This article is about the chemical element. For the nutrient commonly called sodium, see salt. For the use of sodium as a medication, see Saline (medicine). For other uses, see sodium (disambiguation).
Sodium is an essential element for all animals and some plants. Sodium ions are the major cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and as such are the major contributor to the ECF osmotic pressure.[9] Animal cells actively pump sodium ions out of the cells by means of the sodium–potassium pump, an enzyme complex embedded in the cell membrane, in order to maintain a roughly ten-times higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell than inside.[10] In nerve cells, the sudden flow of sodium ions into the cell through voltage-gated sodium channels enables transmission of a nerve impulse in a process called the action potential.
Sodium at standard temperature and pressure is a soft silvery metal that combines with oxygen in the air, forming sodium oxides. Bulk sodium is usually stored in oil or an inert gas. Sodium metal can be easily cut with a knife. It is a good conductor of electricity and heat. Due to having low atomic mass and large atomic radius, sodium is third-least dense of all elemental metals and is one of only three metals that can float on water, the other two being lithium and potassium.[11]
The melting (98 °C) and boiling (883 °C) points of sodium are lower than those of lithium but higher than those of the heavier alkali metals potassium, rubidium, and caesium, following periodic trends down the group.[12] These properties change dramatically at elevated pressures: at 1.5 Mbar, the color changes from silvery metallic to black; at 1.9 Mbar the material becomes transparent with a red color; and at 3 Mbar, sodium is a clear and transparent solid. All of these high-pressure allotropes are insulators and electrides.[13]
A positive flame test for sodium has a bright yellow color.
In a flame test, sodium and its compounds glow yellow[14] because the excited 3s electrons of sodium emit a photon when they fall from 3p to 3s; the wavelength of this photon corresponds to the D line at about 589.3 nm. Spin-orbit interactions involving the electron in the 3p orbital split the D line into two, at 589.0 and 589.6 nm; hyperfine structures involving both orbitals cause many more lines.[15]
Twenty isotopes of sodium are known, but only 23Na is stable. 23Na is created in the carbon-burning process in stars by fusing two carbon atoms together; this requires temperatures above 600 megakelvins and a star of at least three solar masses.[16] Two radioactive, cosmogenic isotopes are the byproduct of cosmic ray spallation: 22Na has a half-life of 2.6 years and 24Na, a half-life of 15 hours; all other isotopes have a half-life of less than one minute.[17]
Two nuclear isomers have been discovered, the longer-lived one being 24mNa with a half-life of around 20.2 milliseconds. Acute neutron radiation, as from a nuclear criticality accident, converts some of the stable 23Na in human blood to 24Na; the neutron radiation dosage of a victim can be calculated by measuring the concentration of 24Na relative to 23Na.[18]
Sodium atoms have 11 electrons, one more than the stable configuration of the noble gasneon. The first and second ionization energies are 495.8 kJ/mol and 4562 kJ/mol, respectively. As a result, sodium usually forms ionic compounds involving the Na+ cation.[19]
Metallic sodium
Metallic sodium is generally less reactive than potassium and more reactive than lithium.[20] Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the standard reduction potential for the Na+/Na couple being −2.71 volts,[21] though potassium and lithium have even more negative potentials.[22]
The structure of sodium chloride, showing octahedral coordination around Na+ and Cl− centres. This framework disintegrates when dissolved in water and reassembles when the water evaporates.
Sodium tends to form water-soluble compounds, such as halides, sulfates, nitrates, carboxylates and carbonates. The main aqueous species are the aquo complexes [Na(H2O)n]+, where n = 4–8; with n = 6 indicated from X-ray diffraction data and computer simulations.[27]
Direct precipitation of sodium salts from aqueous solutions is rare because sodium salts typically have a high affinity for water. An exception is sodium bismuthate (NaBiO3),[28] which is insoluble in cold water and decomposes in hot water.[29] Because of the high solubility of its compounds, sodium salts are usually isolated as solids by evaporation or by precipitation with an organic antisolvent, such as ethanol; for example, only 0.35 g/L of sodium chloride will dissolve in ethanol.[30] A crown ether such as 15-crown-5 may be used as a phase-transfer catalyst.[31]
Like the other alkali metals, sodium dissolves in ammonia and some amines to give deeply colored solutions; evaporation of these solutions leaves a shiny film of metallic sodium. The solutions contain the coordination complex [Na(NH3)6]+, with the positive charge counterbalanced by electrons as anions; cryptands permit the isolation of these complexes as crystalline solids. Sodium forms complexes with crown ethers, cryptands and other ligands.[33]
For example, 15-crown-5 has a high affinity for sodium because the cavity size of 15-crown-5 is 1.7–2.2 Å, which is enough to fit the sodium ion (1.9 Å).[34][35] Cryptands, like crown ethers and other ionophores, also have a high affinity for the sodium ion; derivatives of the alkalide Na− are obtainable[36] by the addition of cryptands to solutions of sodium in ammonia via disproportionation.[37]
The structure of the complex of sodium (Na+, shown in yellow) and the antibiotic monensin-A
Many organosodium compounds have been prepared. Because of the high polarity of the C-Na bonds, they behave like sources of carbanions (salts with organic anions). Some well-known derivatives include sodium cyclopentadienide (NaC5H5) and trityl sodium ((C6H5)3CNa).[38]Sodium naphthalene, Na+[C10H8•]−, a strong reducing agent, forms upon mixing Na and naphthalene in ethereal solutions.[39]
Intermetallic compounds
Sodium forms alloys with many metals, such as potassium, calcium, lead, and the group 11 and 12 elements. Sodium and potassium form KNa2 and NaK. NaK is 40–90% potassium and it is liquid at ambient temperature. It is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor. Sodium-calcium alloys are by-products of the electrolytic production of sodium from a binary salt mixture of NaCl-CaCl2 and ternary mixture NaCl-CaCl2-BaCl2. Calcium is only partially miscible with sodium, and the 1–2% of it dissolved in the sodium obtained from said mixtures can be precipitated by cooling to 120 °C and filtering.[40]
In a liquid state, sodium is completely miscible with lead. There are several methods to make sodium-lead alloys. One is to melt them together and another is to deposit sodium electrolytically on molten lead cathodes. NaPb3, NaPb, Na9Pb4, Na5Pb2, and Na15Pb4 are some of the known sodium-lead alloys. Sodium also forms alloys with gold (NaAu2) and silver (NaAg2). Group 12 metals (zinc, cadmium and mercury) are known to make alloys with sodium. NaZn13 and NaCd2 are alloys of zinc and cadmium. Sodium and mercury form NaHg, NaHg4, NaHg2, Na3Hg2, and Na3Hg.[41]
History
Because of its importance in human health, salt has long been an important commodity. In medieval Europe, a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.[42]
Although sodium, sometimes called soda, had long been recognized in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.[43][44] In 1809, the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names Natronium for Humphry Davy's "sodium" and Kalium for Davy's "potassium".[45]
The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols,[46][47] and is an abbreviation of the element's Neo-Latin name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron,[42] a natural mineral salt mainly consisting of hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds.[48]
In a corner of our 60 m3 room farthest away from the apparatus, we exploded 3 mg of sodium chlorate with milk sugar while observing the nonluminous flame before the slit. After a while, it glowed a bright yellow and showed a strong sodium line that disappeared only after 10 minutes. From the weight of the sodium salt and the volume of air in the room, we easily calculate that one part by weight of air could not contain more than 1/20 millionth weight of sodium.
Occurrence
The Earth's crust contains 2.27% sodium, making it the sixth most abundant element on Earth and the fourth most abundant metal, behind aluminium, iron, calcium, and magnesium and ahead of potassium.[50]Sodium's estimated oceanic abundance is 10.8 grams per liter.[51] Because of its high reactivity, it is never found as a pure element. It is found in many minerals, some very soluble, such as halite and natron, others much less soluble, such as amphibole and zeolite. The insolubility of certain sodium minerals such as cryolite and feldspar arises from their polymeric anions, which in the case of feldspar is a polysilicate. In the universe, sodium is the 15th most abundant element with a 20,000 parts-per-billion abundance,[52] making sodium 0.002% of the total atoms in the universe.
Astronomical observations
Atomic sodium has a very strong spectral line in the yellow-orange part of the spectrum (the same line as is used in sodium-vapour street lights). This appears as an absorption line in many types of stars, including the Sun. The line was first studied in 1814 by Joseph von Fraunhofer during his investigation of the lines in the solar spectrum, now known as the Fraunhofer lines. Fraunhofer named it the "D" line, although it is now known to actually be a group of closely spaced lines split by a fine and hyperfine structure.[53]
The strength of the D line allows its detection in many other astronomical environments. In stars, it is seen in any whose surfaces are cool enough for sodium to exist in atomic form (rather than ionised). This corresponds to stars of roughly F-type and cooler. Many other stars appear to have a sodium absorption line, but this is actually caused by gas in the foreground interstellar medium. The two can be distinguished via high-resolution spectroscopy, because interstellar lines are much narrower than those broadened by stellar rotation.[54]
Employed in rather specialized applications, about 100,000 tonnes of metallic sodium are produced annually.[60] Metallic sodium was first produced commercially in the late nineteenth century[40] by carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100 °C, as the first step of the Deville process for the production of aluminium:[61][62][63]
Na2CO3 + 2 C → 2 Na + 3 CO
The high demand for aluminium created the need for the production of sodium. The introduction of the Hall–Héroult process for the production of aluminium by electrolysing a molten salt bath ended the need for large quantities of sodium. A related process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886.[61]
Though metallic sodium has some important uses, the major applications for sodium use compounds; millions of tons of sodium chloride, hydroxide, and carbonate are produced annually. Sodium chloride is extensively used for anti-icing and de-icing and as a preservative; examples of the uses of sodium bicarbonate include baking, as a raising agent, and sodablasting. Along with potassium, many important medicines have sodium added to improve their bioavailability; though potassium is the better ion in most cases, sodium is chosen for its lower price and atomic weight.[70]Sodium hydride is used as a base for various reactions (such as the aldol reaction) in organic chemistry.
Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium borohydride, sodium azide, indigo, and triphenylphosphine. A once-common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods, the production of sodium declined after 1970.[60] Sodium is also used as an alloying metal, an anti-scaling agent,[71] and as a reducing agent for metals when other materials are ineffective.
Note the free element is not used as a scaling agent, ions in the water are exchanged for sodium ions. Sodium plasma ("vapor") lamps are often used for street lighting in cities, shedding light that ranges from yellow-orange to peach as the pressure increases.[72] By itself or with potassium, sodium is a desiccant; it gives an intense blue coloration with benzophenone when the desiccate is dry.[73]
NaK phase diagram, showing the melting point of sodium as a function of potassium concentration. NaK with 77% potassium is eutectic and has the lowest melting point of the NaK alloys at −12.6 °C.[78]
Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in sodium-cooled fast reactors[79] because it has the high thermal conductivity and low neutron absorption cross section required to achieve a high neutron flux in the reactor.[80] The high boiling point of sodium allows the reactor to operate at ambient (normal) pressure,[80] but drawbacks include its opacity, which hinders visual maintenance, and its strongly reducing properties. Sodium will explode in contact with water, although it will only burn gently in air.[81]
Radioactive sodium-24 may be produced by neutron bombardment during operation, posing a slight radiation hazard; the radioactivity stops within a few days after removal from the reactor.[82] If a reactor needs to be shut down frequently, NaK is used. Because NaK is a liquid at room temperature, the coolant does not solidify in the pipes.[83]
In this case, the pyrophoricity of potassium requires extra precautions to prevent and detect leaks.[84] Another heat transfer application is poppet valves in high-performance internal combustion engines; the valve stems are partially filled with sodium and work as a heat pipe to cool the valves.[85]
In humans, sodium is an essential mineral that regulates blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH. The minimum physiological requirement for sodium is estimated to range from about 120 milligrams per day in newborns to 500 milligrams per day over the age of 10.[86]
Diet
Sodium chloride, also known as edible salt or table salt[87] (chemical formula NaCl), is the principal source of sodium (Na) in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative in such commodities as pickled preserves and jerky; for Americans, most sodium chloride comes from processed foods.[88] Other sources of sodium are its natural occurrence in food and such food additives as monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium nitrite, sodium saccharin, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and sodium benzoate.[89]
The Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, which is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, has determined that there isn't enough evidence from research studies to establish Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values for sodium. As a result, the committee has established Adequate Intake (AI) levels instead, as follows. The sodium AI for infants of 0–6 months is established at 110 mg/day, 7–12 months: 370 mg/day; for children 1–3 years: 800 mg/day, 4–8 years: 1,000 mg/day; for adolescents: 9–13 years – 1,200 mg/day, 14–18 years 1,500 mg/day; for adults regardless of their age or sex: 1,500 mg/day.[93]
Sodium chloride (NaCl) contains approximately 39.34% of elemental sodium (Na) the total mass. This means that 1 gram of sodium chloride contains approximately 393.4 mg of elemental sodium.[94]
For example, to find out how much sodium chloride contains 1500 mg of elemental sodium (the value of 1500 mg sodium is the adequate intake (AI) for an adult), we can use the proportion:
393.4 mg Na : 1000 mg NaCl = 1500 mg Na : x mg NaCl
Solving for x gives us the amount of sodium chloride that contains 1500 mg of elemental sodium:
x = (1500 mg Na × 1000 mg NaCl) / 393.4 mg Na = 3812.91 mg
This mean that 3812.91 mg of sodium chloride contain 1500 mg of elemental sodium.[94]
There is a strong correlation between higher sodium intake and higher blood pressure.[96] Studies have found that lowering sodium intake by 2 g per day tends to lower systolic blood pressure by about two to four mm Hg.[97] It has been estimated that such a decrease in sodium intake would lead to 9–17% fewer cases of hypertension.[97]
Hypertension causes 7.6 million premature deaths worldwide each year.[98] Since edible salt contains about 39.3% sodium[99]—the rest being chlorine and trace chemicals; thus, 2.3 g sodium is about 5.9 g, or 5.3 ml, of salt—about one US teaspoon.[100][101]
One scientific review found that people with or without hypertension who excreted less than 3 grams of sodium per day in their urine (and therefore were taking in less than 3 g/d) had a higher risk of death, stroke, or heart attack than those excreting 4 to 5 grams per day.[102] Levels of 7 g per day or more in people with hypertension were associated with higher mortality and cardiovascular events, but this was not found to be true for people without hypertension.[102] The US FDA states that adults with hypertension and prehypertension should reduce daily sodium intake to 1.5 g.[101]
Physiology
The renin–angiotensin system regulates the amount of fluid and sodium concentration in the body. Reduction of blood pressure and sodium concentration in the kidney result in the production of renin, which in turn produces aldosterone and angiotensin, which stimulates the reabsorption of sodium back into the bloodstream. When the concentration of sodium increases, the production of renin decreases, and the sodium concentration returns to normal.[103] The sodium ion (Na+) is an important electrolyte in neuron function, and in osmoregulation between cells and the extracellular fluid. This is accomplished in all animals by Na+/K+-ATPase, an active transporter pumping ions against the gradient, and sodium/potassium channels.[104] The difference in extracellular and intracellular ion concentration, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, produce electrical signals in the form of action potentials that supports cardiac muscle contraction and promote long distance communication between neurons.[10] Sodium is the most prevalent metallic ion in extracellular fluid.[105]
In humans, unusually low or high sodium levels in the blood is recognized in medicine as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. These conditions may be caused by genetic factors, ageing, or prolonged vomiting or diarrhea.[106]
Biological role in plants
In C4 plants, sodium is a micronutrient that aids metabolism, specifically in regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate and synthesis of chlorophyll.[107] In others, it substitutes for potassium in several roles, such as maintaining turgor pressure and aiding in the opening and closing of stomata.[108] Excess sodium in the soil can limit the uptake of water by decreasing the water potential, which may result in plant wilting; excess concentrations in the cytoplasm can lead to enzyme inhibition, which in turn causes necrosis and chlorosis.[109]
In response, some plants have developed mechanisms to limit sodium uptake in the roots, to store it in cell vacuoles, and restrict salt transport from roots to leaves.[110] Excess sodium may also be stored in old plant tissue, limiting the damage to new growth. Halophytes have adapted to be able to flourish in sodium rich environments.[110]
Sodium forms flammable hydrogen and caustic sodium hydroxide on contact with water;[113] ingestion and contact with moisture on skin, eyes or mucous membranes can cause severe burns.[114][115] Sodium spontaneously explodes in the presence of water due to the formation of hydrogen (highly explosive) and sodium hydroxide (which dissolves in the water, liberating more surface). However, sodium exposed to air and ignited or reaching autoignition (reported to occur when a molten pool of sodium reaches about 290 °C, 554 °F)[116] displays a relatively mild fire.
In the case of massive (non-molten) pieces of sodium, the reaction with oxygen eventually becomes slow due to formation of a protective layer.[117]Fire extinguishers based on water accelerate sodium fires. Those based on carbon dioxide and bromochlorodifluoromethane should not be used on sodium fire.[115] Metal fires are Class D, but not all Class D extinguishers are effective when used to extinguish sodium fires. An effective extinguishing agent for sodium fires is Met-L-X.[115] Other effective agents include Lith-X, which has graphite powder and an organophosphateflame retardant, and dry sand.[118]
Sodium fires are prevented in nuclear reactors by isolating sodium from oxygen with surrounding pipes containing inert gas.[119] Pool-type sodium fires are prevented using diverse design measures called catch pan systems. They collect leaking sodium into a leak-recovery tank where it is isolated from oxygen.[119]
Liquid sodium fires are more dangerous to handle than solid sodium fires, particularly if there is insufficient experience with the safe handling of molten sodium. In a technical report for the United States Fire Administration,[114] R. J. Gordon writes (emphasis in original)
Molten sodium is extremely dangerous because it is much more reactive than a solid mass. In the liquid form, every sodium atom is free and mobile to instantaneously combine with any available oxygen atom or other oxidizer, and any gaseous by-product will be created as a rapidly expanding gas bubble within the molten mass. Even a minute amount of water can create this type of reaction. Any amount of water introduced into a pool of molten sodium is likely to cause a violent explosion inside the liquid mass, releasing the hydrogen as a rapidly expanding gas and causing the molten sodium to erupt from the container.
When molten sodium is involved in a fire, the combustion occurs at the surface of the liquid. An inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon, can be used to form an inert layer over the pool of burning liquid sodium, but the gas must be applied very gently and contained over the surface. Except for soda ash, most of the powdered agents that are used to extinguish small fires in solid pieces or shallow pools will sink to the bottom of a molten mass of burning sodium – the sodium will float to the top and continue to burn. If the burning sodium is in a container, it may be feasible to extinguish the fire by placing a lid on the container to exclude oxygen.
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^ abGünter Kessler (8 May 2012). Sustainable and Safe Nuclear Fission Energy: Technology and Safety of Fast and Thermal Nuclear Reactors (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. p. 446. ISBN978-3-642-11990-3.
American politician Charles S. Dean Sr.Member of the Florida Senatefrom the 5th districtIn officeNovember 20, 2012 – November 8, 2016Preceded byStephen R. WiseMember of the Florida Senatefrom the 3rd districtIn officeOctober 3, 2007 – November 20, 2012Preceded byNancy ArgenzianoSucceeded byBill MontfordMember of the Florida House of Representativesfrom the 43rd districtIn officeNovember 19, 2002 – June 26, 2007Preceded byNancy ArgenzianoSucceeded b...
Salah satu dewangga dalam serial The Hunt of the Unicorn: The Unicorn is Found, kira-kira 1495-1505, The Cloisters, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City Dewangga adalah sebuah bentuk seni rupa tekstil, biasanya dirajut memakai tangan dan alat rajut. Kebanyakan perajut memakai bahan alami, seperti wol, linen atau kapas. Referensi Catatan Daftar pustaka Campbell, Thomas P. Henry VIII and the Art of Majesty: Tapestries at the Tudor Court, Yale University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-300-12234-3 ...
Mommsenstadion Das Mommsenstadion an der Waldschulallee, 2019 Frühere Namen SCC-Stadion Daten Ort Waldschulallee 34–42Deutschland 14055 Berlin, Deutschland Koordinaten 52° 30′ 3″ N, 13° 15′ 51″ O52.50083333333313.264166666667Koordinaten: 52° 30′ 3″ N, 13° 15′ 51″ O Eigentümer Land Berlin Eröffnung 17. August 1930 Renovierungen 1950–1956, 2006 Oberfläche Naturrasen Architekt Fred Forbát Kapazität 15.005 P...
تعد إنزيمات سيتوكروم بي450 أوكسيداز ذات أهمية كبيرة في استقلاب المركبات الحيوية الغريبة.استقلاب الدواء هو تفكيك استقلابي للدواء من قبل الكائنات الحية، وذلك في العادة عن طريق إنزيمات جهازية متخصصة. بشكل أعمَّ، فإن استقلاب المواد الغريبة هو مجموعة من السبل الاستقلابية التي ت
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang klub sepak bola wanita. Untuk klub sepak bola pria, lihat Sport Club Internacional. InternacionalNama lengkapSport Club InternacionalJulukanGurias ColoradasBerdiri1983StadionEstádio Beira-Rio(Kapasitas: 50.128)LigaBrasileiro Série A1Campeonato Gaúcho [pt]2022Brasileiro Série A1, Peringkat ke-3Campeonato Gaúcho [pt], Peringkat ke-2 Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Kostum ketiga Sport Club Internacional atau umum dikenal dengan nama...
Medical school at Central Philippine University Central Philippine UniversityCollege of MedicineThe Central Philippine University College of Medicine SealMottoScientia et FidesMotto in EnglishKnowledge and FaithTypePrivate medical schoolEstablished October 12, 2002 (established) 2003 (opened) AffiliationAssociation of Philippine Medical Colleges[1]PresidentRev. Dr. Ernest Howard B. Dagohoy, D.Min., M.Div. (18th President of Central Philippine University)DeanHenry Gonzales, M.D.As...
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013Country SwedenNational selectionSelection processLilla Melodifestivalen 2013Selection date(s)6 June 2013Selected entrantEliiasSelected songDet är dit vi skaFinals performanceFinal result9th, 46 pointsSweden in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest ◄2012 • 2013 • 2014► Sweden participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Kyiv, Ukraine. The Swedish entry was selected through Lilla Melodifestivalen 2013 which con...
One of the Great Lakes of North America Lake HuronGichi-aazhoogami-gichigami /Naadowewi-gichigami (Ojibwe)Lake Huron, Georgian Bay, and the frozen North Channel (top) seen from the International Space Station on April 20, 2018Lake HuronLake Huron bathymetric map.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The deepest point is marked with ×.[7]LocationNorth AmericaGroupGreat LakesCoordinates44°48′N 82°24′W / 44.8°N 82.4°W / 4...
Church in Alie Street, London Borough of Tower HamletsSt George's German Lutheran ChurchLocationAlie Street, London Borough of Tower HamletsDenominationLutheranHistoryFounded1762Founder(s)Dietrich Beckman St George's German Lutheran Church is a church in Alie Street, Whitechapel just to the east of the City of London. From its foundation in 1762 until 1995 it was used by German Lutherans. Today the small vestry serves as an office for the Historic Chapels Trust and the church is available for...
Мади (Меди) Кайбиевич Бегеновказ. Мәди Қайбиұлы Бегенов Дата рождения 1916(1916) Место рождения Мангышлакский уезд, Закаспийская область, Туркестанский край, Российская империя Дата смерти 1 ноября 1943(1943-11-01) Место смерти Запорожье Принадлежность СССР Род войск пе�...
Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh EditionTrang đầu của Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh EditionThông tin sáchQuốc giaHoa KỳNgôn ngữTiếng Anh AnhChủ đềTổng hợpNhà xuất bảnHorace Everett HooperNgày phát hành1910-11Kiểu sáchIn và sốCuốn trướcEncyclopædia Britannica Tenth EditionCuốn sauEncyclepædia Britannica Twelfth EditionLiên kếtEncyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition tại Wikisource Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition (1910-11), ...
Tatsuya Suzuki Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Tatsuya SuzukiTanggal lahir 1 Agustus 1982 (umur 41)Tempat lahir Prefektur Kanagawa, JepangPosisi bermain PenyerangKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2005-2008 Kashiwa Reysol 2008-2011 FC Tokyo 2012-2014 Tokushima Vortis * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik Tatsuya Suzuki (lahir 1 Agustus 1982) adalah pemain sepak bola asal Jepang. Karier Tatsuya Suzuki pernah bermain untuk Kashiwa Reysol, FC Tokyo dan Tokushi...
Zoo in New South Wales, Australia Shoalhaven Zoo34°52′13″S 150°34′05″E / 34.8704°S 150.5681°E / -34.8704; 150.5681LocationSouth Coast, New South Wales, AustraliaLand area16 acres (6.5 ha)Websiteshoalhavenzoo.com.au Shoalhaven Zoo, formerly the Nowra Animal Park, is an animal park on the South Coast of New South Wales, Australia. Shoalhaven Zoo is the largest native animal park on the NSW South Coast[1] and holds over 100 species of mostly nativ...
Oslo metro station MakrellbekkenGeneral informationLocationMakrellbekken, Vestre Aker, OsloNorwayCoordinates59°56′31″N 10°40′25″E / 59.94194°N 10.67361°E / 59.94194; 10.67361Elevation99.6 m (327 ft)Owned bySporveienOperated bySporveien T-banenLine(s)Røa LineDistance5.4 km (3.4 mi) from StortingetConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeAccessibleYesOther informationFare zoneZone 1HistoryOpened24 January 1935Services Preceding station Oslo Metr...
Chinese SUV Motor vehicle Wuling Hongguang S3Wuling Hongguang S3OverviewManufacturerSAIC-GM-WulingProduction2017–presentAssemblyChina: Liuzhou, Guangxi (SAIC-GM-Wuling)Body and chassisClassCompact SUVBody style5-door SUVLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drivePowertrainEngine1.5 L L2B I4 (petrol)1.5 L LL5 I4 (turbo petrol)[1]Transmission6-speed manual6-speed semi-automatic (clutch-less manual)DimensionsWheelbase2,800 mm (110.2 in)Length4,655 mm (183.3 in)Width1,...
Waco Female College original building Waco Female College is a former private college in Waco, Texas, affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church. It opened in 1857 and closed in 1895; the site was bought by Add-Ran Christian University, a precursor of Texas Christian University. History Waco Female College received a charter in 1854 and began operations in September 1857, initially under the supervision of a local pastor, Franklin Collett Wilkes. William McKendree Lambden became its first...
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