Railway line in western People's Republic of China
This article is about the high-speed rail line operational since 2014. For the lower-speed rail line operational since 1966, see Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway.
Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway
A CRH5 high-speed train at the Menyuan railway station
Due to damage caused by geographically unstable terrain, traffic on parts of the line was suspended several times.
History
Construction work began on November 4, 2009. The 1,776-kilometre (1,104 mi) railway took four years to complete, of which, 795 kilometres (494 mi) is in Gansu, 268 kilometres (167 mi) in Qinghai and 713 kilometres (443 mi) in Xinjiang. Track laying for the line was completed on November 16, 2013.[5] Thirty-one stations will be built along the line. The project costs 143.5 billion yuan.[6]
Unlike the older Lanxin railway, the line is routed via Xining, the capital of Qinghai and the start of the Qinghai–Tibet railway,[7] before heading northwest across the Qilian Mountains into the Hexi Corridor at Zhangye. The rail tracks in the section near Qilianshan No. 2 Tunnel are at 3,607 metres (11,834 ft) above sea level,[8] making it the highest high-speed rail track in the world.
Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway is shown on the map as light-blue color line.
The first high-speed train traveled over this line on June 3, 2014. This was a test train with a media contingent with full revenue service not due to start until the end of 2014.[9][10] The first segment of the line, the Ürümqi–Hami section, was inaugurated on November 16, 2014.[11] This high-speed railway segment is the first ever railway of that kind to exist in the Xinjiang autonomous region. The rest of the line opened on December 26, 2014. The line cuts train travel time between the two cities from 20 hours to 12 hours. It also freed up capacity on the older Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway for freight transport.[12][13]
On November 30, 2017, the Daheyan connection line between the Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway and the conventional Southern Xinjiang railway opened near Daheyan Town (near Turpan railway station).[14] This will allow passenger trains traveling from Urumqi to destinations in Southern Xinjiang (such as Korla) to use the Ürümqi–Turpan section of the high-speed line before switching to the Southern Xinjiang Railway.[15]
On 5 December 2021, Shandanmachang railway station opened along the railway. At an elevation of 3,108 m (10,197 ft), it is the world's highest high-speed rail station.[16]
Due to geographically unstable terrain on the route, traffic on parts of the line was suspended six times after tunnels sustained damage.[17] Unlike the conventional-speed Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway the line is routed via Xining, the capital of Qinghai, a major city and the start of the Qinghai–Tibet railway.[7]
The under-construction Lanzhou–Zhangye high-speed railway will provide an alternative high-speed rail route between Lanzhou and Ürümqi, avoiding the most vulnerable sections, instead taking the conventional Hexi Corridor route.[18]
Near Shanshan, the railway passes through the hundred-li wind zone[clarification needed], where desert wind constantly blows most days of a year. In 2007, strong wind overturned a train on the southern branch of the older conventional rail Lanxin Railway, and four people were killed.[19] A 67 kilometres (42 mi) long wind-protection gallery has been built next to the tracks in this region.[20]
Engineering issues
Many sections of the line have experienced roadbed settlement, deformation, subsidence, frost heave, and cracking of the concrete of the track bed caused by saline soil, large temperature differences, and extremely low temperatures.[21][22][23][24]
The 3,769-metre (12,365 ft)-long Zhangjiazhuang Tunnel, located between Minhe South and Ledu South stations, was damaged several times during operation. The tunnel is embedded in mudstone, interbedded with sandstone and gypsum rock.[25] The top covering soil layer is loess. In 2016, the tunnel was damaged twice, closing the line for 3 months.[25][26][27][28][29] After reopening, the operation speed in the tunnel was limited to 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph). On December 24, 2018, the mountain above the tunnel deformed, but trains could initially continue operating. However, the next day, after further deformation, the tunnel was closed for thorough inspection.[30][31][32] Due to repair works, the line was closed between Lanzhou and Xining until October 11, 2020. Trains were routed over the lower speed Lanzhou–Qinghai railway.[33]
In September 2022, traffic on the line was suspended just north of Xining after a landslide caused the deck of a viaduct to shift.[36][37]
Economics
An analysis of China's railway network published in 2021 showed that the Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway has the lowest utilization rate among all high-speed railways in the country, carrying, on average, merely 2.3 million passenger kilometers of service per kilometer of the mainline. In comparison, the average load over China's high-speed rail network is 17 million passenger-km per km, and the nation's highest-volume line, the Beijing–Shanghai one, carries 48 million passenger-km per km. According to the same analysis, a high-speed line would need to carry ca. 36 million passenger-km per km to fully pay its own operating costs. While the Lanzhou-Xinjiang line has the capacity to carry over 160 pairs of high-speed trains per day, it currently only carries 4.[38]
The above mentioned operational issues have also lead to reduced speeds, preventing the planned 16-hour travel time between Ürümqi and Beijing to be realized, and making air travel a more attractive option for those travelling between Ürümqi and Central China and beyond. Meanwhile the existing Lanxin Railway was upgraded to an operational speed of 160 km/h, whereas most sections of the Lanxin high-speed railway are operated at a reduced speed of 200 km/h, such that the difference in travel time compared to the cheaper conventional trains is less than originally envisioned.[7]
As a result of the Belt and Road Initiative, freight transport along the Eurasian Land Bridge corridor increased and the conventional speed Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway sometimes hits capacity limitations, which has led some freight traffic to be shifted to the underutilized high-speed line.[7][39]
References
^Xinhua (November 7, 2014). "Xinjiang enters high-speed rail era". www.gov.cn. State Council of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
^30日南疆铁路至兰新铁路联络线开通运行 (On the 30th [of November, 2017], the connecting line between the Southern Xinjiang Railway and the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway opens), 2017-11-25
^"兰新客专张家庄隧道所在山体变形 多趟列车停运" [The mountain where the Zhangjiazhuang tunnel of Lanxin Passenger Train is deformed and multiple trains are suspended]. 央视网. December 26, 2018.
^"兰新高铁兰州至西宁段恢复通车 压缩丝路游时空距离" [The Lanzhou-Xining section of the Lanzhou-Xinjiang high-speed railway resumes opening to traffic and reduces the space-time distance of Silk Road travel]. October 14, 2020.
^赵一苇, 中国高铁建设“减油门”：重点是调整高铁与普铁的投产比例
(China's high-speed rail construction to slow down: the key is to adjust the ratio of high-speed rail to conventional rail development). 中国新闻周刊, 2021-04-20
