Duchy of Livonia

Herzogtum Livland (German)
Uždauguvio kunigaikštystė (Lithuanian)
Księstwo Zadźwińskie (Polish)
Ducatus Ultradunensis (Latin)

Vassal of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, then of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

1561–1629

Coat of arms

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with its major subdivisions after the 1618 Truce of Deulino, superimposed on present-day national borders. Livonia here is coloured dark grey, upper-right, over modern Estonia and Latvia. Swedish Estonia is coloured green.^[1]

Capital

Fellin (Viljandi)

Area

• Coordinates

58°22′N 25°36′E / 58.367°N 25.600°E

Government

• Type

Principality

Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland

• 1561–1572

Sigismund II Augustus

• 1573–1575

Henry III de Valois

• 1576–1586

Stephen Báthory and Anna Jagiellon

• 1588–1621

Sigismund III Vasa

Governor

• 1566–1578

Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz

Historical era

Early Modern Age

• Treaty of Vilnius

28 November 1561

• Polish–Swedish War

1620–1622

• Truce of Altmark

25 September 1629

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	Terra Mariana
	Free City of Riga

Swedish Livonia
Inflanty Voivodeship

The Duchy of Livonia,^[2]^[a] also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia,^[b] was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that existed from 1561 to 1621. It corresponds to the present-day areas of northern Latvia and southern Estonia.

History

Livonia had been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1561, since the Livonian Order was secularized by the Union of Vilnius and the Livonian Confederation dissolved during the Livonian Wars. Part of Livonia formed the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia while the south-west part of today's Estonia and north-east part of today's Latvia, covering what are now Vidzeme and Latgale, were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In 1566, it was declared the Duchy of Livonia according to the Treaty of Union between the landowners of Livonia and authorities of Lithuania; Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz became the first Governor of the Duchy (1566–1578) in Sigulda Castle. It was a province of Grand Duchy of Lithuania until 1569. After the Union of Lublin in 1569, it became a joint domain of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy.

The larger part of the Duchy was conquered by Swedish Empire during the Polish–Swedish wars, and their gains were recognized in the Truce of Altmark in 1629. The Commonwealth retained southeastern parts of the Wenden Voivodeship, renamed to Inflanty Voivodeship with the capital in Daugavpils (Dyneburg), until the first Partition of Poland in 1772, when it was annexed by Catherine the Great's Russian Empire. The title "Prince of Livonia" was added to the grand title of later Russian Emperors.

Administrative divisions

Dorpat Voivodeship (Dorpat) from 1598 to the 1620s
Parnawa Voivodeship (Parnawa) from 1598 to the 1620s
Wenden Voivodeship (Wenden) from 1598 to the 1620s

Notes

^ Polish: Księstwo Zadźwińskie or Księstwo Inflanckie;^[3] Lithuanian: Livonijos kunigaikštystė or Uždauguvio kunigaikštystė; Latin: Ducatus Ultradunensis; Estonian: Liivimaa hertsogkond; Latvian: Pārdaugavas hercogiste; German: Herzogtum Livland
^ Polish: Inflanty^[4]

References

^ Although colored green, the island of Oesel was not part of Sweden until 1645 and belonged to Danish Crown. It was ceded to Sweden along with Gotland after signing the Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645).
^ Brand, Hanno (2005). Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North. p. 17. ISBN 90-6550-881-3.
^ Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past. p. 176. ISBN 978-963-9116-42-9.
^ Plakans, Andrejs (2011). A Concise History of the Baltic States. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-54155-8.

External links

October 2009+06:08:36 Duchy of Livonia

v t e Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Province of Greater Poland	Brześć Kujawski Chełmno Gniezno Inowrocław Kalisz Łęczyca Malbork Masovian Płock Pomeranian Poznań Rawa Sieradz Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
Province of Lesser Poland	Bełz Bracław Chernihów Kiev Kraków Lublin Podlaskie Podolian Ruthenian Sandomierz Volhynia Duchy of Siewierz Duchy of Siveria (1619–1635)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Brest Litovsk Minsk Mstsislaw Nowogródek Połock Smolensk Trakai Vilnius Vitebsk Duchy of Samogitia
Polish Livonia	Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621): Dorpat, Parnawa, Wenden Inflanty (1621–1772)
Fiefs	Lauenburg and Bütow Land Duchy of Prussia Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

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