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Province of Lower Canada
*Province du Bas-Canada* (French)
Province of Lower Canada Province du Bas-Canada (French)
1791–1841
	Union Flag (1801 version) Coat of arms
	Anthem: "God Save the King/Queen"
Status	British colony
Capital	Quebec City
Common languages	French, English
Government	Château Clique oligarchy; under a ; constitutional monarchy
Sovereign
• 1791–1820	George III
• 1820–1830	George IV
• 1830–1837	William IV
• 1837–1841	Victoria
Lieutenant-Governor and Executive Council of Lower Canada
Legislature	Parliament of Lower Canada
• Upper house	Legislative Council
• Lower house	Legislative Assembly
Historical era	British Era
• Constitutional Act of 1791	26 December 1791
• Act of Union 1840	10 February 1841
Area
1839	534,185 km2 (206,250 sq mi)
Population
• 1839	c. 700,000
Currency	Canadian pound
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
Province of Canada
Colony of Newfoundland
Today part of	; Canada ∟Quebec; ∟Newfoundland and Labrador;

The Province of Lower Canada (French: province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791–1841). It covered the southern portion of the current Province of Quebec and the Labrador region of the current Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (until the Labrador region was transferred to Newfoundland in 1809).^[4]

Lower Canada consisted of part of the former colony of Canada of New France, conquered by Great Britain in the Seven Years' War ending in 1763 (also called the French and Indian War in the United States). Other parts of New France conquered by Britain became the Colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.

The Province of Lower Canada was created by the Constitutional Act 1791 from the partition of the British colony of the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)^[5] into the Province of Lower Canada and the Province of Upper Canada. The prefix "lower" in its name refers to its geographic position farther downriver from the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River than its contemporary Upper Canada, present-day southern Ontario.

Lower Canada was abolished in 1841 when it and adjacent Upper Canada were united into the Province of Canada.^[6]

Rebellion

Like Upper Canada, there was significant political unrest. Twenty-two years after an invasion by the United States in the War of 1812, a rebellion now challenged the British rule of the predominantly French population. After the Patriote Rebellion in the Rebellions of 1837–1838^[7] was suppressed by government troops and Loyal volunteers, the 1791 Constitution was suspended on 27 March 1838 and a special council was appointed to administer the colony. An abortive attempt by revolutionary Robert Nelson to declare a Republic of Lower Canada was quickly thwarted.

The provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were combined as the United Province of Canada in 1841, when the Act of Union 1840 came into force. Their separate legislatures were combined into a single parliament with equal representation for both constituent parts, even though Lower Canada had a greater population.^[8]

William Lyon Mackenzie, rebellion chief in Upper Canada^[9]
Louis-Joseph Papineau, rebellion chief in Lower Canada^[10]

Constitution

The Province of Lower Canada inherited the mixed set of French and English institutions that existed in the Province of Quebec during the 1763–1791 period and which continued to exist later in Canada-East (1841–1867) and ultimately in the current Province of Quebec (since 1867).

Population

Lower Canada was populated mainly by Canadiens, an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada from the 17th century onward.

Population of Lower Canada, 1806 to 1841
Year	Census estimate^[11]
1806	250,000
1814	335,000
1822	427,465
1825	479,288
1827	473,475
1831	553,134
1841	650,000

Transportation

Travelling around Lower Canada was mainly by water along the St. Lawrence River. On land the only long-distance route was the Chemin du Roy or King's Highway, built in the 1730s by New France.^[12] The King's Highway was, in addition to the mail route, the primary means of long-distance passenger travel until steamboats (1815) and railways (1850s) began to challenge the royal road.^[12] The royal road's importance waned after the 1850s and would not re-emerge as a key means of transportation until the highway system of Quebec was created in the 20th century.

References

^ "Early flags". Government of Canada. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
^ "Royal Union Flag". The Flags of Canada. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
^ The emigrant's handbook of facts concerning Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, &c. Open Library. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-665-95282-1. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
^ "Labrador–Canada Boundary". marianopolis. 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2008. Labrador Act, 1809. – An imperial act (49 Geo. III, cap. 27), 1809, provided for the re-annexation to Newfoundland of 'such parts of the coast of Labrador from the River St John to Hudson's Streights, and the said Island of Anticosti, and all other smaller islands so annexed to the Government of Newfoundland by the said Proclamation of the seventh day of October one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three (except the said Islands of Madelaine) shall be separated from the said Government of Lower Canada, and be again re-annexed to the Government of Newfoundland.'
^ Fernand Ouellet (4 March 2015). "Lower Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ James Maurice Stockford Careless; Richard Foot (4 March 2015). "Province of Canada 1841–1867". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ David Mills; Richard Foot (20 March 2017). "Durham Report". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ Jacques Monet, SJ; Richard Foot (4 March 2015). "Act of Union". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ "Mackenzie, William Lyon". Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
^ Marsh, James H. (9 February 2017) [January 20, 2008]. "Louis-Joseph Papineau". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ "Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871: The 1800s (1806 to 1871)". Statistics Canada. 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b "History". Le Chemin du Roy. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.