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek . In return, Denmark cedes its nominal rights over Swedish -controlled Wiek to the Lithuanian Principality of Livonia.
1565
The Kingdom of Spain establishes a colony in the Philippines with its administrative centre in Cebu .
1566
25 December
The Union of Grodno turns the personal union between the Principality of Livonia and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a real union and the former is reorganized as the Duchy of Livonia . The Lithuanian vassal state Archbishopric of Riga is annexed to the Duchy of Livonia.
1569
1 July
The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania unite to form the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Vilnius yields to Kraków as the capital.
27 August
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is established from the Duchy of Florence . Florence remains the capital.
1570
10 June
The Kingdom of Livonia is established as a vassal state of Russia in some of its conquered lands in Livonia .
13 December
Denmark cedes its nominal rights over Dagö and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cedes its nominal rights over Harrien -Wierland (including Reval ), Jerwen and Wiek to Sweden .
1571
18 March
The Order of Saint John moves the capital of Malta from Birgu to Valletta .
The Mughal Empire moves its capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri .
The Kingdom of Spain conquers the Luzon Empire .
1572
9 May
The Danish -controlled former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is annexed as Danish Ösel .
1573
The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital at Salvador ) and South Brazil (capital at Rio de Janeiro ).
The Gujarat Sultanate is annexed by the Mughal Empire .
In Japan , the Azuchi-Momoyama period follows the Sengoku period .
The Ottoman Empire conquers the island of Cyprus from the Republic of Venice .
1575
The Kingdom of Portugal establishes colonies on the coast of Angola .
The capital of Chile is moved from Concepción to Santiago .
1576
The Bengal Sultanate is annexed by the Mughal Empire .
1577
The Russian vassal state Kingdom of Livonia is disestablished.
The Adal Sultanate is disestablished.
1578
The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil . The capital is Salvador .
The Danish -controlled Bishopric of Courland becomes a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth .
1579
The Duchy of the Archipelago is annexed by the Ottoman Empire .
1580
July
Yermak Timofeyevich invades the territory of the Voguls , beginning the Russian conquest of Siberia .
A personal union of the Monarchy of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal results in the Iberian Union .
1581
14 January
The Treaty of Drohiczyn cedes the free imperial city of Riga to the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia .
26 July
The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain .
1582
15 January
The Truce of Yam-Zapolsky cedes the Russian -controlled areas in former central and southern Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth .
1583
10 August
The Treaty of Plussa cedes all the remaining Russian -controlled areas in former Livonia to Sweden .
1584
20 March
Areas under Swedish control in Northern Estonia are annexed as the Duchy of Estonia .
1585
The Treaty of Kronborg formally cedes the nominally Danish but Polish-Lithuanian -controlled former Bishopric of Courland to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The Kingdom of Luba is established in central Africa.
1586
The Mughal Empire moves its capital from Fatehpur Sikri to Lahore . In the same year the capital is moved again to Agra .
Portugal establishes the colony of Portuguese Timor .
1590
Through its victory in the Ottoman-Safavid War , the Ottoman Empire expands eastwards.
1591
Fall of the Songhai Empire in West Africa.
1592
Japan invades the Korean Peninsula under Toyotomi Hideyoshi with the aim of attacking the Ming dynasty of China .
1594
Vimaladharmasuriya I moves the capital of the Sinhala Kingdom to Kandy , Sri Lanka.
1596
Willem Barentsz makes the first indisputable discovery of the Svalbard archipelago.
1597
The Duchy of Ferrara becomes part of the Papal States .
1598
Kuchum , Khan of Sibir , is killed in battle with Russian forces, thus completing the Russian conquest of Siberia .
Japan withdraws from the Korean Peninsula after being pushed back by Chinese and Korean troops.
The Safavids move their capital from Qazvin to Isfahan .
17th century
1600s
1610s
1620s
1630s
1640s
Year
Date
Event
1640
1 December
The Kingdom of Portugal separates from personal union with the Monarchy of Spain .
The Emirate of Trarza is established in North Africa.
1641
The Kingdom of Portugal loses Malacca , Annobón , and Angola to the Republic of the Seven United Provinces .
1644
30 October
The Qing dynasty supersedes the Ming dynasty as the legitimate dynasty of China . Beijing is the capital.
Hongguang establishes the Southern Ming dynasty in China .
The Saybrook Colony is sold to the Connecticut Colony .
1645
13 August
The Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths cedes Jämtland , Härjedalen , Idre & Särna , Gotland , Ösel , and Halland , the latter for a period of 30 years, to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Brömsebro .
1646
The Vijayanagara Empire is dissolved.
1648
The Kingdom of England colonizes the Bahamas .[ 5]
The Thirty Years' War ends with the Peace of Westphalia .
The Netherlands , Switzerland , and many Italian city-states are made independent of the Holy Roman Empire (Peace of Westphalia ).
The Duchy of Pomerania is divided between Sweden (Swedish Pomerania ) and Brandenburg-Prussia (Farther Pomerania ), although the precise borders would not be determined until 1653 (Peace of Westphalia ).
France receives the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (except Strasbourg , the Diocese of Strasbourg , and Mulhouse ) and the city of Pignerol from the Spanish Duchy of Milan (Peace of Westphalia ).
The Mughal Empire moves its capital from Agra to Delhi .
The Kingdom of Portugal takes back Angola from the Republic of the Seven United Provinces .
1649
19 May
The republican Commonwealth of England supersedes the Kingdom of England after the English Civil War .
Grenada is acquired by the Kingdom of France .
1650s
Year
Date
Event
1650
The Commonwealth of England colonizes Anguilla with settlers from Saint Kitts .[ 6] [ 7]
1652
The Dutch East India Company establishes the Dutch Cape Colony .
1653
4 May
The precise borders between Swedish Pomerania and Farther Pomerania (Brandenburg-Prussia) are determined by the Treaty of Stettin .
1654
During the Dutch-Portuguese War , the Kingdom of Portugal conquers the colony of Dutch Brazil from the Republic of the Seven United Provinces .
1655
The colony of New Sweden falls to the Dutch .
1656
The former Bishopric of Courland , until then in personal union with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , is sold to the Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and becomes its vassal state instead.
1657
The Treaty of Bromberg gives the Duchy of Prussia its sovereignty.
1658
26 February
Denmark-Norway cedes Skåne , Blekinge , Halland , Bornholm , Båhus , and Trøndelag to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Roskilde .
16 December
The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland supersedes the Commonwealth of England , the Kingdom of Scotland , and the Kingdom of Ireland . Edinburgh and Dublin yield to London as the capital.
During the Dutch-Portuguese War , the Dutch gain control of Portuguese-held possessions in Sri Lanka from the Kingdom of Portugal .
1659
The Kingdom of France establishes the colony of Saint-Louis as the first French settlement in Africa.
Treaty of the Pyrenees : Artois , Roussillon ,and Perpignan are annexed by Kingdom of France .
5 May
The British East India Company takes possession of Saint Helena .
Fall of the Saadi dynasty in Morocco .
1660s
Year
Date
Event
1660
4 April
The restored Kingdom of England , Kingdom of Scotland , and Kingdom of Ireland supersede the republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland . London , Edinburgh , and Dublin are the respective capitals.
3 May
The Treaty of Oliva cedes Runö Island in Estonia from the Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia to Sweden .
27 May
The Kingdom of Sweden cedes Trøndelag and Bornholm to Denmark-Norway as part of the Treaty of Copenhagen .
1661
25 February
The former Bishopric of Courland , a vassal state of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (itself a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ), comes into personal union with Courland and Semigallia.
14 June
The Kingdom of Tungning is proclaimed in Taiwan .
Portuguese India cedes the port of Bombay to the British as dowry to King Charles II of England
The Kingdom of Portugal hands Tangier over to the Kingdom of England as a dowry.
1662
The Southern Ming dynasty ends with the conquest by the Qing dynasty .
Dutch Formosa is conquered by the Southern Ming dynasty .
1663
The Duchy of Massa and Carrara is established. Massa is the capital.
1664
The Dutch Republic signs the Treaty of Breda , which cedes New Netherland to the Kingdom of England .
The Delaware Colony is founded in North America. New Castle is the capital.
The New Jersey Colony is founded in North America.
The New York Colony is founded in North America. New York City is the capital.
The New Haven Colony is merged into the Connecticut Colony .
The French East India Company is founded.
The Alaouite dynasty is established in Morocco .
1665
The Kingdom of Lunda is established in central Africa.
The Kingdom of England establishes the Colony of Jamaica . Spanish Town is the capital.
1666
The Khanate of Kalat is established.
The Kingdom of France conquers Anguilla from the Kingdom of England .[ 8]
1667
9 February
The Truce of Andrusovo . Left-Bank Ukraine , Kyiv , and Smolensk is given to the Russian Tsardom . Poland-Lithuania was left with Right-Bank Ukraine , and Russian-occupied Belarus with Vitebsk , Polotsk , and Dzwinsk . Zaporizhzhia was recognized as a condominium of both states.
31 July
The Kingdom of France returns Anguilla to the Kingdom of England according to the Treaty of Breda .[ 7]
1668
2 May
Kingdom of France acquires Armentières , Bergues , Charleroi , Kortrijk , Douai , Veurne , Lille , Oudenaarde and Tournai (Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ).
1670s
1680s
1690s
18th century
1700s
1710s
Year
Date
Event
1710
The Kong Empire is established in West Africa.
1711
21 July
The Tsardom of Russia returns Azov to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of the Pruth .
The Principality of Transylvania is integrated de jure into the Habsburg monarchy as a crown land .
Cap-François becomes the capital of the French colony of Saint-Domingue .
The Duchy of Mirandola becomes part of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio .
1712
The Carolina Colony is split into the North Carolina Colony and the South Carolina Colony .
The Tsardom of Russia moves its capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg .
1713
March–April
The Treaty of Utrecht is signed. The Kingdom of Great Britain takes sovereignty over Gibraltar and Menorca from the Kingdom of Spain . Spain also cedes Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan to Savoy ; the Spanish Netherlands , the Kingdom of Naples , Sardinia , and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor ; and lands in South America between the Amazon River and the Oiapoque River to the Kingdom of Portugal .
July
The Kingdom of France conquers Kaiserslautern , Landau , and Breisgau .
1714
7 March
The Austrian Netherlands follow the Spanish Netherlands . Brussels is the capital.
The Duchy of Milan , the Kingdom of Sardinia , the Kingdom of Naples , and the Spanish Netherlands are ceded by the Kingdom of Spain to the Habsburg monarchy .
The Habsburg monarchy receives Freiburg im Breisgau and several other small territories on its eastern borders from France , but France keeps Landau .
11 September
Fall of the Crown of Aragon , invaded by the Crown of Castile , marked by the Siege of Barcelona and the annexation of the Principality of Catalonia . A unified Kingdom of Spain is created through the Nueva Planta decrees .
The Electorate of Hanover enters into a personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain .
1715
28 November
Spain integrates the Kingdom of Majorca , the last part of the Crown of Aragon , through invasion.
The Kingdom of Spain returns Colonia del Sacramento to the Kingdom of Portugal .
The Kingdom of France annexes Mauritius after the Dutch abandon it.
The Nueva Planta decrees abolish the Crown of Castile and make it part of the centralized Kingdom of Spain .
1717
27 May
The Viceroyalty of New Granada is established from parts of the Viceroyalty of Peru as an overseas territory of the Kingdom of Spain .
The former Bishopric of Courland , until then in personal union with the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (itself a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ), comes into personal union directly with Poland-Lithuania.
1718
21 July
The Ottoman Empire cedes to the Habsburg monarchy the territories of Banat , southeastern Syrmia , central Serbia , part of northern Bosnia , and part of Wallachia (an Ottoman vassal) known as Oltenia (Treaty of Passarowitz ).
The Kingdom of Serbia is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz ).
The Banat of Temeswar is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz ).
Venice returns Morea (gained by the Treaty of Karlowitz ) and its Cretan holdings to the Ottomans.
The Ottoman Empire cede parts of Dalmatia (Imotski , Sinj , and Vrgorac ).
1719
9 November
Sweden cedes Bremen-Verden to the Electorate of Hanover .
1720s
1730s
1740s
1750s
1760s
1770s
Year
Date
Event
1770
28 April
James Cook reaches Australia and takes possession of the land for the Kingdom of Great Britain .
The capital of the French colony of Saint-Domingue is moved from Cap-François to Port-au-Prince .
1772
5 August
The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria is founded as the crown land of the Habsburg monarchy . Lemberg is the capital.
First partition of Poland .
The Kingdom of Portugal divides its colony of the State of Great-Pará and Maranhão into the State of Great-Pará (capital at Belém ) and the State of Maranhão (capital at São Luis ).
Following Ayutthaya 's destruction in 1767, the new capital of Siam is created in Thonburi .
1774
The County of Oldenburg is made the Duchy of Oldenburg .
1775
The Kingdom of Portugal reunites its South American colonies of the State of Brazil , the State of Great-Pará , and the State of Maranhão into the Colony of Brazil . Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
The Habsburg monarchy annexes the northwestern part of Moldavia (later known as Bukovina ).
1776
4 March
The American colonies occupy Nassau from the British during the American Revolutionary War .
17 March
The American colonies abandon Nassau , returning control to the British during the American Revolutionary War .
4 May
The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain . Providence is the capital.
4 July
Thirteen British colonies in North America, including the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , collectively declare their independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , as the United States of America . Philadelphia is the first of eight cities that will serve as a temporary capital until 1800.
20 December
The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Baltimore .
The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata is separated from the Viceroyalty of Peru . The Kingdom of Chile losses the cities of Mendoza and San Juan (Cuyo Province). Buenos Aires is the capital.
The Durrani Empire moves its capital from Kandahar to Kabul . The winter capital is Peshawar .
1777
15 January
The Republic of New Connecticut declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain . Westminster is the temporary capital.
4 March
The United States of America moves its temporary capital back from Baltimore to Philadelphia .
4 June
The Republic of New Connecticut moves its capital from Westminster to Windsor .
8 July
The Republic of New Connecticut changes its name to the Vermont Republic .
27 September
The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Lancaster for one day, following the capture of Philadelphia by British forces.
30 September
The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Lancaster to York .
1 October
The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the First Treaty of San Ildefonso , confirming almost all the borders defined by the Treaty of Madrid , with the exception that Spain will rule both Colonia del Sacramento and the Misiones Orientales .
1778
11 June
The Vermont Republic claims the "East Union", consisting of some towns in New Hampshire which had petitioned earlier in the year to join with Vermont. Vermont never gains full control over the area.[ 16] [ 18]
27 July
The United States of America moves its temporary capital from York back to Philadelphia .
21 October
The Vermont Republic rescinds its claim to the "East Union", consisting of some towns in New Hampshire .[ 18] [ 19]
Thái Đức establishes the Tây Sơn dynasty in Vietnam .
The Kingdom of Portugal cedes Annobón and Bioko to the Kingdom of Spain .
The Kingdom of Champasak becomes a vassal state of Siam .
1780s
1790s
19th century
1800s
Year
Date
Event
1800
5 September
French forces in Malta surrender to the British. The island becomes the British protectorate of Malta with Valletta as capital.
1 October
After a secretly negotiated treaty between France and Spain , Spain returns the North American colony of Louisiana to France.
17 November
The United States of America moves its capital from Philadelphia to its permanent location at Washington in the District of Columbia .
1 February
The Dutch East Indies are established by the Batavian Republic after the dissolution of the Dutch East India Company . Batavia is the capital.
17 February
The French département of Mont-Terrible is merged into the département of Haut-Rhin .
1801
1 January
The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland unite to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Dublin yields to London as the capital.
6 June
The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of Badajoz , by which Spain cedes the South American Misiones Orientales to Portugal, and Portugal cedes Olivenza to Spain.
20 August
The Gozitan Nation is annexed by the British protectorate of Malta .
12 September
The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti is annexed by the Russian Empire .
Egypt again falls under the control of the Ottoman Empire .
1802
26 January
The Cisalpine Republic is renamed the Italian Republic .
25 March
The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of British Ceylon in Sri Lanka.
Napoleon separates the Canton of Valais from the Helvetic Republic to form the Rhodanic Republic .
Gia Long establishes the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam . Huế is the capital.
Trinidad becomes a British colony.
1803
19 February
The Act of Mediation converts the Helvetic Republic into the Swiss Confederation .
27 April
The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss results in the following geopolitical changes:
The Ottoman Empire reconquers Iraq from the Mamluk dynasty .
1804
1 January
The French colony of Saint-Domingue on Hispaniola declares its independence from the French Republic as Haiti . Port-au-Prince remains the capital.
4 March
The French Republic sells La Louisiane to the United States of America in the Louisiana Purchase . New Orleans (Nouvelle-Orléans ) is the capital of the unorganized territory.
18 May
The first French Empire supersedes the first French Republic .
11 August
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor , establishes the Austrian Empire . Vienna is the capital.
22 September
Jean-Jacques Dessalines establishes the Empire of Haiti .
The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria becomes part of the Austrian Empire .
The Sokoto Caliphate is established.
1805
July
France annexes the Principality of Piombino and the Republic of Lucca and reconstitutes them as the Principality of Lucca and Piombino .
4 July
France annexes the Ligurian Republic .
26 December
The Electorate of Bavaria is raised to the Kingdom of Bavaria . Munich is the capital.
1806
8 January
The United Kingdom establishes the Cape Colony . Cape Town is the capital.
5 June
The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands ) supersedes the Batavian Republic .
25 July
Napoleon I of France establishes the Confederation of the Rhine . Frankfurt is the capital.
6 August
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor , dissolves the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation .
13 August
The Grand Duchy of Hesse follows the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt . Darmstadt is the capital.
30 August
The Duchy of Nassau is established as a state of the Confederation of the Rhine . Weilburg and Wiesbaden are the capitals.
17 October
The Empire of Haiti collapses upon the assassination of Emperor Jacques I . Haiti splits in two, with the State of Haiti in the north and the Republic of Haiti in the south. The capitals are Milot and Port-au-Prince , respectively.
24 October
The Grand Duchy of Baden follows the Electorate of Baden. Karlsruhe is the capital.
20 December
The Electorate of Saxony is raised to the Kingdom of Saxony . Dresden is the capital.
1807
July
Napoleon Bonaparte creates the Duchy of Warsaw from land ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia by the Treaties of Tilsit .
9 September
The Free City of Danzig is established as a client state of France .
7 December
The Kingdom of Westphalia is established as a client state of France .
10 December
France annexes the Kingdom of Etruria .
1808
1 January
Sierra Leone is established as a crown colony of the United Kingdom . Freetown is the capital.
31 January
The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Republic of Ragusa .
7 March
The Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves removes the capital from Lisbon to exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .
Spain becomes a client state of the First French Empire after the country is partially occupied by French forces and Joseph I is set as king by Napoleon .
1809
29 March
The Russian Tsar is declared Grand-duke of Finland , effectively separating Finland from Sweden and turning it into a Russian autonomous duchy.
17 September
Sweden officially cedes Finland to Russia through the Peace of Hamina .
14 October
The Treaty of Schönbrunn results in the following geopolitical changes:
Napoleon Bonaparte dissolves the Teutonic Knights ; their lands are redistributed between neighboring states of the Holy Roman Empire , mostly to Württemberg .
The United Kingdom occupies the Ionian Islands .
1810s
Year
Date
Event
1810
20 February
The Russian Empire annexes the Kingdom of Imereti .
April
Kamehameha I unifies the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi .
19 April
The First Republic of Venezuela is established, starting the Venezuelan War of Independence from Spain .
22 May
By the terms of the Treaty of Paris , the Principality of Regensburg is formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Bavaria .
25 May
During the May Revolution , the Spanish viceroy in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Argentina , Bolivia , Paraguay , and Uruguay ) is replaced by the Primera Junta , and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is established. Buenos Aires remains the capital.
13 July
The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands ) is annexed by the First French Empire .
20 July
Colombia declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain .
16 September
México declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain .
18 September
Chile installs an autonomous government recognizing the Monarchy of Spain because of the absence of King Ferdinand VII . Santiago is the capital.
26 September
The Republic of West Florida declares independence from the Monarchy of Spain .[ 30]
10 December
The United States of America takes control of the Republic of West Florida .[ 30]
13 December
France annexes northern Germany (Hamburg , Bremen , Lübeck , Salm , Arenberg , Oldenburg , parts of Westphalia , and Berg ).
The Principality of Bayreuth is sold to the Kingdom of Bavaria by France .
The Rhodanic Republic is annexed by France and becomes the département of Simplon .
1811
28 March
The Kingdom of Haiti supersedes the State of Haiti . Cap-Haïtien is the capital.
14 May
Paraguay gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain . Asunción is the capital.
5 July
Venezuela declares independence from the Monarchy of Spain .
27 November
The United Provinces of New Granada (modern Colombia ) are established.
The United Kingdom annexes the island of Java .
1812
14 May
France annexes Catalonia from Spain , creating the départements of Bouches-de-l'Èbre , Montserrat , Sègre , and Ter . Andorra is also annexed and incorporated into the département of Sègre.
28 May
The eastern portion of the Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia ) is ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Bucharest .
28 July
The First Republic of Venezuela is crushed by the Spanish Empire .
1813
23 July
The British Malta Colony supersedes the Malta Protectorate .
7 August
The Second Republic of Venezuela is declared.
12 October
Paraguay becomes the Republic of Paraguay .
19 October
The Confederation of the Rhine is dissolved.
26 October
The Kingdom of Westphalia is dissolved.
2 December
The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is created from the ruins of the first French Empire . Amsterdam is the capital.
11 December
The Treaty of Valençay formally ends the Peninsular War , restoring Ferdinand VII of Spain and releasing the country from being a client state of the Napoleonic French Empire .
1814
14 January
The Kingdom of Norway secedes from Denmark–Norway . Christiania is the capital.
29 March
The Netherlands are reestablished from France as the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands .
6 April
The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the First French Empire .
11 April
Napoleon Bonaparte abdicates from the Italian throne, effectively dissolving the Kingdom.
17 May
The Kingdom of Sardinia reclaims its mainland territory and annexes the land of the former Republic of Genoa , a move which is ratified by the Congress of Vienna the following year.
Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden through the Peace of Kiel .
The Kingdom of Norway declares full independence, electing its own king and adopting its own constitution.
2 October
The Monarchy of Spain reconquers Chile .
4 November
The Kingdom of Norway joins a personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden . Stockholm and Christiania are the capitals.
Various Italian states are reinstated, including the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal States .
The Principality of Andorra declares independence from the First French Empire . Andorra la Vella is the capital.
Java is returned from the United Kingdom to the Netherlands .
1815
2 March
The Kandyan Convention disestablishes the Kingdom of Kandy and establishes British Ceylon in Sri Lanka. Colombo is the capital.
16 March
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands supersedes the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands . Amsterdam and Brussels are the joint capitals.
20 March
The first French Empire supersedes the Kingdom of France .
9 June
The Congress of Vienna results in the following geopolitical changes:
The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia is formed from the Milanese and Venetian portions of the Kingdom of Italy and becomes a crown land of the Austrian Empire .
Austria gains the territory of the former Republic of Ragusa .
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is re-established and given Piombino .
The Duchy of Lucca is created in place of the former Republic of Lucca .
The Duchy of Warsaw is partitioned into the Grand Duchy of Posen (Prussia ), Congress Poland (Russia ), and the Free City of Kraków (jointly controlled by Prussia, Russia, and Austria).
The Kingdom of Prussia is awarded Danzig , much of the Kingdom of Saxony , Westphalia , and the Rhineland .
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands is created from the former Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands , with Luxembourg in a personal union.
Swedish Pomerania is ceded to Prussia.
Hanover becomes the Kingdom of Hanover and annexes the former territories of the Bishop of Münster and East Frisia .
The Duchy of Lauenburg is ceded by Hanover to Denmark .
The Kingdom of Bavaria gains the Palatinate and parts of the Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt .
Hesse-Darmstadt gains Rhenish Hesse .
British control of various colonies, including the Cape Colony , Tobago , and Sri Lanka , is recognized.
The United States of the Ionian Islands is formed as a British protectorate.
The German Confederation is established. Frankfurt is the capital.
29 June
The Federal League , an alliance of several Argentine Provinces and what is now Uruguay , is established.
8 July
The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the first French Empire .
21 November
Miloš Obrenović establishes the Principality of Serbia . Kragujevac is the capital.
16 December
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves . Rio de Janeiro remains the capital-in-exile.
The capital of Bermuda is moved from St George to Hamilton .
1816
9 July
The United Provinces in South America (Argentina , Bolivia , and Uruguay ) declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain . Buenos Aires remains the capital.
6 May
The Spanish reconquest of New Granada ends the early Colombian independent governments .
Shaka establishes the Zulu Kingdom in southern Africa.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is established from the merger of the Kingdom of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples . Palermo is the capital.
1817
20 January
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves occupies the Banda Oriental (Uruguay ) as Cisplatina .
12 February
The State of Chile declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain . Santiago is the capital.
5 April
The Battle of Maipú secures the independence of Chile from Spain .
The capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is moved from Palermo to Naples .
1819
30 January
The Treaty of 1818 sets the 49th parallel north , west of the Lake of the Woods , as the international border between the United States of America and British North America , and also establishes the Oregon Country as a shared region.[ 31] [ 32]
7 August
The United Provinces of New Granada gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain . Bogotá is the capital.
17 December
Gran Colombia is established from the previous Second Republic of Venezuela , United Provinces of New Granada , and the Presidency of Quito .
1820s
Year
Date
Event
1820
1 February
The Federal League defeats the central government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Battle of Cepeda . The Federal League is dissolved and the Argentine Provinces resume their individual sovereignties, delegating their representation in foreign affairs to the Province of Buenos Aires .
8 October
The Kingdom of Haiti collapses upon the suicide of King Henri I . Haiti is unified under the Republic of Haiti with its capital at Port-au-Prince .
The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi establishes its capital at Lāhainā .
The Trucial States emerge as a British protectorate.
The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman is established from the merger of the Sultanate of Muscat and the Imamate of Oman .
1821
19 February
In the Adams–Onís Treaty , the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain define a border between their North American possessions, leading to some land being swapped.
25 March
Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire . Nafplion is the capital.
3 July
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves returns the capital from exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , to Lisbon .
10 July
Spain formally cedes East Florida to the United States of America under the Adams–Onís Treaty .[ 35]
17 July
Spain formally cedes West Florida to the United States of America under the Adams–Onís Treaty .[ 35]
18 July
Cisplatina formally declares itself part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves .
28 July
Peru declares its independence from the Kingdom of Spain . Lima is the capital.
3 August
Peru becomes the State of Peru .
24 August
The Monarchy of Spain recognizes the independence of the Mexican Empire .
15 September
The Republic of Guatemala , the Republic of Honduras , the Republic of Nicaragua , and the Republic of El Salvador become independent from the Monarchy of Spain . Guatemala City , Comayagua , Managua , and San Salvador are the respective capitals.
21 September
The Republic of Costa Rica gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain . Cartago is the capital.
28 November
Panama gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain .
December
Panama unites with Gran Colombia .
1 December
The Republic of Spanish Haiti gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain . Santo Domingo is the capital.
The Alaska Boundary Dispute between the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom begins.
The Gold Coast is established as a British colony.
1822
9 February
Haiti annexes the Republic of Spanish Haiti . Santo Domingo yields to Port-au-Prince as the capital.
7 September
The Independent Kingdom of Brazil declares its independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves . Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
12 October
The Empire of Brazil supersedes the Independent Kingdom of Brazil .
19 December
The Peruvian Republic supersedes the State of Peru .
1823
16 May
The Republic of Costa Rica moves its capital from Cartago to San José .
July
The Republic of Guatemala , the Republic of El Salvador , the Republic of Nicaragua , the Republic of Honduras , and the Republic of Costa Rica unite to form the Federal Republic of Central America . Guatemala City is the capital.
4 October
The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire upon the execution of Agustín de Iturbide .
The Emirate of Afghanistan follows the Durrani Empire . Kabul is the capital.
1824
2 July
The Confederation of the Equator declares independence from the Empire of Brazil . Recife is the capital, but the Confederation capitulates and is reabsorbed later in the year.
6 August
Bolivia declares independence from the Monarchy of Spain and refuses to join either Peru or the United Provinces of South America .
9 December
The Battle of Ayacucho ends the Spanish American wars of independence in South America .
1825
16 July
The border of the British colony of New South Wales is extended from 133°E to 129°E.
6 August
The Bolivian Republic gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain at the conclusion of the Bolivian War of Independence . Chuquisaca (later Sucre ) is the capital.
25 August
Cisplatina declares its independence from the Empire of Brazil and reunites with the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata .
29 August
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves recognizes the independence of the Empire of Brazil .
15 November
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves changes its name back to the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves .
3 December
Van Diemen's Land is declared a separate British colony to New South Wales .
The Netherlands administratively combines its three colonies of Suriname , Curaçao and Dependencies (the ABC islands ), and Sint Eustatius and Dependencies (the SSS islands ). The capital is Paramaribo .
1826
8 February
The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is proclaimed as a centralist and unitary state .
9 July
The Republic of Chile supersedes the State of Chile .
14 August
The Straits Settlements administrative unit is established and managed by the British East India Company . It consists of Penang , Dinding , Malacca , and Singapore .
British Malaya is established and managed by the British East India Company .
Following the First Anglo-Burmese War , Burma is forced to cede Assam , Manipur , Arakan , and Tenasserim to the British East India Company .
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is created from the merger of the Duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha . Coburg and Gotha are the respective capitals.
1827
14 June
The United Kingdom claims the Bonin Islands .[ 37]
18 August
The centralist and unitary state of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is dissolved. The Argentine Provinces resume their individual sovereignties, delegating their representation in foreign affairs to the Province of Buenos Aires .
1828
27 August
The Banda Oriental gains independence from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata as the Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay . Montevideo is the capital.
The Misiones Orientales are awarded to the Empire of Brazil .
The Kingdom of Vientiane is annexed by Siam .
1829
The British Swan River Colony is established in western Australia.
1830s
Year
Date
Event
1830
3 February
The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of the First Hellenic Republic . Nafplio is the capital.
13 May
The Republic of Ecuador and the Republic of Venezuela declare independence from Gran Colombia . Quito and Caracas are the respective capitals.
28 June
The Oriental State of Uruguay is created from the Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay.
5 July
The Unitarian League is created among the Argentine provinces of San Luis , La Rioja , Catamarca , Mendoza , San Juan , Tucumán , Córdoba , Salta , and Santiago del Estero .
4 October
Belgium declares its independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands . Brussels is the capital.
France conquers the Regency of Algiers from the Ottoman Empire .
1831
4 January
The United Kingdom combines Essequibo -Demerara and Berbice as the Crown Colony of British Guiana . Georgetown is the capital.
The Federal Pact is signed by the Province of Buenos Aires , the Province of Entre Ríos , and the Province of Santa Fe , beginning the Argentine Confederation .
21 July
Belgium becomes the Kingdom of Belgium .
9 August
The Province of Mendoza joins the Federal Pact .
19 August
The Province of Corrientes joins the Federal Pact .
20 August
The Province of Córdoba and the Province of Santiago del Estero join the Federal Pact .
12 October
The Province of La Rioja joins the Federal Pact .
20 October
The Republic of New Granada supersedes Gran Colombia .
1832
6 February
The colony of Western Australia supersedes the British Swan River Colony in Australia.
13 April
The Province of San Luis joins the Federal Pact .
May
The Kingdom of Greece supersedes the First Hellenic Republic .
The Province of San Juan joins the Federal Pact .
4 July
The Province of Salta joins the Federal Pact .
8 July
The Province of Tucumán joins the Federal Pact .
9 July
The Republic of Indian Stream declares independence from both the United States of America and the United Kingdom , as it was disputed territory.[ 38]
3 September
The Province of Catamarca joins the Federal Pact . End of the Unitarian League .
1833
3 January
The United Kingdom removes a garrison installed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in October 1832, thereby reasserting its claim to sovereignty over the Falkland Islands . Port Louis becomes the capital.
The Falkland Islands become a colony of the United Kingdom . Port Louis is the capital.
1834
The Republic of Maryland is established. Harper is the capital.
The Federal Republic of Central America moves its capital from Guatemala City to San Salvador .
The Kingdom of Greece moves its capital from Nafplio to Athens .
1835
5 August
The Republic of Indian Stream is annexed by the United States of America .[ 39] [ a]
23 October
The Mexican Republic supersedes the United Mexican States .
1836
2 March
The Republic of Texas declares its independence from Mexico . Washington-on-the-Brazos is the first of six cities that will serve as the temporary capital until 1839.
17 March
The Republic of South Peru secedes from the Peruvian Republic . Cusco is the capital.
11 August
The Republic of North Peru supersedes the Peruvian Republic .
6 September
The Riograndense Republic declares independence from Brazil . Piratini is the first of five provisional capitals.
28 October
The Republic of North Peru , the Republic of South Peru , and the Bolivian Republic unite to form the Peru-Bolivian Confederation . Tacna is the capital.
28 December
The colony of South Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales .
1838
5 November
The Republic of Costa Rica , the Republic of Nicaragua , and the Republic of Honduras secede from the Federal Republic of Central America . San José , Managua , and Comayagua are the respective capitals.
30 November
The United Kingdom annexes Pitcairn Island .
1839
20 January
Chile and Peruvian dissidents win decisevly the Battle of Yungay against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation , starting the fall of the union.
19 April
The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg becomes independent, but remains in personal union with the Netherlands as a result of the Treaty of London .
24 July
The Juliana Republic declares independence from Brazil . Laguna is the capital. The Republic capitulates and is reabsorbed later in the year.
25 August
The Peruvian Republic and the Bolivian Republic are formed from the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation . Lima and Sucre (previously Chuquisaca ) are the respective capitals.
17 October
The Republic of Texas establishes its permanent capital at Austin .
17 November
The Republic of Guatemala secedes from the Federal Republic of Central America . Guatemala City is the capital.
The Principality of Serbia moves its capital from Kragujevac to Belgrade .
1840s
Year
Date
Event
1840
16 November
The colony of New Zealand is separated from the British colony of New South Wales .
1841
26 January
The United Kingdom conquers Hong Kong Island from the Qing dynasty .
2 February
The sole remnant of the Federal Republic of Central America changes its name back to the Republic of El Salvador .
10 February
The United Kingdom unites Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada . Kingston is the capital.
24 September
James Brooke establishes the Kingdom of Sarawak . Kuching is the capital.
20 October
The Republic of Yucatán declares itself independent from Mexico . Mérida is the capital.
1842
10 November
The Webster–Ashburton Treaty comes into effect, ending several border disputes between the United States of America and the United Kingdom .[ 40]
1844
27 February
The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti . Santo Domingo is the capital.
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Kingston to Montréal .
1845
1 March
The Riograndense Republic is reabsorbed by the Brazilian Empire as the province of Rio Grande do Sul again.
29 December
The Republic of Texas joins the United States of America as the State of Texas . Austin yields to Washington as federal capital while remaining capital of the state.
The Netherlands splits its colonial possessions in the Americas into two parts: Suriname and Curaçao and Dependencies . Paramaribo remains the capital of Suriname, while Willemstad on Curaçao becomes the capital of the six Caribbean islands.
The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi moves its capital from Lāhainā to Honolulu .
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Falkland Islands from Port Louis to Stanley .
1846
17 February
The colony of North Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales .
18 June
The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel north , from west of the Lake of the Woods , as the continental border between the Province of Canada and the United States of America .
22 August
The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Republic .
16 November
After the Kraków Uprising , the Free City of Cracow is annexed by the Austrian Empire .
28 November
The British colony of North Australia is reincorporated back into the colony of New South Wales .
The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu , ruled by the Dogra Dynasty , is created after the First Anglo-Sikh War , as per the Treaty of Amritsar .[ 41]
1847
26 July
The African-American colony of Liberia declares its independence as the Republic of Liberia . Monrovia is the capital.
1848
2 February
The Mexican–American War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , by which the United Mexican States cedes all of its northernmost territories to the United States of America .
24 February
The Second French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France .
5 December
The Grand Duchy of Posen is fully incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia and becomes the Province of Posen .
French Algeria is made an integral part of France .
The Kazakh Khanate loses its sovereignty to the Russian Empire .
1849
9 February
Rebels under Giuseppe Garibaldi take over the area of the Papal States and create the Roman Republic .
29 March
Following the Sikh defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War , the Sikh Empire falls and is merged with British India .
14 April
The Hungarian State declares its independence from the Habsburg monarchy . Debrecen is the temporary capital.
2 July
The Papal States are restored as Rome falls.
13 August
The Hungarian State capitulates to the Austrian Empire and the former status quo is restored.
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Montréal to Toronto .
1850s
Year
Date
Event
1850
9 December
The United Kingdom cedes less than one acre of underwater rock known as Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie to the United States of America .[ 42]
1851
11 January
Hong Xiuquan establishes the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in China .
1 May
The Argentine Provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes secede from the Argentine Confederation .
1 July
The colony of Victoria is split off from the British colony of New South Wales .
The Sultanate of Sulu becomes a protectorate of the Kingdom of Spain .
1852
17 January
The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) is established. Pretoria is the capital.
3 February
The Battle of Caseros ends the Argentine Civil War . Entre Ríos and Corrientes rejoin the Argentine Confederation . The capital is moved to Paraná .
11 September
The Province of Buenos Aires secedes from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires . Buenos Aires remains the capital, and the Confederation is without a capital until 1854.
2 December
The Second French Empire supersedes the second Second French Republic .
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto to the city of Québec .
1853
March
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom establishes its capital at Tianjing .
1 May
The Argentine Confederation becomes a federal republic renamed the Argentine Nation .
24 June
The United States of America makes the Gadsden Purchase , buying a tract of land from Mexico which later becomes the extreme southern parts of the U.S. states of Arizona and New Mexico .
1854
23 February
The Orange Free State is established in southern Africa. Bloemfontein is the capital.
24 March
The Argentine Confederation moves its capital to Paraná .
1855
7 February
Russians in north of Sakhalin Island, Japanese in south, with no defined border between. (Treaty of Shimoda )
The Russian Empire recognizes Japanese sovereignty over the Kuril Islands from Iturup southwards (Treaty of Shimoda ).
1856
1 January
The British colony of Van Diemen's Land changes its name to Tasmania .
30 March
Southern Bessarabia (part of the territory annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812) returns to Moldavia by the Treaty of Paris (1856) .
28 October
The United States of America claims Baker Island and Jarvis Island under the Guano Islands Act .
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto .
The Sultanate of Zanzibar is established in East Africa.
1857
The Kingdom of Kongo becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal .
The Republic of Maryland is annexed by Liberia .
1858
22 May
The Republic of New Granada becomes the Granadine Confederation .
28 May
The Qing dynasty of China cedes what becomes known as Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun .
2 August
The continental portion of Canada's part of Oregon Country is organized as the Colony of British Columbia .
Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Mughal Empire is dissolved, and the United Kingdom establishes British India by converting the former possessions of the British East India Company into a Crown Colony . Calcutta is the capital.
31 August
The United States of America claims Navassa Island under the Guano Islands Act .
3 December
The United States of America claims Howland Island under the Guano Islands Act .
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto back to the city of Québec .
1859
24 January
Moldavia unites with Wallachia to form the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia .
6 June
Queen Victoria signs a proclamation separating the colony of Queensland from British New South Wales .
6 September
The United States of America claims Johnston Atoll under the Guano Islands Act , disputing a claim by the Kingdom of Hawaii .[failed verification ]
10 November
By the Treaty of Zürich , the Austrian Empire cedes Lombardy from Lombardy–Venetia to France .
France immediately cedes Lombardy to Kingdom of Sardinia . (Treaty of Zürich )
11 November
Following the Battle of Cepeda , the State of Buenos Aires rejoins the Argentine Confederation .
8 December
The Duchy of Parma , the Duchy of Modena and Reggio , the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , and the Papal Legations combine to form the Sardinian client state of the United Provinces of Central Italy .
27 December
The United States of America claims Enderbury Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , and Starbuck Island .
29 December
The United States of America claims Christmas Island and Malden Island under the Guano Islands Act .
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Québec back to Toronto .
1860s
Year
Date
Event
1860
8 February
The United States of America claims Atafu , Birnie Island , Butaritari , Caroline Island , Fanning Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Canton Island , Kingman Reef , Manihiki , Marakei , Nukunono , Palmyra Atoll , Penrhyn , Pukapuka , Rakahanga , Swains Island , Sydney Island , Vostok Island , and Washington Island under the Guano Islands Act .
22 March
The United Provinces of Central Italy are annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia .
14 May
The United States of America claims Alto Velo Island under the Guano Islands Act .
12 June
By the Treaty of Turin , the Second French Empire annexes the County of Nice from Kingdom of Sardinia .
14 June
By the Treaty of Turin , the Second French Empire annexes Savoy from Kingdom of Sardinia .
8 October
The Argentine Nation becomes the Argentine Republic .
21 October
The Kingdom of Two Sicilies is annexed to Kingdom of Sardinia , except for the Fortress of Gaeta .
4 November
The Kingdom of Sardinia annexes the Papal States of Umbria and The Marches .
20 December
The State of South Carolina secedes from the United States of America , declaring itself the Republic of South Carolina .
The British colony of South Australia 's western border is changed from 132°E to 129°E.
Kashmir and Jammu annexes Gilgit .[ 46]
1861
9 January
The State of Mississippi secedes from the United States of America , declaring itself the Republic of Mississippi .
10 January
The State of Florida secedes from the United States of America , declaring itself the Republic of Florida .
11 January
The State of Alabama secedes from the United States of America , declaring itself the Alabama Republic .
19 January
The State of Georgia secedes from the United States of America , as the independent State of Georgia .
26 January
The State of Louisiana secedes from the United States of America , declaring itself the Republic of Louisiana .
1 February
The State of Texas secedes from the United States of America , declaring itself the Republic of Texas .
4 February
The Confederate States of America , formed from the seven seceding states, declare their independence from the United States of America . Montgomery, Alabama , is the capital for three months.
13 February
Gaeta surrenders to the Kingdom of Sardinia .
17 March
The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed in place of the Kingdom of Sardinia .
28 March
The Arizona Territory secedes from the United States of America .
17 April
The Commonwealth of Virginia secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America .
6 May
The State of Arkansas secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America .
7 May
The State of Tennessee secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America .
20 May
The State of North Carolina secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America .
29 May
The Confederate States of America moves its capital from Montgomery, Alabama , to Richmond, Virginia .
31 May
The Kingdom of Bahrain becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom .
17 September
Following the Battle of Pavón , the capital city of the Argentine Confederation is moved to Buenos Aires .
31 October
A splinter government of the State of Missouri declares the state's secession from the United States of America .
20 November
A splinter government of the State of Kentucky declares the state's secession from the United States of America .
28 November
The splinter government of Missouri is admitted to the Confederate States of America .
2 December
Paraná ceases to be the capital of the Argentine Confederation .
10 December
The splinter government of Kentucky is admitted to the Confederate States of America .
The Arizona Territory is annexed by the Confederate States of America as Confederate Arizona .
12 December
The Argentine Republic supersedes the Argentine Confederation .
The Dominican Republic returns to Spanish rule.
The Principality of Monaco declares independence from the Second French Empire . Monaco itself is the capital.
1862
January
The Tokugawa shogunate of Japan claims the Bonin Islands , disputing a claim from the United Kingdom .[ 48]
12 April
The British colony of Queensland 's western border is shifted from 141°E to 138°E.
15 April
The Kingdom of Hawaii claims Palmyra Atoll , disputing a claim by the United States of America .[ 49]
8 October
Buenos Aires is declared the provisional capital of the Argentine Republic .
12 October
The State of Buenos Aires reunites with the Argentine Republic .
30 December
The United States of America claims the Swan Islands under the Guano Islands Act .
The United Kingdom creates the colony British Honduras in Central America. The capital is Belize City .
Cochinchina becomes a colony of France .
1863
8 May
The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia .
20 June
The Union -occupied northwestern counties of the Commonwealth of Virginia (which considers itself a part of the Confederate States of America ) secede from the state and are admitted to the United States of America as the State of West Virginia .
6 July
The British colony of South Australia annexes the Northern Territory from the colony of New South Wales .
Summer
The Tokugawa shogunate of Japan rescinds its claim of the Bonin Islands , ending a dispute with the United Kingdom .[ 48]
Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France .
1864
10 April
The Mexican Empire supersedes the United Mexican States .
21 May
The United Kingdom cedes the Ionian Islands to Greece .
July
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is conquered by Qing China .
7 October
The Russian Empire gains 350,000 square miles of territory at the expense of Chinese Xinjiang from the Qing Dynasty
15 October
The United Kingdom claims Malden Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .
1865
3 March
The Dominican Republic regains its independence from the Monarchy of Spain . Santo Domingo is the capital.
3 April
The Confederate States of America moves its capital from Richmond to Danville, Virginia .
11 April
The Confederate States of America capitulates and is reabsorbed by the United States of America , ending the American Civil War . The United States gradually readmits the eleven former Confederate states to full statehood between 24 July 1866 and 15 July 1870.
14 August
Following the German-Danish War , the Kingdom of Prussia receives sole administration of the Duchy of Schleswig , while the Austrian Empire receives sole administration of Holstein . Prussia also acquires the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg from Austria.
The Kingdom of Italy moves its capital from Turin to Florence .
1866
6 August
The United Kingdom unites the colonies of British Columbia and the Vancouver Island into a single colony . New Westminster yields to Victoria as the capital.
10 August
Bolivia and Chile sign a treaty and agree to divide the disputed Atacama Desert on the 24° Parallel, establishing their international border.
20 September
The Kingdom of Prussia annexes the Kingdom of Hanover , Holstein , Schleswig , Hesse-Kassel , Nassau , and Frankfurt
22 October
The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia . Venice yields to Florence as the capital.
26 December
The United Kingdom claims Starbuck Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec to Ottawa .
The Kingdom of Prussia annexes the Duchy of Holstein .
1867
17 January
The United States of America relinquishes claims on Alto Velo Island .
March
Congress Poland is incorporated into the Russian Empire as Vistula Land .
1 April
The Straits Settlements become a Crown Colony of the United Kingdom .
8 June
Austria-Hungary is established by a compromise of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary . The Grand Duchy of Transylvania becomes part of the Kingdom of Hungary by the same compromise.
18 October
The Russian Empire sells Alaska to the United States of America .
19 June
The United Mexican States supersedes the Second Mexican Empire .
1 July
The United Kingdom unites its colonies of New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada as the Dominion of Canada . Ottawa is the capital.
The North German Confederation supersedes the German Confederation . Berlin remains the capital.
8 July
The partially autonomous Khedivate of Egypt under Ismail Pasha replaces the Ottoman Egypt Eyalet .
11 July
The Russian Empire establishes Russian Turkestan for the territories it has conquered in Central Asia.
28 August
The United States of America claims Midway Atoll under the Guano Islands Act .
11 November
After its defeat in the Bhutan War , Bhutan cedes parts of its territory to British India .
1868
3 January
Japan becomes the Empire of Greater Japan . The capital is moved from Kyoto to Edo, which is renamed Tokyo .
9 July
The United Kingdom claims Caroline Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .
1 October
The Bolivian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Bolivia .
11 December
The United States of America claims Serrana Bank under the Guano Islands Act .
1869
22 November
The United States of America claims Bajo Nuevo Bank , Pedro Cays , Quita Sueño Bank , and Roncador Bank under the Guano Islands Act .[ 51]
1870s
Year
Date
Event
1870
15 July
The Hudson's Bay Company transfers the North-Western Territory to Canada .
20 July
The Crown Colony of British Columbia joins Canada.[ 52]
4 September
The French Third Republic supersedes the French Second Empire .
20 September
Italy annexes the area around Rome , ending the Papal States , which are succeeded by the States of the Church .
1871
1 January
In the unification of Germany , the German Empire supersedes the North German Confederation after the accession of Bavaria , Württemberg , Baden , and Hesse . Berlin remains the capital.
10 May
Germany annexes Moselle and most of Alsace from France following the Franco-Prussian War , which becomes the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine .
20 July
British Columbia joins Canada .
Rome replaces Florence as the capital of Italy .
1872
9 January
Limits between Paraguay and the Brazilian Empire are established following the Paraguayan War . Brazil enlarges its Mato Grosso region.
21 October
An arbitration committee rules in favor of the United States of America in its territorial dispute with Canada over the San Juan Islands , ending the so-called Pig War .[ 53]
1873
11 February
The First Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain .
1 July
Prince Edward Island joins Canada .
12 August
The Emirate of Bukhara becomes a protectorate of the Russian Empire .
The Khanate of Khiva becomes a protectorate of the Russian Empire .
17 November
With the unification of Buda , Óbuda , and Pest , Budapest becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary .
1874
29 December
The restored Monarchy of Spain supersedes the first First Spanish Republic .
1 January
The British East India Company is dissolved.
1875
7 May
By the Treaty of Saint Petersburg , the Empire of Japan cedes southern Sakhalin Island to Russia in exchange for the Kuril Islands north of Iturup .
The Empire of Japan reclaims the Bonin Islands .[ 54]
1876
3 February
Limits between Paraguay and Argentina are established following the Paraguayan War . Argentina is awarded the Central Chaco (current Formosa Province ) and some territories in Misiones . The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River are pending arbitration.
The Russian Empire annexes the Khanate of Kokand .
1877
12 April
The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) as the Transvaal Colony .
13 August
The United Kingdom creates the British Western Pacific Territories . This creates two new disputes with the United States of America , over the islands of Atafu and Nukunono .
1878
3 March
The Treaty of San Stefano results in the following territorial changes:
The Principality of Bulgaria is established. Plovdiv is the capital.
The Ottoman Empire recognizes Montenegro and cedes it territory, including Nikšić , Podgorica , and Antivari .
Serbia gains independence and annexes Niš and Leskovac .
The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of the Principality of Romania .
Russia cedes Northern Dobruja to Romania (which had been ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire).
Romania cedes Southern Bessarabia to Russia.
The Ottoman Empire cedes Armenian and Georgian territories in the Caucasus to Russia, including Ardahan , Artvin , Batum , Kars , Olti , Beyazit, and Alashkert.
The Vilayet of Bosnia becomes an autonomous province.
Crete , Epirus , and Thessaly are awarded limited self-government.
21 May
Romania gains independence from the Ottoman Empire . Bucharest is the capital.
12 July
The Ottoman Empire leases Cyprus as a protectorate to the United Kingdom .
13 July
The Treaty of Berlin results in the following territorial changes:
8 September
The United States of America claims Arenas Key , claimed by Mexico ; the Morant Cays ; and Serranilla Bank , claimed by Colombia , under the Guano Islands Act .
12 November
The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River, claimed by Argentina and Paraguay , are awarded to Paraguay in an arbitration by U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes .
Argentina begins its campaign to take control of Patagonic territories. By the end of 1879, Argentina's control extends as far as the Río Negro (modern provinces of Río Negro and La Pampa , as well as southern Mendoza , San Luis , Córdoba , and Buenos Aires Provinces ).
1879
14 February
Chile occupies the city of Antofagasta , previously controlled by Bolivia but with a majority of Chilean population. The War of the Pacific starts with Bolivia, later with Peru . Chile also occupies the rest of the ports in the coast north to Antofagasta to the Loa River afterwards. Bolivia loses direct access to the Pacific Ocean.
23 March
Chile occupies Calama from Bolivia after the Battle of Topáter .
27 March
The Ryukyu Kingdom is annexed by the Japanese Empire .
26 July
The United States of America claims Western Triangle Island , already claimed by Mexico , under the Guano Islands Act .
Portugal establishes the colony of Portuguese Guinea from the union of the territories Bissau and Cacheu .
2 November
The first organic amphibious landing in military history happens in the Battle of Pisagua in which Chile occupies the port in Tarapacá, then Peru .
1880s
Year
Date
Event
1880
30 October
The Republic of Honduras moves its capital from Comayagua to Tegucigalpa , ending a century of indecision as to the country's capital.
6 December
Buenos Aires is declared the official capital of the Argentine Republic .
The French Republic establishes the protectorate of French Congo . Brazzaville is the capital.
1881
17 January
Chile starts the Occupation of Lima , Peru , during the War of the Pacific that lasts until October 23, 1883
14 March
The Kingdom of Romania is proclaimed. Bucharest is the capital.
23 July
The border between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic is defined diving Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego for both countries which previously disputed most of the territory , while recognizing the Strait of Magellan as a Chilean water body but with a free access regime to all nations.
3 August
The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) regains self-governance under British suzerainty.
Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.
The United Kingdom claims Flint Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .[ 56]
1882
6 March
The Kingdom of Serbia supersedes the Principality of Serbia .
1 June
The United Kingdom annexes Morant Cays and Pedro Cays as part of Jamaica .[ 57]
1883
20 October
Chile gains Tarapacá permanently, and Arica , and Tacna from Peru (Treaty of Ancón ). Arica and Tacna are subject to a future referendum in 10 years, which doesn't happen.
Argentina incorporates the Patagonian lands of modern Neuquén Province to the Limay River .
The Kingdom of Loango is annexed to French Congo .
Cabinda becomes a protectorate of the Kingdom of Portugal .
1884
4 April
Chile regains Antofagasta from Bolivia legally as part of the truce ending the War of the Pacific (made permanent in 1904).
21 June
The United States of America claims Alacrans Islands , already claimed by Mexico , under the Guano Islands Act .
3 August
The British suzerainty in the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) ends .
18 October
Argentina ends the conquest campaign of Eastern Patagonia , subduing the remaining Amerindian resistance in the modern Provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz .
15 November
The Congo Conference in Berlin forms the basis for the division of Africa into colonies in the subsequent Scramble for Africa .
The Greenwich prime meridian becomes the international standard reference for the determination of longitude by cartographers .
German South-West Africa is created.
German East Africa is created.
Togoland is created.
Kamerun is created.
German New Guinea is created and administered by the German New Guinea Company .
The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland . Maseru is the capital.
The United Kingdom establishes the British Somaliland Protectorate . Hargeisa is the capital.
Annam and Tonkin become protectorates of France .
1885
2 May
King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State , a private government run by the International African Association .
1 September
The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland . Vryburg is the capital.
6 September
The Principality of Bulgaria annexes Eastern Rumelia .
29 November
The Third Anglo-Burmese War ends with the fall of the Konbaung dynasty in Burma .
December
Peru manages to retain the town of Ticalaco which was considered to the south of the Sama River (defined as the border in the Ancon Treaty ) by Chile but not by Peru. The Ticalaco River becomes the border in that part of the territory in the Tacna Province .[ 59]
1886
1 January
Burma becomes part of British India .
1 May
King Leopold II of Belgium selects Boma as the capital of his Congo Free State .
The United States of Colombia becomes the Republic of Colombia .
1887
17 October
The colony of French Indochina is established. Saigon is the capital.
16 December
The Sultanate of Maldives becomes a British Protectorate .
The Kingdom of Lunda is disestablished.
Macau officially becomes a colony of Portugal .
1888
15 March
The United Kingdom annexes Fanning Island , which was previously claimed by the United States of America .[ 60]
17 March
The United Kingdom claims Christmas Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .
9 September
Chile incorporates Easter Island by signing a mutual will agreement with the island leader.
26 October
The United Kingdom makes the Cook Islands a protectorate. This also creates a dispute with the United States of America on the atolls of Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga .
The Sultanate of Maguindanao falls after Mindanao is conquered by the Kingdom of Spain .
The Bruneian Empire becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom .
The Kingdom of Sarawak becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom .
The United States of America claims Minami-Tori-shima using the Guano Islands Act .
1889
9 March
Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia moves his capital to Addis Ababa .
19 May
Argentina renounces to its claim over Tarija in exchange to Bolivia renouncing over its claim over Puna de Atacama in the Quirno Costa-Vaca Guzmán treaty.
29 May
The United Kingdom annexes Washington Island , which was previously claimed by the United States of America .[ 60]
3 June
The United Kingdom claims Jarvis Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .
19 June
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is established as a colony of the United Kingdom .
26 June
The United Kingdom claims Sydney Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .
29 June
The United Kingdom claims Phoenix Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .
10 July
The United Kingdom claims Birnie Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .
15 November
The Republic of the United States of Brazil supersedes the Empire of Brazil .
The Kingdom of Luba is annexed to the Congo Free State .
The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of Trinidad and Tobago from the colonies of Trinidad and Tobago .
1890s
Year
Date
Event
1890
1 July
Heligoland is ceded by the United Kingdom to the German Empire .
7 November
Zanzibar becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom .
29 November
End of the personal union between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg .
1891
Pratap Singh defeats the ruler of Chitral and forces Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of Kashmir and Jammu state.
1892
8 March
The United Kingdom annexes the Gilbert Islands as a protectorate. This takes the islands of Butaritari and Marakei from the existing United States of America claim.
27 May
The United Kingdom claims Gardner Island , disputing a claim by the United States of America .
The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom .
1893
23 February
The Nyasalands Districts Protectorate is renamed to the British Central Africa Protectorate of the United Kingdom . Zomba is the capital.
1 May
Argentina and Chile agree to move their border in Tierra del Fuego 11.3 km to the west signing a protocol, as well as recognizing the coast of the Última Esperanza Province as Chilean in nowadays Puerto Natales .
3 October
France conquers the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang from Siam and makes it part of French Indochina .
1894
11 April
The Kingdom of Buganda becomes a protectorate named Uganda of the United Kingdom . Entebbe is the capital.
4 July
The Republic of Hawaii supersedes the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi .
17 November
The United States of America rescinds its claims to the Alacrans Islands , Arenas Key , and Western Triangle Island , which were disputed with Mexico .
1895
5 February
The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Argentine Republic is arbitrated by U.S. President Grover Cleveland .
17 April
The Qing dynasty of China cedes Taiwan to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki .
23 May
The Republic of Formosa declares independence upon its annexation by the Empire of Japan . Taipei is the capital.
June
The Republic of Formosa moves its capital from Taipei to Tainan .
15 June
The United Kingdom establishes the East Africa Protectorate . Mombasa is the capital.
23 October
The Empire of Japan conquers the Republic of Formosa . Taiwan becomes a Japanese colony under the name Takasago Koku . Taihoku is the capital.
27 October
France creates French West Africa . Saint-Louis is the capital.
16 November
The United Kingdom annexes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony . Vryburg yields to Cape Town as the capital.
The United Kingdom establishes the Federated Malay States as a protectorate from a number of British-dominated Sultanates on the Malay Peninsula . Kuala Lumpur is the capital.
1897
28 February
French Madagascar supersedes the Malagasy Protectorate following the exile of Ranavalona III .
The Zulu Kingdom becomes part of the British Colony of Natal .
The Joseon Dynasty becomes the Korean Empire .
9 February
The United Kingdom invades the Kingdom of Benin and annexes it as part of its Niger Coast Protectorate .
1898
29 May
After occupying the territory on April 22, France forces Qing China to lease it Guangzhouwan for a period of 99 years.
12 June
The Philippine Republic declares independence from the Kingdom of Spain . Malolos is the capital.
9 June
Through the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory , Qing China lends New Territories to the United Kingdom for a period of 99 years.
24 July
The Empire of Japan annexes Minami-Tori-shima , disputing a prior claim by the United States of America .
25 July
The United States of America seizes control of Puerto Rico from the Spanish Empire during the Spanish–American War .
12 August
The United States of America annexes the Republic of Hawaii as the Territory of Hawaii .
2 November
The Puna de Atacama dispute is resolved by arbitration: of the 75,000 km2 in dispute, 64,000 km2 , 85%, is awarded to the Argentina and 11,000 km2 , 15%, to the Republic of Chile .
10 December
The Spanish–American War concludes with the Treaty of Paris , by which the Monarchy of Spain cedes four of its dependencies to the United States of America :
The Republic of Bolivia moves its administrative capital from Sucre to La Paz . Sucre remains the constitutional and judicial capital.
1899
17 January
The United States of America claims Wake Island .[ 65]
23 January
The Sheikhdom of Kuwait becomes a protectorate of the United Kingdom .
14 July
The first Republic of Acre declares independence from Bolivia . The capital is Antimary .
2 December
Following the Tripartite Convention :
The German Empire takes over the administration of German New Guinea from the German New Guinea Company .
Maps
World in 1555–1556
World in 1700
See also
Notes
^ Other sources note a resolution passed by the citizens of Indian Stream on April 2, 1836.[ 38]
References
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^ 1 Stat. 191
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^ Treaty between the United States of America and the United Kingdom Concerning the Boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean , signed April 11, 1908; accessed June 30, 2015
^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 93 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library" . dsal.uchicago.edu . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016 .
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^ "Acquisition Process of Insular Areas" . United States Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016 .
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