Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija(Croatian) Краљевина Хрватска и Славонија(Serbian) Horvát–Szlavón Királyság(Hungarian) Königreich Kroatien und Slawonien(German)
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (Croatian: Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija; Hungarian: Horvát-Szlavónország or Horvát–Szlavón Királyság; German: Königreich Kroatien und Slawonien) was a nominally autonomous kingdom and constitutionally defined separate political nation[9][10] within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was created in 1868 by merging the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. It was associated with the Kingdom of Hungary within the dual Austro-Hungarian state, being within the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, also known as Transleithania. While Croatia had been granted a wide internal autonomy with "national features", in reality, Croatian control over key issues such as tax and military issues was minimal and hampered by Hungary.[11][12] It was internally officially referred to as the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia,[13][14] also simply known as the Triune Kingdom, and had claims on Dalmatia, which was administered separately by the Austrian Cisleithania.[15] The city of Rijeka, following a disputed section in the 1868 Settlement known as the Rijeka Addendum [hr], became a corpus separatum and was legally owned by Hungary, but administered by both Croatia and Hungary.
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was ruled by the emperor of Austria, who bore the title King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and was confirmed by the State Sabor (Parliament of Croatia-Slavonia or Croatian-Slavonian Diet) upon accession.[16] The King's appointed steward was the Ban of Croatia and Slavonia. On 21 October 1918, Emperor Karl I, known as King Karlo IV in Croatia, issued a Trialist manifest, which was ratified by the Hungarian side on the next day and which unified all Croatian Crown Lands.[17] One week later, on 29 October 1918, the Croatian State Sabor proclaimed an independent kingdom which entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
Ivan Mažuranić, Ban (viceroy) of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia (in office 1873–1880)
The kingdom used the formal title of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, thereby pressing its claim on the Kingdom of Dalmatia. But Dalmatia was a Kronland within the imperial Austrian part of Austria-Hungary (also known as Cisleithania). The claim was, for most of the time, supported by the Hungarian government, which backed Croatia–Slavonia in an effort to increase its share of the dual state. The union between the two primarily Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary never took place, however.[18] According to the Article 53 of the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary, the ban's official title was "Ban of Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia".[19][20][21] Not only would different parts of the Monarchy at the same time use different styles of the titles, but even the same institutions would at the same time use different naming standards for the same institution. For instance, when the Imperial and Royal Court in Vienna would list the Croatian Ban as one of the Great Officers of State in the Kingdom of Hungary (Barones Regni),[22] the style used would be Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae Banus, but when the Court would list the highest officials of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, the title would be styled as "Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia" (putting Slavonia before Dalmatia and omitting "Kingdom").[23] The laws passed in Croatia–Slavonia used the phrase "Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia".[24]
In Hungarian, Croatia is referred to as Horvátország and Slavonia as Szlavónia. The combined polity was known by the official name of Horvát-Szlavón Királyság. The short form of the name was Horvát-Szlavónország and, less frequently Horvát-Tótország.[25][26]
The order of mentioning Dalmatia was a contentious issue, as it was ordered differently in the Croatian- and Hungarian-language versions of the 1868 Settlement.[27]
History
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was created in 1868, when the former kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were joined into one single kingdom (the full civil administration was introduced in the Kingdom of Slavonia in 1745 and it was, as one of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, administratively included into both the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary, but it existed virtually until 1868). The Croatian parliament, elected in a questionable manner, confirmed the subordination of Croatia–Slavonia to Hungary in 1868 with signing of Hungarian–Croatian union constitution called the Nagodba (Croatian–Hungarian Settlement, known also as Croatian–Hungarian Agreement or Hungarian–Croatian Compromise of 1868).[28] This kingdom included parts of present-day Croatia and Serbia (eastern part of Syrmia).
After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the only remaining open question of the new state was the status of Croatia, which would be solved with the Hungarian–Croatian Compromise of 1868 when agreement was reached between the Diet of Hungary on one hand and the Croatian Parliament on the other hand, with regard to the composition by a joint enactment of the constitutional questions at issue between them.[29] Settlement reached between Hungary and Croatia was in Croatian version of the Settlement named "The Settlement between Kingdom of Hungary, united with Erdély on the one side and the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia".[30] In the Hungarian version[31] neither Hungary, nor Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia are styled kingdoms, and Erdély is not even mentioned, while the Settlement is named as the Settlement between Parliament of Hungary and Parliament of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. Both versions received Royal sanction and both as such became fundamental laws of the state with constitutional importance, pursuant to article 69. and 70. of the Settlement.
With this compromise the parliament of personal union[32] (in which Croatia–Slavonia had only twenty-nine, after 1881 – forty deputies) controlled the military, the financial system, Sea (Maritime) Law, Commercial Law, the law of Bills of Exchange and Mining Law, and generally matters of commerce, customs, telegraphs, Post Office, railways, harbours, shipping, and those roads and rivers which jointly concern Hungary and Croatia–Slavonia.[29]
Map of Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).
Similarly to these affairs, trade matters including hawking, likewise with regard to societies which do not exist for public gain, and also with regard to passports, frontier police, citizenship and naturalization, the legislation was joint, but the executive in respect of these affairs was reserved to Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia.[29] The citizenship was named "Hungarian–Croatian citizenship" in Croatia–Slavonia.[33]
In the end, fifty-five per cent of the total income of Croatia–Slavonia were assigned to the Joint Treasury ("Joint Hungarian–Croatian Ministry of Finance").
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich) created the Dual Monarchy. Under the Compromise, Austria and Hungary each had separate parliaments (the Imperial Council and the Diet of Hungary) that passed and maintained separate laws. Each region had its own government, headed by its own prime minister. The "common monarchy" consisted of the emperor-king and the common ministers of foreign affairs, defense and finance in Vienna. The Compromise confirmed Croatia–Slavonia's historic, eight-centuries-old relationship with Hungary and perpetuated the division of the Croat lands, for both Dalmatia and Istria remained under Austrian administration (as Kingdom of Dalmatia and Margraviate of Istria).[34]
At Franz Joseph's insistence, Hungary and Croatia reached the Compromise (or Nagodba in Croatian) in 1868, giving the Croats a special status in Hungary. The agreement granted the Croats autonomy over their internal affairs. The Croatian Ban would now be nominated by the joint Croatian–Hungarian government led by the Hungarian Prime Minister, and appointed by the king. Areas of "common" concern to Hungarians and Croats included finance, currency matters, commercial policy, the post office, and the railroad. Croatian became the official language of Croatia's government, and Croatian representatives discussing "common" affairs before the Croatian–Hungarian diet were permitted to speak Croatian.[35] A ministry of Croatian Affairs was created within the Hungarian government.[36]
Although the Nagodba provided a measure of political autonomy to Croatia–Slavonia, it was subordinated politically and economically to Hungary in the Croatian–Hungarian entity of the Monarchy.[34]
Royal Bans Standard of Levin Rauch, the first Ban of Croatia–Slavonia (1868–1871)Sculpture symbolizing the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Zagreb
The Croatian Parliament or the Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Sabor (Croatian: Kraljevski Hrvatsko–slavonsko–dalmatinski sabor or Sabor Kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije) had legislative authority over the autonomous issues according to the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. A draft law (bill), approved by the Diet, became a statute (an act) after the royal assent (sanction). It also had to be signed by the Ban of Croatia. The King had the power to veto all legislation passed by the Diet and also to dissolve it and call new elections. If the King dissolved the Diet, he would have to call new elections during the period of three months.
The parliament was summoned annually at Zagreb by the King or by the King especially appointed commissioner (usually the Ban). It was unicameral, but alongside 88 elected deputies (in 1888), 44 ex officio members were Croatian and Slavonian high nobility (male princes, counts and barons – similar to hereditary peers – over the age of 24 who paid at least 1,000 florins a year land tax), high dignitaries of the Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and supreme county prefects (veliki župani) of all Croatian–Slavonian counties. Legislative term was three years, after 1887 – five years.
The Autonomous Government or Land Government, officially "Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Land Government"(Croatian: Zemaljska vlada or Kraljevska hrvatsko–slavonsko–dalmatinska zemaljska vlada)[37] was established in 1869 with its seat in Zagreb (Croatian Parliament Act No. II of 1869).[38] Until 1914 it possessed three departments:
Department of Internal Affairs (Croatian: Odjel za unutarnje poslove);
Department of Religion and Education (Croatian: Odjel za bogoštovlje i nastavu);
Department of Justice (Croatian: Odjel za pravosuđe).
The Department of National Economy was established in 1914 as a fourth department (Croatian: Odjel za narodno gospodarstvo)[34]
At the head of the Autonomous Government in Croatia–Slavonia stood the Ban, who was responsible to the Croatian–Slavonian Diet.[39]
The supreme court of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia was the Table of Seven in Zagreb ("Table of Septemvirs" or "Court of Seven"; Croatian: Stol sedmorice, Latin: Tabula Septemviralis), while the second-level court (court of appeal) was the Ban's Table or Ban's Court (Croatian: Banski stol, Latin: Tabula Banalis) in Zagreb.[40]
After the judicial reorganization of 1874 – 1886 (complete separation of judicial and administrative power, laws on judges' independence and judicial organization, the Organization of Courts of the First Instance Act of 1874 (with 1886 amendments), the Judicial Power Act of 1874 and the Judges' Disciplinary Responsibility (etc.) Act of 1874, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Act of 1875, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Press Offences Act of 1875)
and reincorporation of Croatian Military Frontier and Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881; courts of first instance became 9 royal court tables with collegiate judgeships (Croatian: kraljevski sudbeni stolovi in Zagreb, Varaždin, Bjelovar, Petrinja, Gospić, Ogulin, Požega, Osijek and Mitrovica; criminal and major civiljurisdiction; all of which had been former county courts and Land Court/Royal County Court Table in Zagreb), approximately 63 royal district courts with single judges (Croatian: kraljevski kotarski sudovi; mainly civil and misdemeanorjurisdiction; former district administrative and judicial offices and city courts) and local courts (Croatian: mjesni sudovi), also with single judges, which were established in each municipality and city according to the Local Courts and Local Courts Procedure Act of 1875 as special tribunals for minor civil cases. The Royal Court Table in Zagreb was also a jury court for press offences. Judges were appointed by the king, but their independence was legally guaranteed.[41]
Counties
Counties of Croatia-Slavonia within Austria-Hungary
Lika-Krbava became a county after the incorporation of the Croatian Military Frontier into Croatia–Slavonia in 1881.[42] The counties were subsequently divided into a total of 77 districts (Croatian: kotari, similar to Austrian Bezirke) as governmental units. Cities (gradovi) and municipalities (općine) were local authorities.
Symbols
Flag
Left: The flag with the coat of arms used internally "for autonomic affairs" by decree of the viceroy. It was officially prescribed to be crowned with the Crown of St. Stephen, but often used an alternate design, as depicted here.[43][44] Center: The official, but less common, flag with the coat of arms, topped with the crown of St. Stephen[45][46]Right: The flag without the coat of arms was the civil flag that was also used outside of the Kingdom.[44]
According to the 1868 Agreement and the Decree No. 18.307 of 16 November 1867 of the Department of the Interior of the Royal Country Government:
The red–white–blue tricolor is the civil flag in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia, which with the united coat of arms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with the crown of St. Stephen on top is the official flag for usage in autonomous affairs. The aforementioned civil flag may be used by everyone in an appropriate way.[47]
However, there existed several variations of the internally used version of the flag, with some variants using an unofficial type of crown or simply omitting the crown instead of using the officially prescribed Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen. There were also variations in the design of the shield. The unofficial coat of arms was the preferred design and its widespread use was the reason that the Ban issued a Decree on 21 November 1914, stating that it had become "a custom in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia to use flags that are not adequate either in state-juridical or in political sense" and which strengthened flag related laws. It reiterated the aforementioned definitions of Croatian flags from 1867 and further stated that "Police authorities shall punish violations of this Decree with a fine of 2 to 200 K or with arrest from 6 hours to 14 days and confiscate the unauthorized flag or emblem."[47][50]
Roughly 75% of the population were Roman Catholic, with the remaining 25% Orthodox. The Catholic Church had the following hierarchy within the kingdom:
In 1918, during the last days of World War I, the Croatian parliament abolished the Hungarian–Croatian personal union, and both parts of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and the Kingdom of Dalmatia (excluding Zadar and Lastovo), became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which together with the Kingdom of Serbia, formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The new Serb–Croat–Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banovina, and most of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia became part of the Littoral Banovina.
^The flag with the coat of arms was used internally for usage in autonomic affairs and was officially prescribed to depict the Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen above the shield, but an unofficial design using another type of crown was most often used instead. The same flag without the coat of arms was used as a Civil Flag.
^See §. 2. 57. 58. 59. 60. Zakonski čl. XII. 1868. (Croatian–Hungarian Settlement) (in Croatian) "§. 57. Za organe zajedničke vlade ustanovljuje se takodjer hrvatski jezik službenim jezikom unutar granicah kraljevinah Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije. §.58. Predloge i spise u hrvatskom jeziku sastavljene; pa iz kraljevinah Hrvatske i Slavonije na zajedničko ministarstvo podnešene, imade to ministarstvo primati i rješitbe svoje na istom jeziku izdavati. §. 59. Obzirom na to, da su kraljevine Hrvatska i Slavonija politički narod, imajući posebni svoj teritorij i u pogledu nutarnjih svojih poslovah vlastito zakonodavstvo i autonomnu vladu, ustanovljuje se nadalje; da se zastupnici istih kraljevinah tako na zajedničkom saboru kako i u delegaciji mogu služiti i jezikom hrvatskim. §. 60. Na zajedničkom saboru stvoreni i podpisom Nj. c. i kr. apošt. Veličanstva providjeni zakoni izdavat će se za kraljevine Dalmaciju, Hrvatsku i Slavoniju u izvorniku hrvatskom i odaslati saboru tih kraljevinah. (transl.) §. 57. For the organs of the joint government, Croatian is also established as the official language within the boundaries of the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia. §.58. Proposals and writings composed in Croatian; and submitted from the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia to the joint ministry, the ministry has to receive them and issue its decision in the same language. §.59. Considering that the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia are a political nation, having their own separate territory and, in terms of its own affairs, its own legislation and autonomous government, is further established; that the representatives of the same Kingdoms can use both in the joint parliament and in the delegation Croatian. §.60. Laws created at the joint Parliament, and sanctioned by H.I. and R. Apostolic Majesty shall be issued for the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia in the Croatian original and shall be sent to the Parliament of these Kingdoms." Sbornik zakona i naredabah valjanih za kraljevine Hrvatsku i Slavoniju za god. 1868. (Komad I.-VI., br. 1.-19.) p. 122.-123.
^Biondich, Mark; Stjepan Radić, the Croat Peasant Party, and the politics of mass mobilization, 1904–1928; University of Toronto Press, 2000 ISBN0-8020-8294-7, page 9
^Marcus Tanner, "A nation forged in war", Yale University Press, ISBN0-300-09125-7, page 99
^According to articles 56 and 57 of Nagodba only official language in Croatia is Croatian (Po čl. 56. i 57. Hrvatsko-ugarske nagodbe u Hrvatskoj je u službenoj uporabi samo hrvatski jezik), Dragutin Pavličević, "Povijest Hrvatske", Naklada Pavičić, Zagreb, 2007, ISBN978-953-6308-71-2, page 273
^56. In the whole territory of Croatia–Slavonia, Croatian is the language alike of the Legislature, the Administration and the Judicature. 57. Inside the frontiers of Croatia–Slavonia, the Croatian is prescribed as the official language for the organs of the Joint Government also.http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba2.htm – online text from Robert William Seton-Watson, "The Southern Slav Question and the Habsburg Monarchy", London, Constable and Co., 1911, ISBN0-7222-2328-5, page 371
^See §. 59.Zakonski čl. XII. 1868. (Croatian–Hungarian Settlement) (in Croatian) "§. 59. Obzirom na to, da su kraljevine Hrvatska i Slavonija politički narod, imajući posebni svoj teritorij i u pogledu nutarnjih svojih poslovah vlastito zakonodavstvo i autonomnu vladu, ustanovljuje se nadalje; da se zastupnici istih kraljevinah tako na zajedničkom saboru kako i u delegaciji mogu služiti i jezikom hrvatskim. (transl.) §.59. Considering that the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia are a political nation, having their own separate territory and, in terms of its own affairs, its own legislation and autonomous government, is further established; that the representatives of the same Kingdoms can use both in the joint parliament and in the delegation Croatian." Sbornik zakona i naredabah valjanih za kraljevine Hrvatsku i Slavoniju za god. 1868. (Komad I.-VI., br. 1.-19.) p. 123.
^See; translation of the law XLIV. 1868. (law on nationality)/1868-ik évi XLIV. TÖRVÉNYCZIKK a nemzetiségi egyenjogúság tárgyában. THE LAW OF NATIONALITIES (Act XLIV of the year 1868.) "since all citizens of Hungary, according to the principles of the constitution, form from a political point of view one nation — the indivisible unitary Hungarian nation — of which every citizen of the fatherland is a member, no matter to what nationality he belongs: since, moreover, this equality of right can only exist with reference to the official use of the various languages of the country,...§ 29. The provisions of this law do not extend to Croatia Slavonia and Dalmatia, which possess a special territory and form politically a special nation;" RACIAL PROBLEMS IN HUNGARY By SCOTUS VIATOR, Author, Robert William Seton-Watson. Publisher, Constable, 1908.
^See; Charles IV.Coronationdiploma inaugurale issued to the Parliament of Croatia–Slavonia pursuant to §. 2. of the Settlement Zak. čl. III. : 1917. zajedničkog ugarsko-hrvatskog državnog sabora, kojim se kraljevska zavjernica, što ju je Njegovo Veličanstvo kralj izdao zemlji prije Svoje sretne posvete i krunisanja, te kraljevska zakletva, što ju je položio prigodom krunisanja, uvršćuju medju zakone države [Legal. Art. III. : 1917. of the Joint Hungarian–Croatian State Parliament, by which the coronation testament which His Majesty the King has given to the land before His happy consecration and crowning, and the royal oath which he placed upon the occasion of the crowning, are enshrined in the laws of the state], (in Croatian) "§. 1. Sveto i nepovredimo obdržavat ćemo, a kraljevskom Našom moći i po drugih obdržavati dati nasljedbu na kraljevski prestol, ustanovljenu u zakonskom članku 1. i 2. članku god. 1723.; - krunisanje koje se ima obaviti u smislu zakonskog članka 3. godine 1791.; - prava, ustav, zakonitu neodvisnost, slobodu i zemljišnu cjelovitost Ugarske te Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije, a isto tako cjelokupnost i zemaljski ustav kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije, koje s kraljevinom Ugarskom sačinjavaju jednu te istu državnu zajednicu. Sveto i strogo obdržavat ćemo, a kraljevskom Našom moći i po drugima obdržavati dati zakonito postojeće sloboštine, povlastice, zakonske običaje i dosad po saborima stvorene i po slavnim Našim predjima, krunisanim Ugarske Kraljevima posvećene, kakono i one, što će i odsada po saborima stvoriti i po Nama kao krunjenom Kralju ugarskom posvetiti zakone Ugarske te Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije u svih njihovih točkama, člancima i zaporkama tako, kako što će njihov smisao i uporaba zajedničkim suglasjem kralja i sabora ustanovljeni biti; izuzevši ipak dokinutu onu zaporku zakona blagopopokojnoga Andrije II. od god. 1222., počevši od riječi: "Quodsi vero nos" sve do onih riječi "in perpetuam facultatem". Za obezbjedjenje svega toga služit će i ona kraljevska zakletva Naša, što ćemo ju po sadržaja ove Naše kraljevske zavjernice na osnovu riječi krunidbene zakletve slavnoga Nam predšastnika Ferdinanda I. prigodom krunisanja Našega položiti. ...
§. 3. Sve one strane i pripadnosti Ugarske te Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije što su već natrag stečene, pa i one, što će božjom pomoćju odsele biti natrag pribavljene, pripojit ćemo u smislu krunitbene Naše zakletve rečenim kraljevinama." Krunidbena zavjernica Karla IV. Zbornik zakona i naredaba valjanih za Kraljevine Hrvatsku i Slavoniju, kom. V. str. 101-105., Zagreb 1917.
^Budisavljević Srđan, Stvaranje Države SHS, (Creation of the state of SHS), Zagreb, 1958, p. 132-133.
^Goldstein, Ivo; Jovanović, Nikolina (1999). Croatia: a history. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN1-85065-525-1.
^Zakonski članak o nagodbi, koju s jedne strane kraljevina Ugarska, sjedinjena s Erdeljem, s druge strane kraljevine Hrvatska i Slavonija sklopiše za izravnanje postojavših izmedju njih državnopravnih pitanjah. [Legal Article on the settlement that, on the one side, the Kingdom of Hungary, united with Erdély, on the other side the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia have concluded to settle the existing between them constitutional issues], (in Croatian) " §. 53. Banu gradjanskoga stališta bit će i od sada naslov: "Ban kraljevinah Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije" i časti banskoj pripadati će sva ona prijašnja preimućtva i dostojanstva, koja se slažu s njegovim položajem. Po tome i nadalje ostaje članom kuće velikašah zajedničkoga sabora.[§. 53. The Ban of the civil status will be and from now on titled: "Ban of the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia" and dignity of the Ban will keep all previous precedences and honours, which are in accordance with its position. For this reason, he remains a member of the House of Magnates of the Joint Parliament.]", Sbornik zakona i naredabah valjanih za kraljevine Hrvatsku i Slavoniju za god. 1868. (Komad I.-VI., br. 1.-19.) p. 122., Retrieved 2018-09-27
^Court and state guide issued by the Imperial and Royal Court, for the year 1878. Hof- und Staats-handbuch der Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarhie für 1878. (in German), Königreich Ungarn und die damit verbundenen Theile, " Barones Regni (Bannerherren) .. Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae Banus (Ban von Croatien, Dalmatien und Slavonien) ", Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlich-Ko̲niglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, p. 691., Retrieved 2018-09-28
^Court and state guide issued by the Imperial and Royal Court, for the year 1878. Hof- und Staats-handbuch der Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarhie für 1878. (in German), Königreich Croatien und Slavonien nebst der croatisch–slavonischen Militärgrenze, " Ban von Croatien, Slavonien und Dalmatien", Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlich-Ko̲niglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, p. 887., Retrieved 2018-09-28
^Ines Sabotič; Stjepan Matković (April 2005). "Saborski izbori i zagrebačka izborna tijela na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće" [Parliamentary Elections and Zagreb Electoral Bodies at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries]. Drustvena Istrazivanja: Journal for General Social Issues (in Croatian). 14 (1-2 (75–76)). Zagreb, Croatia: Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar: 168. ISSN1330-0288. Retrieved 22 August 2012. [...] Zakona o izbornom redu za kraljevinu Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije
^State union between Hungary and Croatia–Slavonia was formally known as personal union, in reality it was real union with self rule for Croatia–Slavonia.
^After the establishment of the Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Land Government (Royal Land Government or informally Autonomous Government), the Croatian Court Chancellery or (officially) Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Court Chancellery in Vienna (1862–1869) as supreme governmental body for Croatia and Slavonia organized in accordance with the October Diploma and the February Patent and the Royal Croatian–Slavonian Council of Lieutenancy in Zagreb (1861–1869) were abolished.
^Ivan Čepulo (April 2006). "Izgradnja modernog hrvatskog sudstva 1848 – 1918" [Building up of the Modern Croatian Judiciary 1848 – 1918]. Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu: Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty (in Croatian). 56 (2–3). Zagreb, Croatia: University of Zagreb, Law Faculty: 325–383. ISSN0350-2058. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, Zastave kroz stoljeća, Croatian History Museum, Zagreb, 1996, p. 110
^ abBan (viceroy) Iván Skerlecz: "According to the § 61 article I from the year 1868 of Agreement and of decree of the Department of Interior of the Royal Country Government of November 16th, 1867, No. 18.307, red-white-blue tricolour is the civil flag in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia, which with the united Coat-of-Arms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with the crown of saint Stephen on the top is official flag for usage in autonomous affairs. Above-mentioned civil flag may be used by everyone in appropriate way." "Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (1867 - 1918)". Archived from the original on 1 January 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009. [1]
Place in Hesse, Germany Town in Hesse, GermanyBad Arolsen TownThe Schlossstrasse in the central district of Bad Arolsen - in the far west the Kirchplatz with church Coat of armsLocation of Bad Arolsen within Waldeck-Frankenberg district Bad Arolsen Show map of GermanyBad Arolsen Show map of HesseCoordinates: 51°22′N 9°1′E / 51.367°N 9.017°E / 51.367; 9.017CountryGermanyStateHesseAdmin. regionKassel DistrictWaldeck-FrankenbergGovernment • Mayor (2022...
Jakob Essen Hamilton Född12 september 1797[1]Skatelövs församling, SverigeDöd3 maj 1864[1] (66 år)ParisMedborgare iSverigeUtbildad vidLunds universitetUppsala universitet SysselsättningPolitiker, militärBefattningLedamot av Sveriges ståndsriksdag (1823–1863)Överståthållare (1848–1862)MakaStefanie HamiltonFöräldrarAxel Hamilton af HagebyUtmärkelserKungliga Svärdsorden (1836)Kommendör med stora korset av Nordstjärneorden (1853)Kungliga Serafimerorden (1858)Ko...
2011 Australian filmToomelahTheatrical film posterDirected byIvan SenWritten byIvan SenProduced byDavid JowseyStarringDaniel ConnorsChristopher EdwardsMichael ConnorsCinematographyIvan SenEdited byIvan SenMusic byIvan SenProductioncompanyBunya ProductionsDistributed byVisit FilmsRelease date 11 May 2011 (2011-05-11) (Cannes) Running time106 minutesCountryAustraliaLanguageEnglish Toomelah is a 2011 Australian drama film written and directed by Ivan Sen and starring Daniel Co...
Short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman For the 2011 film, see The Yellow Wallpaper (film). The Yellow WallpaperShort story by Charlotte Perkins GilmanCover of a 1901 edition of The Yellow WallpaperText available at WikisourcePublicationPublication date1892 The Yellow Wallpaper (original title: The Yellow Wall-paper. A Story) is a short story by American writer Charlotte Perkins Gilman, first published in January 1892 in The New England Magazine.[1] It is regarded as an important earl...
1995 single by Yōko Oginome Ashita wa Hareru!Single by Yōko OginomeLanguageJapaneseEnglish titleIt Will Be Fine Tomorrow!B-sideHeartbreakerReleasedAugust 23, 1995 (1995-08-23)Recorded1995GenreJ-popLength4:05LabelVictorSongwriter(s)Natsumi WatanabeTetsurō OdaYōko Oginome singles chronology Shiawase e no Jikan (1995) Ashita wa Hareru! (1995) Look Up to the Sky (1997) Ashita wa Hareru! (明日は晴れる!, lit. It Will Be Fine Tomorrow!) is the 35th single by Japanese singer ...
2023 single by (G)I-dle I DoSingle by (G)I-dlefrom the EP Heat LanguageEnglishReleasedJuly 13, 2023 (2023-07-13)Recorded2023GenreSynth-popLength3:10Label Cube 88rising Songwriter(s) Rogét Chahayed Imad Royal Blaise Railey Drew Love Producer(s) Rogét Chahayed Imad Royal (G)I-dle singles chronology Queencard (2023) I Do (2023) I Want That (2023) Music videoI Do on YouTube I Do is a song by South Korean girl group (G)I-dle. It was released on July 14, 2023, through Cube and 88ri...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Partir, revenir – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1985 French filmPartir, revenirDirected byClaude LelouchWritten by Claude Lelouch Julie Pavesi Jérôme Tonnerre Pierre Uytterhoeven S...
National Universitary Concentration (Spanish: Concentración Nacional Universitaria, abbrev. CNU) was a Third position terrorist group in Argentina. Founded in 1971, the CNU was based in the cities of Mar del Plata and La Plata.[1] In complicity with the police and military, CNU carried out various murders and other acts of violence, which later legal proceedings considered to be the precursor of the Dirty War. According to its communique, the group adhered to Fascism and Peronism and...
«FREJUL» redirige aquí. Para la alianza formada en 2007 por dirigentes justicialistas opuestos a Néstor Kirchner, véase Frente Justicia, Unión y Libertad. Frente Justicialista de Liberación Líder Juan D. Perón Héctor J. CámporaIsabel PerónFundación 6 de diciembre de 1972[1]Disolución 24 de marzo de 1976Eslogan Cámpora al gobierno, Perón al poderIdeología Peronismo ortodoxo(mayoritario)Facciones variadas Ver lista• Fascismo• Nacional-sindicalismo• Conservadurismo�...
St. Macdara’s Island This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Mac Dara was a sixth century Christian saint who lived off the western coast of Ireland on a remote island. His feast day is September 28; the Féile Mhic Dara occurs on July 16.[1] History His own name was Síonach Ma...
NJ Transit rail station Red BankRed Bank station platforms in New JerseyGeneral informationLocation175 Monmouth StreetRed Bank, New Jersey 07701Owned byNJ TransitLine(s)North Jersey Coast LinePlatforms2 side platformsTracks2Connections NJT Bus: 831, 832, 833, 834, and 835 Academy Bus: Shore PointsConstructionParkingYesBicycle facilitiesYesAccessibleYesOther informationFare zone18[1]HistoryOpenedJune 25, 1875 (ceremonial)[2]July 1, 1875 (regular service)[2]Rebuilt2...
Paiján es el nombre de un complejo arqueológico situado en la costa norte del Perú, cuyo nombre deriva de una localidad Paiján situada en la margen norte del río Chicama, en distrito de Paiján, en el departamento de La Libertad. Los restos arqueológicos pertenecen al Periodo Lítico Andino o paleoamericano, y se hallan esparcidos entre el valle de Virú al sur, y Pacasmayo al norte. El artefacto lítico característico de estos yacimientos es una punta bifacial sin pedúnculo, que se c...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Peter Haskell filmography – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) Haskell in 1969 This is the complete filmography of actor Peter Haskell (October 15, 1934 – April 12, 2010).[1] Film Year Title Role Notes 2008 Sex and ...
Mohmand blockadePart of World War IPolice post built in the corner of Subhan Khwar Camp, as part of the Mohmand blockade, on the road between Fort Shabkadar and MichniDateSeptember 1916 - July 1917LocationNorth-West Frontier ProvinceResult Anglo-Indian victoryBelligerents British Empire Mohmand Tribe The Mohmand blockade (1916–1917) was a blockade formed by a series of blockhouses and barbed wire defences, along the Mohmand border on the North West Frontier by the Indian Army duri...
Karl Marx in 1861 In Marxism, a theoretician is an individual who observes and writes about the condition or dynamics of society, history, or economics, making use of the main principles of Marxian socialism in the analysis. Derivation of the term The term, theoretician as used by Marx, originally had a much more specific meaning, where the theoretician is tied very closely to working class, and is part of the working class clarifying its struggle and expressing its interests. In The Poverty ...
Slovenian swimmer Martin StrelMartin Strel-Big River ManBorn (1954-10-01) 1 October 1954 (age 69)Mokronog, SR Slovenia, SFR Yugoslavia (Now Slovenia)NationalitySloveneOccupationlong-distance swimmerKnown forSwam world's biggest rivers, holder of 4 Guinness World RecordsHeight1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)Websitewww.martinstrel.com Martin Strel (listenⓘ; born 1 October 1954), is a Slovenian long-distance swimmer, one of the most elite endurance athletes[1] best known for...
WeybourneTypeLocal Nature ReserveLocationWeybourne, SurreyOS gridSU 854 485Area2.4 hectares (5.9 acres)Managed byWaverley Borough Council Weybourne LNR is a 2.4-hectare (5.9-acre) Local Nature Reserve on the southern outskirts of Weybourne in Surrey. It is owned and managed by Waverley Borough Council.[1][2] This site has a variety of habitats, including woodland, grassland, fen and scrub.[1] There is access from Weybourne Road. Wikimedia Commons has media related...
Multilateral negotiation platform aimed at solving the Transnistria conflict Locator map of Moldova (green) and Transnistria (orange), the main parties of the Transnistria conflict The 5+2 format,[1] also known as the 5+2 talks,[2] the 5+2 negotiations[3] and the 5+2 process,[4] is a diplomatic negotiation platform aimed at finding a solution to the Transnistria conflict between Moldova and the unrecognized state of Transnistria. It is composed of the latter tw...
جزء من سلسلة مقالات سياسة سورياسوريا الدستور الدستور حقوق الإنسان السلطة التنفيذية رئيس الجمهورية (قائمة) بشار الأسد نائب رئيس الجمهورية (قائمة) نجاح العطار مجلس الوزراء رئيس مجلس الوزراء (قائمة) حسين عرنوس السلطة التشريعية مجلس الشعب رئيس المجلس (قائمة) حمودة الصباغ السل�...
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