No. 611 Squadron RAuxAF

No. 611 (West Lancashire) Squadron RAuxAF
No. 611 Squadron badge
Active10 February 1936 – 15 August 1945
10 May 1946 – 10 March 1957
2013 – current
CountryUnited Kingdom
BranchRoyal Auxiliary Air Force
Part ofRoyal Auxiliary Air Force
BaseRAF Woodvale
Nickname(s)West Lancashire
Motto(s)Beware Beware[1][2]
Commanders
Honorary Air CommodoreG.L. Pilkington
Notable
commanders		Roland "Bee" Beamont
Insignia
Squadron BadgeIn front of a trident, a rose[2]
The rose points to the County of Lancaster and the trident to Liverpool[1]
Squadron CodesGZ (May 1939 – Sep 1939)[3]
FY (Sep 1939 – Aug 1945
and 1949 – Apr 1951)[4]
RAR (May 1946 – 1949)[5]
Post-1950 squadron roundel

No. 611 (West Lancashire) Squadron is a British Royal Air Force squadron. It was first formed in 1936 and was disbanded in 1957 after seeing combat as a fighter unit during the Second World War. It was reformed as a reserve squadron in 2013.

History

Early years

The squadron was formed at RAF Hendon, Middlesex on 10 February 1936[1][2] as a day bomber unit. The squadron set up its permanent base at RAF Speke (now Liverpool John Lennon Airport) on 6 May and began recruiting personnel from Liverpool and the surrounding area. Its first Hawker Hart light bombers arrived in June, being replaced by Hawker Hinds from April 1938.

Wartime operations

Two Spitfire Mk.IX of 611 Sqn. over Biggin Hill in 1943.

On 1 January 1939, the unit became a fighter squadron, receiving its first Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I's in May. The squadron left for RAF Duxford on 13 August, as part of the Fighter Command's No. 12 Group, After a period of defensive duties on the east coast, No. 611 became fully operational from its RAF Digby base in Lincolnshire in May 1940, firstly over Dunkirk and then taking part in the Battle of Britain campaign with the Duxford Wing, 12 Group's 'Big Wing' formation. The squadron commenced offensive sweeps over occupied northern France in January 1941, based at RAF Hornchurch, moving to RAF Drem in Scotland for recuperation in November 1941. The unit moved south again in June 1942 to RAF Kenley for deployment on shipping reconnaissance, escort and defensive missions. For Operation Overlord (the Allied invasion of Normandy) it was equipped with the Spitfire V LF as part of Air Defence of Great Britain, though under the operational control of RAF Second Tactical Air Force. No. 611 provided covering patrols for the invasion from its base at RAF Deanland.[6] The squadron then moved to south-west England for a short period.

Long-range escort missions began to be flown from RAF Bradwell Bay, Essex, from late August 1944, until No. 611 moved to RAF Skeabrae in Orkney on 3 October. After converting to Merlin powered North American Mustang Mk.IV's the squadron again moved south, this time to RAF Hawkinge in Kent and resumed escort duties for the rest of the war. The squadron disbanded as an RAF squadron on 15 August 1945 at RAF Peterhead.[2]

Postwar operations

No. 611 Squadron Meteor F.8 WH505 'A' outside the Belfast Truss hangars at RAF Hooton Park in September 1952

The squadron reformed again at Liverpool's Speke airport on 10 May 1946 as a fighter squadron within the Royal Auxiliary Air Force. Because of growing airliner movements at Speke, the unit moved to RAF Woodvale near Southport on 22 July 1946 equipped with Spitfire F.14's and from June 1948 with the higher performance Spitfire F.22. Gloster Meteor F.4 jet fighters were received in May 1951, these requiring a move to the longer runways at RAF Hooton Park on the Wirral on 9 July. Re-equipment with updated Meteor F.8's came in December 1951 and these were flown from Hooton Park until the squadron disbanded on 10 March 1957, together with all other RAuxAF flying units.[2]

611 Squadron was reformed at RAF Woodvale during 2013 in line with the expansion of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force recommended by the Future Reserves 2020 (FR20) Commission and endorsed by the Air Force Board Standing Committee. The commission was set up by the Prime Minister in 2010 to examine the shape and role of the Reserve Forces as part of the Strategic Defence and Security Review. The role of the squadron is to provide trained personnel to other RAF units.[7]

Notable Pilots

Flight Lieutenant Barrie Heath of 611 Squadron, photographed in 1940 on the wing of Spitfire IIa P7883 "Grahame Heath", named after his brother.
Barrie Heath with a piece of a Dornier Do 215.
  • Eric Lock. July – November 1941 Top scoring British born pilot during the Battle of Britain and 26 confirmed victories during just six months of flying time.
  • Barrie Heath. Heath shot down four German aircraft between 1940 and 1941. After the war he went on to become the chairman of the engineering giant GKN.
  • Roland "Bee" Beamont. Famous test pilot.

Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated by no. 611 Squadron RAF, data from[2][8][9]
From To Aircraft Version
June 1936 April 1938 Hawker Hart
April 1938 June 1939 Hawker Hind
May 1939 September 1940 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I
Aug 1940 October 1940 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IIa
October 1940 March 1941 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I
February 1941 May 1941 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IIa
May 1941 July 1941 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Va
June 1941 November 1941 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vb
November 1941 February 1942 Supermarine Spitfire Mks.IIa, IIb
January 1942 July 1942 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vb
July 1942 July 1943 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX
July 1943 July 1944 Supermarine Spitfire LF.Mk.Vb
July 1944 March 1945 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX
December 1944 December 1944 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.VII
March 1945 August 1945 North American Mustang Mk.IV
November 1946 August 1949 Supermarine Spitfire FR.14
February 1949 November 1951 Supermarine Spitfire F.22
May 1951 April 1952 Gloster Meteor F.4
March 1952 February 1957 Gloster Meteor F.8

Squadron bases

Bases and airfields used by no. 611 Squadron RAF, data from[2][8][10]
From To Base
10 February 1936 6 May 1936 RAF Hendon, Middlesex
6 May 1936 13 August 1936 RAF Speke, Lancashire
13 August 1936 10 October 1939 RAF Duxford, Cambridgeshire
10 October 1939 14 December 1940 RAF Digby, Lincolnshire
14 December 1940 27 January 1941 RAF Rochford, Essex
27 January 1941 20 May 1941 RAF Hornchurch, Essex
20 May 1941 16 June 1941 RAF Rochford, Essex
16 June 1941 13 November 1941 RAF Hornchurch, Essex
13 November 1941 3 June 1942 RAF Drem, East Lothian, Scotland
3 June 1942 13 July 1942 RAF Kenley, Surrey
13 July 1942 20 July 1942 RAF Martlesham Heath, Suffolk
20 July 1942 27 July 1942 RAF Redhill, Surrey
27 July 1942 1 August 1942 RAF Ipswich, Suffolk
1 August 1942 23 September 1942 RAF Redhill, Surrey
23 September 1942 1 July 1943 RAF Biggin Hill, Kent
1 July 1943 31 July 1943 RAF Matlaske, Norfolk
31 July 1943 4 August 1943 RAF Ludham, Norfolk
4 August 1943 6 September 1943 RAF Coltishall, Norfolk
6 September 1943 13 September 1943 RAF Southend, Essex
13 September 1943 8 February 1944 RAF Coltishall, Norfolk
8 February 1944 19 February 1944 RAF Ayr, Ayrshire, Scotland
19 February 1944 29 February 1944 RAF Coltishall, Norfolk
29 February 1944 23 June 1944 RAF Deanland, Sussex
23 June 1944 3 July 1944 RAF Harrowbeer, Devon
3 July 1944 17 July 1944 RAF Predannack, Cornwall
17 July 1944 30 August 1944 RAF Bolt Head, Devon
30 August 1944 3 October 1944 RAF Bradwell Bay, Essex
3 October 1944 31 December 1944 RAF Skeabrae, Orkney, Scotland
31 December 1944 3 May 1945 RAF Hawkinge, Kent
3 May 1945 7 May 1945 RAF Hunsdon, Hertfordshire
7 May 1945 15 August 1945 RAF Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
10 May 1946 26 June 1946 RAF Speke, Lancashire
26 June 1946 22 July 1946 RAF Hooton Park, Cheshire
22 July 1946 9 July 1951 RAF Woodvale, Lancashire
9 July 1951 10 March 1957 RAF Hooton Park, Cheshire
2013 present RAF Woodvale, Merseyside

Commanding officers

Officers commanding no. 611 Squadron RAF, data from[11][12]
From To Name
8 February 1939 4 September 1939 S/Ldr. G.L. Pilkington
4 September 1939 19 October 1940 S/Ldr. J.E. McComb, DFC
19 October 1940 18 May 1941 S/Ldr. E.R. Bitmead, DFC
18 May 1941 28 June 1941 S/Ldr. F.S. Stapleton, DFC
28 June 1941 17 November 1941 S/Ldr. E.H. Thomas, DFC
17 November 1941 12 September 1942 S/Ldr. D.H. Watkins, DFC
12 September 1942 17 February 1943 S/Ldr. H.T. Armstrong, DFC
17 February 1943 22 April 1943 S/Ldr. C.'Wag'Haw, DFM, Order of Lenin
22 April 1943 26 August 1943 S/Ldr. E.F.J. Charles, DFC
26 August 1943 26 August 1944 S/Ldr. W.A. Douglas, DFC
26 August 1944 17 January 1945 S/Ldr. P.R. McGregor, CdG
17 January 1945 13 July 1945 S/Ldr. D.H. Seaton, DFC
13 July 1945 15 August 1945 S/Ldr. P.C.P. Farnes, DFM
10 May 1946 31 August 1948 S/Ldr. W.J. Leather, DFC
31 August 1948 6 November 1951 S/Ldr. R.P. Beamont, DSO, DFC
6 November 1951 May 1952 S/Ldr. H.R.P. Pertwee, DFC
May 1952 May 1952 S/Ldr. D.P. Sampson, DFC
May 1952 15 January 1954 S/Ldr. S.G. Nunn, DFC
15 January 1954 1 June 1956 S/Ldr. S. Kirtley
1 June 1956 10 March 1957 S.Ldr. S. Walker

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Moyes 1976, p. 279.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Halley 1988, p. 428.
  3. ^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 14.
  4. ^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 42.
  5. ^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 138.
  6. ^ Delve 1994, p. 137.
  7. ^ "611 (West Lancashire)". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  8. ^ a b Jefford 2001, pp. 100–101.
  9. ^ Rawlings 1978, pp. 498–500.
  10. ^ Rawlings 1978, p. 498.
  11. ^ Rawlings 1978, p. 500.
  12. ^ "611 Squadron – Commanding Officers".

Bibliography

  • Bowyer, Michael J.F.; Rawlings, John D.R. (1979). Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
  • Brown, Squadron Leader Peter, AFC. Honour Restored: The Battle of Britain, Dowding and the Fight for Freedom. Spellmount, 2005.
  • Delve, Ken (1994). D-Day: The Air Battle. London: Arms & Armour Press.
  • Ferguson, Aldon P.; Hamlin, John (2004). Beware! Beware! The History of 611 (West Lancashire) Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force. Reading, Berkshire, UK: Airfield Publications.
  • Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
  • Jefford, C.G. (2001). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912 (2nd ed.). Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
  • Moyes, Philip J.R. (1976). Bomber Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-354-01027-1.
  • Rawlings, John (1978) [1969]. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft (Revised ed.). London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
  • Smith, Richard C. (2002). Hornchurch Eagles: The Life Stories of Eight of the Airfield's Distinguished WW2 Fighter Pilots. London: Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 1-904010-00-8.
  • Smith, Richard C. (2000). Hornchurch Scramble: The Definitive Account of the RAF Fighter Airfield, Its Pilots, Groundcrew and Staff. Vol. One: 1915 to the End of the Battle of Britain. London: Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 1-902304-62-4.
  • Smith, Richard C. (2001). Hornchurch Offensive: The Definitive Account of the RAF Fighter Airfield, its Pilots, Groundcrew and Staff. Vol. Two: 1941 to the Airfield's Final Closure. London: Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 1-902304-79-9.
  • Smith, Richard C. (2004). Second To None: A Pictorial History of Hornchuch Aerodrome through Two World Wars and Beyond, 1915–1962. London: Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 1-904010-78-4.
  • The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft, (Part Work 1982–1985), Orbis Publishing, pp 4238/9
Wikimedia Commons has media related to No. 611 Squadron RAF.

Read other articles:

The Cox Family

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Cox Enterprises. Cotton Valley menghormati keluarga Cox dengan baliho pariwisata. The Cox Family adalah sebuah grup country/ bluegrass Amerika dari Cotton Valley, Webster Parish, barat laut Louisiana, Amerika Serikat. The Cox Family dapat terdengar di rekaman suara O Brother, Where Art Thou?, dan kolaborasi tahun 1994 mereka dengan Alison Krauss (I Know Who Holds Tomorrow) memenangkan Grammy Award untuk Album Gospel Southern, Country or Bluegrass Terbaik tahun 1995....

 

Kabinet Sirimavo Bandaranaike pertama

Kabinet Sirimavo Bandaranaike pertamaKabinet Pemerintahan Ceylon ke-7Dibentuk21 Juli 1960Diselesaikan25 Maret 1965Struktur pemerintahanKepala negaraElizabeth IIKepala pemerintahanSirimavo BandaranaikePartai anggotaPartai Kebebasan Sri LankaPartai Lanka Sama Samaja (1964-65)Partai oposisiPartai Nasional SerikatPemimpin oposisiDudley SenanayakeSejarahPemilihan umumJuli 1960Pemilihan umum sebelumnya1965Periodeke-5PendahuluKabinet Dudley Senanayake keduaPenggantiKabinet Dudley Senanayake ketiga K...

 

Alta, Norwegia

Alta kommuneMunisipalitas Lambang kebesaranFinnmark di NorwayLetak Alta di FinnmarkNegara NorwegiaCountyFinnmarkAdministrative centreAltaPemerintahan • Mayor (2003)Geir Ove Bakken (Ap)Luas • Total3.849 km2 (1,486 sq mi) • Luas daratan3.651 km2 (1,410 sq mi)Peringkat7 in NorwayPopulasi (2004) • Total17.440 • Peringkat56 in Norway • Kepadatan5/km2 (10/sq mi) • Ch...

Mazmur 124

Mazmur 124Naskah Gulungan Mazmur 11Q5 di antara Naskah Laut Mati memuat salinan sejumlah besar mazmur Alkitab yang diperkirakan dibuat pada abad ke-2 SM.KitabKitab MazmurKategoriKetuvimBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen19← Mazmur 123 Mazmur 125 → Mazmur 124 (disingkat Maz 124 atau Mz 124; penomoran Septuaginta: Mazmur 123) adalah sebuah mazmur dalam bagian ke-5 Kitab Mazmur di Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama dalam Alkitab Kristen. Digubah oleh Daud.&...

 

Indika FM

Artikel ini berisi daftar yang lebih baik ditulis dalam bentuk prosa. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengubah artikel ini ke dalam bentuk prosa, jika sesuai. (September 2016) Indika FM (PM2FAQ)PT Radio Indika MilleniaKotaJakartaWilayah siarJabodetabek dan sekitarnyaSloganJagonya Lagu EnakFrekuensi91.6 FMMulai mengudara2000Otoritas perizinanKementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik IndonesiaPancaran daya efektif20 kWFrekuensi sebelumnya91.45 FMPemilikIndika Group (2000-2018)Indika ...

 

Medes

Ancient Iranian people This article is about the ancient Iranian people. For other uses, see Medes (disambiguation). For Medians, see Median (disambiguation). Artistic representation of a Median man The Medes /ˈmiːdz/[N 1] (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭 Māda-; Akkadian: mat Mādāya, mat Mātāya;[2] Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι Mēdoi; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people[N 2] who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western a...

Ashvins

Hindu twin gods of medicine AshvinsGods of Health and MedicineOther namesAshvini Kumaras, Ashvinau, Nasatya, DasraAffiliationDevasTextsRigveda, Mahabharata, PuranasPersonal informationParentsSurya (father)Sanjna (mother)SiblingsRevanta, Yami, Yama, Shraddhadeva Manu, Shani, Karna, Tapati and Savarni ManuConsortSūryā[1][2]ChildrenNakula (spiritual son)Sahadeva (spiritual son)EquivalentsGreek equivalentDioskuriBaltic equivalentAšvieniai, Dieva Dēli The Ashvins (Sanskrit: अ...

 

Svinica, Košice-okolie District

Košice-okolie District in the Kosice Region Svinica (German: Swinitz; Hungarian: Petőszinye) is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Kosice Region of eastern Slovakia. Etymology Svinia or Svinná, later Svinica, derived from sviňa (Proto-Slavic svinьja) - a pig.[1] 1276 Zyna, 1369 Scwynycza, 1427 Szyna, 1430 Zwynne. History In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1276 as belonging to paladin Omodey, lords of Füzér Castle. In the 13th cen...

 

Fénix (catch)

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article concernant le catch doit être recyclé (juin 2021). Une réorganisation et une clarification du contenu paraissent nécessaires. Améliorez-le, discutez des points à améliorer ou précisez les sections à recycler en utilisant {{section à recycler}}. FénixFénix en 2015.Données généralesNom de naissance Manuel Ferreyra MoralesNom de ring FénixMáscara OrientalRey FénixNationalité MexicainNa...

Золотой век Грузии

История Грузииსაქართველოს ისტორია Доисторическая Грузия Шулавери-шомутепинская культураКуро-араксская культураТриалетская культураКолхидская культураКобанская культураДиаухиМушки Древняя история КолхидаАриан-КартлиИберийское царство ФарнавазидыГруз�...

 

Henschel Hs 293

Henschel Hs 293 Hs 293 dipajang di Deutsches Technikmuseum di Berlin, Jerman, dengan tambahan Kopfring (lit. cincin kepala) pada hidungnya untuk sasaran laut Jenis Bom layang Anti-kapal Negara asal Nazi Jerman Sejarah pemakaian Masa penggunaan 1943- 1944 Digunakan oleh Luftwaffe Pada perang Perang Dunia II Sejarah produksi Produsen Henschel Flugzeug-Werke AG Diproduksi 1942 - ? Jumlah produksi 1,000 Spesifikasi Berat 1.045 kilogram (2.304 pon) Panjang 3,82 ...

 

Alejandro Balde

Spanish footballer (born 2003) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Balde and the second or maternal family name is Martínez. Alejandro Balde Balde with Spain U17 in 2019Personal informationFull name Alejandro Balde Martínez[1]Date of birth (2003-10-18) 18 October 2003 (age 20)[1]Place of birth Barcelona, SpainHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)[2]Position(s) Left-backTeam informationCurrent team BarcelonaNumber 3Youth career2007�...

Kingdom Hearts II

2005 video game 2005 video gameKingdom Hearts IIPackaging artwork for Kingdom Hearts II, featuring the game's protagonists[a]Developer(s)Square Enix Product Development Division 1[1]Publisher(s)Square EnixDirector(s)Tetsuya NomuraProducer(s)Shinji HashimotoYoshinori KitaseProgrammer(s)Hiroshi HarataKentaro YasuiArtist(s)Takayuki OdachiTetsuya NomuraWriter(s)Kazushige NojimaComposer(s)Yoko ShimomuraSeriesKingdom HeartsPlatform(s)PlayStation 2ReleaseJP: December 22, 2005NA: Marc...

 

P2RY2

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens P2RY2Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1Z8EIdentifiersAliasesP2RY2, HP2U, P2RU1, P2U, P2U1, P2UR, P2Y2, P2Y2R, purinergic receptor P2Y2External IDsOMIM: 600041 MGI: 105107 HomoloGene: 1927 GeneCards: P2RY2 Gene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 11 (human)[1]Band11q13.4Start73,218,281 bp[1]End73,242,427 bp[1]Gene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 7 (mouse)[2]Band7|7 E2Start100,645...

 

Libertà

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Libertà (disambigua). «Libertà va cercando, ch'è sì cara,come sa chi per lei vita rifiuta.» (Dante, Purgatorio - canto I, vv. 71-72) Allegoria della libertà in Place de la République, Parigi Per libertà si intende la condizione per cui un individuo può decidere di pensare, esprimersi ed agire senza costrizioni, ricorrendo alla volontà di ideare e mettere in atto un'azione, mediante una libera scelta dei fini e degli stru...

Гермес Трисмегист

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Гермес (значения). Статьи о герметизмеГерметизмПантеон Гермес Трисмегист Тот Гермес Меркурий Германубис Агатодемон Амон Асклепий Исида Гор Главные книги Герметический корпус Поймандр Асклепий Изумрудная скрижаль Пикат...

 

Western Command (United Kingdom)

Western CommandActive1905–1972Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyTypeCommandGarrison/HQChesterMilitary unit Western Command was a command of the British Army. History Watergate House, Chester, command headquarters from 1907 to 1938 Churchill House, Chester, command headquarters from 1938 to 1972 Western Command was established in 1905 and was originally called the Welsh & Midland Command before changing its name in 1906.[1] In 1907 Western Command relocated to Waterga...

 

Club Plaza Colonia de Deportes

Uruguayan football club You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (November 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to...

乌克兰总理

 烏克蘭總理Прем'єр-міністр України烏克蘭國徽現任杰尼斯·什米加尔自2020年3月4日任命者烏克蘭總統任期總統任命首任維托爾德·福金设立1991年11月后继职位無网站www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/（英文） 乌克兰 乌克兰政府与政治系列条目 宪法 政府 总统 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基 總統辦公室 国家安全与国防事务委员会 总统代表（英语：Representatives of the President of Ukraine） 总...

 

Geneva Summit (1985)

Meeting of Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev For other uses of Geneva Summit, see Geneva Summit. Geneva SummitReagan and Gorbachev at the Geneva SummitHost country  SwitzerlandDateNovember 19–20, 1985Venue(s)Villa Fleur d'EauCitiesGenevaParticipants Mikhail Gorbachev Ronald ReaganFollowsVienna Summit (1979)PrecedesReykjavík Summit The closing joint-press conference of the Geneva Summit on November 21, 1985 The United States Strategic Defense Initiative was high on Gorbachev's a...