While Avalokiteśvara was depicted as male in India, in East Asian Buddhism, Avalokiteśvara is most often depicted as a female figure known as Guanyin, Kannon, Gwaneum, and Quan Am in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese, respectively.[5] Guanyin is also an important figure in other East Asian religions, particularly Chinese folk religion and Daoism.
The name Avalokiteśvara combines the verbal prefix ava "down", lokita, a past participle of the verb lok "to look, notice, behold, observe", here used in an active sense, and finally īśvara, "lord", "ruler", "sovereign", or "master". In accordance with sandhi (Sanskrit rules of sound combination), a+īśvara becomes eśvara. Combined, the parts mean "lord who gazed down (at the world)". The word loka ("world") is absent from the name, but the phrase is implied.[7] It does appear in the Cambodian form of the name, Lokesvarak.
The earliest translation of the name Avalokiteśvara into Chinese by authors such as Xuanzang was as Guānzìzài (Chinese: 觀自在; pinyin: Guān zìzài), not the form used in East Asian Buddhism today, which is Guanyin (Chinese: 觀音; pinyin: Guānyīn). It was initially thought that this was due to a lack of fluency, as Guanyin indicates the original Sanskrit form was instead Avalokitasvara, "who looked down upon sound", i.e., the cries of sentient beings who need help.[8] It is now understood that Avalokitasvara was the original form[9][10] and is also the origin of Guanyin "perceiving sound, cries". This translation was favored by the tendency of some Chinese translators, notably Kumārajīva, to use the variant GuānshìyīnChinese: 觀世音; pinyin: Guānshìyīn "who perceives the world's lamentations"—wherein lok was read as simultaneously meaning both "to look" and "world" (Sanskrit loka; Chinese: 世; pinyin: shì).[8] The original form of Guanyin's name appears in Sanskrit fragments from the fifth century.[11]
This earlier Sanskrit name was supplanted by the form containing the ending -īśvara "lord", but Avalokiteśvara did not occur in Sanskrit before the seventh century.
The original meaning of the name fits the Buddhist understanding of the role of a bodhisattva. The reinterpretation presenting him as an īśvara shows a strong influence of Hinduism, as the term īśvara was usually connected to the Hindu notion of Vishnu (in Vaishnavism) or Shiva (in Shaivism) as the Supreme Lord, Creator, and Ruler of the world. Some attributes of such a god were transmitted to the bodhisattva, but the mainstream of those who venerated Avalokiteśvara upheld the Buddhist rejection of the doctrine of any creator god.[12]
In Sanskrit, Avalokiteśvara is also referred to as Lokeśvara ("Lord of the World"). In Tibetan, Avalokiteśvara is Chenrézig (Tibetan: སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་). The etymology of the Tibetan name Chenrézik is spyan "eye", ras "continuity", and gzig "to look". This gives the meaning of one who always looks upon all beings (with the eye of compassion).[13]
The name Avalokiteśvara first appeared in the Avatamsaka Sutra, a Mahayana scripture that precedes the Lotus Sutra.[14] On account of its popularity in Japan and as a result of the works of the earliest Western translators of Buddhist Scriptures, the Lotus Sutra, however, has long been accepted as the earliest literature teaching about the doctrines of Avalokiteśvara. These are found in Chapter 25 of the Lotus Sutra: The Universal Gate of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Chinese: 觀世音菩薩普門品; pinyin: Guānshìyīn púsà pǔ mén pǐn). This chapter is devoted to Avalokiteśvara, describing him as a compassionate bodhisattva who hears the cries of sentient beings and who works tirelessly to help those who call upon his name. A total of 33 different manifestations of Avalokiteśvara are described, including female manifestations, all to suit the minds of various beings. The chapter consists of both a prose and a verse section. This earliest source often circulates separately as its own sutra, called the Avalokiteśvara Sūtra (Chinese: 觀世音經; pinyin: Guānshìyīn jīng), and is commonly recited or chanted at Buddhist temples in East Asia.[15]
When the Chinese monk Faxian traveled to Mathura in India around 400 CE, he wrote about monks presenting offerings to Avalokiteśvara.[16] When Xuanzang traveled to India in the 7th century, he provided eyewitness accounts of Avalokiteśvara statues being venerated by devotees from all walks of life, from kings to monks to laypeople.[16]
In Chinese Buddhism and East Asia, Tangmi practices for the 18-armed form of Avalokiteśvara called Cundī are very popular. The popularity of Cundī is attested by the three extant translations of the Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra from Sanskrit to Chinese, made from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century.[17] In late imperial China, these early esoteric traditions still thrived in Buddhist communities. Robert Gimello has also observed that in these communities, the esoteric practices of Cundī were extremely popular among both the populace and the elite.[18]
In the Tiantai school, six forms of Avalokiteśvara are defined. Each of the bodhisattva's six qualities is said to break the hindrances in one of the six realms of existence: hell-beings, pretas, animals, humans, asuras, and devas.
According to the prologue of Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī Sūtra, Gautama Buddha told his disciple Ānanda that Avalokiteśvara had become a Buddha from countless previous incarnations ago, alias Samyaka Dharma-vidya Tathāgata means "Tathāgata who clearly understood the right Dharma". Because of his great compassion and because he wanted to create proper conditions for all the Bodhisattva ranks and bring happiness and peacefulness to sentient beings, he became a Bodhisattva, taking the name of Avalokiteshvara and often abiding in the Sahā world. At the same time, Avalokiteśvara is also the attendant of Amitabha Buddha, assisting Amitabha Buddha to teach the Dharma in his Pure Land.
Theravāda account
Bronze statue of Avalokiteśvara from Sri Lanka, ca. 750 CE
Veneration of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva has continued to the present day in Sri Lanka.
In times past, both Tantrayana and Mahayana have been found in some of the Theravada countries, but today the Buddhism of Sri Lanka (formerly, Ceylon), Myanmar (formerly, Burma), Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia is almost exclusively Theravada, based on the Pali Canon. The only Mahayana deity that has entered the worship of ordinary Buddhists in Theravada Buddhism is Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. In Sri Lanka, he is known as Natha-deva and is mistaken by the majority for the Buddha yet to come, Bodhisattva Maitreya. The figure of Avalokitesvara is usually found in the shrine room near the Buddha image.[19]
In more recent times, some western-educated Theravādins have attempted to identify Nātha with Maitreya Bodhisattva; however, traditions and basic iconography (including an image of Amitābha Buddha on the front of the crown) identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara.[20] Andrew Skilton writes:[21]
... It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the Mahāyāna was fairly widespread throughout Sri Lanka, although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of Theravāda. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with Sri Lankan ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of Avalokiteśvara can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha.
Avalokiteśvara is popularly worshipped in Myanmar, where he is called Lokanat or lokabyuharnat, and Thailand, where he is called Lokesvara. The bodhisattva goes by many other names. In Indochina and Thailand, he is Lokesvara, "The Lord of the World". In Tibet, he is Chenrezig, also spelled Spyan-ras gzigs, "With a Pitying Look". In China, the bodhisattva takes a female form and is called Guanyin (also spelled Kwan Yin, Kuanyin, or Kwun Yum), "Hearing the Sounds of the World". In Japan, Guanyin is Kannon or Kanzeon; in Korea, Gwaneum; and in Vietnam, Quan Am.[22]
Avalokiteśvara is worshipped as Nātha in Sri Lanka. The Tamil Buddhist tradition developed in Chola literature, such as Buddamitra's Virasoliyam, states that the Vedic sage Agastya learned Tamil from Avalokiteśvara. The earlier Chinese traveler Xuanzang recorded a temple dedicated to Avalokitesvara in the south Indian Mount Potalaka, a Sanskritization of Pothigai, where Tamil Hindu tradition places Agastya as having learned the Tamil language from Shiva.[23][24][25] Avalokitesvara worship gained popularity with the growth of the Abhayagiri vihāra's Tamraparniyan Mahayana sect.
Western scholars have not reached a consensus on the origin of the reverence for Avalokiteśvara. Some have suggested that Avalokiteśvara, along with many other supernatural beings in Buddhism, was a borrowing or absorption by Mahayana Buddhism of one or more deities from Hinduism, in particular Shiva or Vishnu. This seems to be based on the name Avalokiteśvara.[11]
On the basis of the study of Buddhist scriptures and ancient Tamil literary sources as well as a field survey, Japanese scholar Shu Hikosaka proposes the hypothesis that ancient Mount Potalaka, the residence of Avalokiteśvara described in the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra and Xuanzang's Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, is Mount Potigai in Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli, at the Tamil Nadu-Kerala border.[26] Shu also said that Mount Potalaka has been a sacred place for the people of South India since time immemorial. It is the traditional residence of SiddharAgastya at Agastya Mala. With the spread of Buddhism in the region beginning at the time of the great king Aśoka in the third century BCE, it became a holy place also for Buddhists, who gradually became dominant as a number of their hermits settled there. The local people, though, mainly remained followers of the Tamil animist religion. The mixed Tamil-Buddhist cult culminated in the formation of the figure of Avalokiteśvara.[27]
The name Lokeśvara should not be confused with that of Lokeśvararāja, the Buddha under whom Dharmakara became a monk and made forty-eight vows before becoming Amitābha.
Avalokiteśvara's six armed manifestation as Cintāmaṇicakra is also widely venerated in East Asia. The Cintāmaṇicakra Dharani (Chinese: 如意寶輪王陀羅尼; pinyin: Rúyì Bǎolún Wáng Tuóluóní) is another popular dharani associated with the bodhisattva.[28][29]
Mantras and Dharanis
OṂ MAŅI PADME HǕṂ. The six syllable mantra of Avalokiteśvara written in the Tibetan alphabet.
There are various mantras and dharanis associated with Avalokiteśvara.
Mani mantra
In Tibetan Buddhism, the central mantra is the six-syllable mantraoṃ maṇi padme hūṃ (Sanskrit: ॐ मणि पद्मे हूँ, also called the Mani mantra. Due to his association with this mantra, one form of Avalokiteśvara is called Ṣaḍākṣarī ("Lord of the Six Syllables") in Sanskrit. The Mani mantra is also popular in East Asian Mahayana. There are also different variations of the mani mantra, the most common which is oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ hrīḥ.[30] Hrīḥ is the seed syllable of the Lotus Buddha family and the Buddha Amitabha.
Recitation of this mantra while using prayer beads is the most popular religious practice in Tibetan Buddhism. Another popular religious practice associated with om mani padme hum is the spinning of prayer wheels clockwise, which contains numerous repetitions of this mantra and effectively benefits everyone within the vicinity of the practitioner.[31]
The connection between this famous mantra and Avalokiteśvara is documented for the first time in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra. This text is dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE.[32] In this sūtra, a bodhisattva is told by the Buddha that recitation of this mantra while focusing on the sound can lead to the attainment of eight hundred samādhis.[33]
Ārolik mantra
Another mantra for Avalokiteśvara commonly recited in East Asian Buddhism is "three and a half syllables" (ardhacaturthākṣara) heart-mantra: "oṃ ārolik svāha" (or sometimes just Ārolik or oṁ ārolik), which is found (in many forms and variations like ārolika, arulika, etc.) in numerous pre-tenth-century Indian texts, including the 7th century Chinese translation of the Dhāraṇīsaṁgraha, the Susiddhikarasūtra,the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, and the Guhyasamājatantra.[34]
One text (Taisho Tripitaka no. 1031) describes a visualization practice done after reciting oṁ ārolik svāhā seven times which includes meditating on the meanings of the four letters of ārolik which are:[34]
a: all dharmas are originally unborn (ādyanutpanna);
ra: all dharmas are dissociated from defilement (rajas);
la: characteristics (lakṣaṇa) are inapprehensible in all dharmas;
ka: all dharmas are without action (kārya).
The Ārolik mantra has also been found engraved on a few sculptures found in north India. One of these begins with "ārolik oṁ hrīḥ". Another one of these found in Bihar also included other mantras, including ye dharma hetu, followed by "namo ratnatrayāya namo Āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisatvāya mahāsatvāya mahākāruṇikāya Ārolok Oṁ hriḥ hriḥ".[34]
Another longer mantra appears in a translation by Amoghavajra (T. 1033, 20: 9b1–7):[34]
namoratnatrayāya | nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhisattvāya mahāsattvāya mahākāruṇikāya | tadyathā
padmapāṇi sara sara ehy ehi bhagavann āryāvalokiteśvara ārolik |
In Chinese, oṃ ārolik svāha is pronounced Ǎn ālǔlēi jì suōpóhē (唵 阿嚕勒繼 娑婆訶). In Korean, it is pronounced Om aroreuk Ge Sabaha (옴 아로늑계 사바하). In Japanese, it is pronounced On arori kya sowa ka (おん あろりきゃ そわか).
Dharanis
The Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra also features the first appearance of the dhāraṇī of Cundī, which occurs at the end of the sūtra text.[17] After the bodhisattva finally attains samādhi with the mantra "oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ", he is able to observe 77 koṭīs of fully enlightened buddhas replying to him in one voice with the Cundī Dhāraṇī: namaḥ saptānāṃ samyaksaṃbuddha koṭīnāṃ tadyathā, oṃ cale cule cunde svāhā.[38]
In East Asian Buddhism, the most popular form of Avalokiteśvara is the feminine white robed Guanyin. A common phrase which is widely chanted and recited by East Asian Buddhists is:
In English: Homage to Guanyin Bodhisattva. There are also longer chants, usually termed "White Robed Guanyin" (Baiyin Guanyin) sutras (jing) or mantras (zhou).[39] The most well known is the "Divine White-robed Guanyin Mantra" (c. 11th century).[39] This longer mantra is as follows:[40]
English: Heavenly deities and earthly deities, may people be free from difficulties, may their hardships disappear, may all disasters and calamities turn to dust.
南無 摩訶 般若波羅蜜 (Námó Móhē Bōrěbōluómi)
English: Homage to Mahāprajñāpāramitā
Another popular dharani of Guanyin is associated with her power over children and childbirth. This is called the "Dharani Sutra of White-Robed Guanyin's Heart of Five Seals".[39]
In Japanese Buddhism, a popular longer chant to Kannon or Kanzeon (Guanyin) is the jikku kan'on gyō (十句觀音經), the "10 Verse Kannon Sutra". It is the following:[41]
觀世音 (kan ze on)
南無佛 (na mu butsu): Homage to Buddha
與佛有因 (yo butsu u in): forged a causal connection with Buddha,
與佛有縁 (yo butsu u en): a karmic affinity with Buddha,
佛法僧縁 (butsu ho so en): a karmic affinity with Buddha, Dharma, Sangha
常樂我淨 (jo raku ga jo): thus attaining permanence, ease, selfhood, and purity.
朝念觀世音 (cho nen kan ze on): In the morning think of Kanzeon,
暮念觀世音 (bo nen kan ze on): in the evening think of Kanzeon.
念念從心起 (nen nen ju shin ki): Thought after thought arises from mind;
念念不離心 (nen nen fu ri shin): thought after thought is not separate from mind.
Manifestations
Clay images of Amoghapasha Lokesvara flanked by Arya Tara and Bhrikuti Tara enshrined at the side wing of Vasuccha Shil Mahavihar, Guita Bahi, Patan: This set of images is popular in traditional monasteries of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.Ekādaśamukha (Eleven faced) Avalokiteśvara
Avalokiteśvara has an extraordinarily large number of forms, emanations or manifestations, including wisdom goddesses (vidyās) directly associated with him in images and texts.
Furthermore, at least two separate female Buddhist deities, Cundī and Tara also later came to be associated with Avalokiteśvara (and were even seen as manifestations of him).
Some of the more commonly mentioned forms include:[42][43][44]
Shrine to the Thousand-Armed Guanyin (Qianshou Guanyin, Sahasrabhuja) and Eleven-Faced Guanyin (Shiyimian Guanyin, Ekādaśamukha) on Mount Putuo Guanyin Dharma Realm in Zhejiang, China
One prominent Buddhist story tells of Avalokiteśvara vowing never to rest until he had freed all sentient beings from saṃsāra. Despite strenuous effort, he realizes that many unhappy beings were yet to be saved. After struggling to comprehend the needs of so many, his head splits into eleven pieces. Amitābha, seeing his plight, gives him eleven heads with which to hear the cries of the suffering. Upon hearing these cries and comprehending them, Avalokiteśvara tries to reach out to all those who needed aid, but found that his two arms shattered into pieces. Once more, Amitābha comes to his aid and invests him with a thousand arms with which to aid the suffering multitudes.[45]
Avalokiteśvara as a cosmic maheśvara ("great lord")
Sṛṣṭikartā Lokeśvara (Avalokiteshvara in the process of creation), in which the bodhisattva takes on the form of Sṛṣṭikartā (creator) and emanates all the Hindu gods for the benefit of sentient beings.
According to various Mahayana sources, numerous Hindu deities are considered to be emanations of Avalokiteshvara. For example, in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra, Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma and Saraswati are all said to have emerged from Avalokiteshvara.[4] The passage states:
Āditya and Candra came from his eyes, Maheśvara came from his forehead, Brahmā came from his shoulders, Nārāyaṇa came from his heart, Devi Sarasvatī came from his canines, Vāyu came from his mouth, Dharaṇī came from his feet, and Varuṇa came from his stomach.[46]
In a similar manner, Hindu deities like Nīlakaṇṭha and Harihara are cited in the Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī, possibly as forms of Avalokiteshvara or as associated bodhisattvas (the text is not clear, though traditionally these have been interpreted as various names or forms of Avalokiteshvara).[47]
Alexander Studholme writes that these sources are influenced by PuranicHinduism, and its concepts of an Īśvara ("lord") and Maheśvara ("great lord"), both of which are terms that refer to a transcendent and all pervasive being.[48] The name Maheśvara is also applied to Avalokiteshvara three times in the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra, and some passages he is described as a cosmic man, similar to how the Puranas depict Vishnu or Shiva.[48] However, this Buddhist myth only focuses on how Avalokiteshvara gives birth to all the gods (devas), and he is not depicted as a true Creator God (who creates the cosmos, like the Hindu Īśvara), instead he is depicted as a great cosmic being that manifests in myriad ways as a skillful means to guide living beings to Buddhahood.[49]
Tibetan Buddhist beliefs
Avalokiteśvara is an important deity in Tibetan Buddhism. He is regarded in the Vajrayana teachings as a Buddha.[50]
In Tibetan Buddhism, Tãrã came into existence from a single tear shed by Avalokiteśvara.[5] When the tear fell to the ground it created a lake, and a lotus opening in the lake revealed Tara. In another version of this story, Tara emerges from the heart of Avalokiteśvara. In either version, it is Avalokiteśvara's outpouring of compassion which manifests Tãrã as a being.[51][52][53]
Certain living tulku lineages, including the Dalai Lamas and the Karmapas, are considered by many Tibetan Buddhists to also be manifestations of Avalokiteśvara.[54][55][56]
Gallery
Gandhāran statue of Avalokiteśvara, abhaya-mudrā. 3rd century CE.
Indian cave wall painting of Avalokiteśvara. Ajaṇṭā Caves, 6th century CE.
Avalokitesvara, ca 11th-12th Century CE, Pala Period
Avalokitesvara, Pala period
1000-armed Avalokiteśvara dated 13th - 15th century AD at Saspol cave (Gon-Nila-Phuk Cave Temples and Fort) in Ladakh, India
Cambodian statue of Avalokiteśvara. Sandstone, 7th century CE.
Avalokiteśvara sandstone statue, late 7th century CE.
Padmapani holding a lotus. 8th-9th century Sailendran art, Plaosan temple, Java, Indonesia.
Avalokiteśvara andesite stone in Mendut temple, early 9th century Sailendran art, Java, Indonesia.
Quán Âm (Avalokiteśvara) figurine, Bát Tràng kiln, Hanoi, Nguyễn dynasty, 19th century AD, white glazed ceramic - Vietnam National Museum of History, Vietnam
Painting of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. Sanskrit Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra manuscript written in the Ranjana script. Nalanda, Bihar, India. Circa 700-1100 CE
Qianshou Guanyin at Cham Shan Temple in Hong Kong, China
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^Bokar Rinpoche (1991). Chenrezig Lord of Love – Principles and Methods of Deity Meditation. San Francisco, California: Clearpoint Press. p. 15. ISBN0-9630371-0-2.
^Huntington, John (2003). The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art: p. 188
^Baroni, Helen (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism: p. 15
^ abKo Kok Kiang. Guan Yin: Goddess of Compassion. 2004. p. 10
^ abStudholme, Alexander (2002). The Origins of Oṃ Maṇipadme Hūṃ: A Study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra: p. 175
^Jiang, Wu (2008). Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China: p. 146
^Baruah, Bibhuti. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. 2008. p. 137
^Bucknell, Roderick & Stuart-Fox, Martin (1986). The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism. Curzon Press: London. ISBN0-312-82540-4, p. 15.
^Studholme, Alexander (2002). The Origins of Oṃ Maṇipadme Hūṃ: A Study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra: p. 2
^Studholme, Alexander (2002) The Origins of Oṃ Maṇipadme Hūṃ: A Study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha sūtra: p. 17
^Studholme, Alexander (2002). The Origins of Oṃ Maṇipadme Hūṃ: A Study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra: p. 106
^ abcdNicolas Revire, Rajat Sanyal, Rolf Giebel. Avalokiteśvara of the “Three and a Half Syllables”: A Note on the Heart-Mantra Ārolik in India. Arts Asiatiques, 2021, Arts Asiatiques, 76, pp.5–30. ⟨10.3406/arasi.2021.2095⟩. ⟨halshs-04142356⟩
^ abcBerger, Patricia Ann; Foresman, Helen. Latter Days of the Law: Images of Chinese Buddhism, 850 – 1850, p. 172. University of Hawaii Press, Jan 1, 1994.
^Chandra, Lokesh (1988). The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara, pp. 130–133. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. ISBN81-7017-247-0.
^ abStudholme, Alexander (2002). The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra. State University of New York Press. p. 38.
^Studholme, Alexander (2002). The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra. State University of New York Press. pp. 44–45.
^Еше-Лодой Рипоче. Краткое объяснение сущности Ламрима. Спб.-Улан-Удэ, 2002. С. 19 (in Russian)
^"From Birth to Exile". The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^Martin, Michele (2003). "His Holiness the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa". Music in the Sky: The Life, Art, and Teachings of the 17th Karmapa. Karma Triyana Dharmachakra. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^"Glossary". Dhagpo Kundreul Ling. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
Holt, John (1991). Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0195064186.
McDermott, James P. (1999). "Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (1): 195–196. doi:10.2307/605604. JSTOR605604.
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Tsugunari, Kubo; Akira (tr.), Yuyama (2007). The Lotus Sutra(PDF) (Revised 2nd ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. ISBN978-1-886439-39-9. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-07-02.
Yü, Chün-fang (2001). Kuan-Yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-12029-6.
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Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Danau UlungurSatellite viewDanau UlungurLetakKabupaten Fuhai, XinjiangKoordinat47°15′00″N 87°15′00″E / 47.25000°N 87.25000°E / 47.25000; 87.25000Koordinat: 47°15′00″N 87°15′00″E / 47.25000�...
Cuvio commune di Italia Tempat categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaLombardyProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Varese NegaraItalia Ibu kotaCuvio PendudukTotal1.652 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah5,96 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian309 m Berbatasan denganAzzio Barasso Casalzuigno Castello Cabiaglio Cocquio-Trevisago Comerio Cuveglio Gavirate Orino SejarahSanto pelindungHari Raya Santo Petrus dan Paulus Informasi tambahanKode pos21030 Zona wa...
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 adalah sebuah helikopter ringan, serbaguna, bermesin ganda, yang dibuat oleh Bölkow dari Stuttgart,Jerman. Produksi dilanjutkan oleh Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) yang menjadi bagian dari Airbus Helicopters. Eurocopter memproduksi Bo 105 sampai 1997. Jalur produksi Bo 105 kemudian digantikan jalur produksi EC 135. Fasilitas produksi utama untuk memproduksi Bo 105 berada di Jerman dan Kanada; karena tingkat penjualan ekspor yang dihadapi, manufaktur bar...
Marinha Portuguesa Pavillon de beaupré de la Marine portugaise. Création XIIe siècle - aujourd'hui Pays Portugal Allégeance Republique Portugaise Branche Marine Type Armée Effectif 11 000 Fait partie de Forces armées portugaises Devise Talant de bient faire Commandant Amiral Fernando de Melo Gomes Pavillon Pavillon de beaupré modifier Navire-école NRP Sagres. Frégate NRP Bartolomeu Dias. Frégate NRP Corte Real. Sous-marin NRP Tridente. Abordage d'un navire par des f...
Association football league in England Football leagueWiltshire Football LeagueFounded1976Number of teams34Level on pyramidLevel 11–12Feeder toHellenic LeagueWessex LeagueWestern LeaguePromotion toHellenic League Division One Wessex League Division OneWestern League Division OneRelegation toNorth Berks Football LeagueSwindon & District LeagueTrowbridge & District LeagueDomestic cup(s)Fountain Trophies Senior KO CupCurrent championsTrowbridge Town F.C. (2022–23)Websitewww.wiltshire...
Harold Stassen Direktur Kepengurusan Operasi Luar Negeri Amerika SerikatMasa jabatan3 Agustus 1953 – 19 Maret 1955PresidenDwight D. Eisenhower PendahuluJabatan dibuatPenggantiJabatan ditiadakanDirektur Agensi Keamanan MutualMasa jabatan28 Januari 1953 – 1 Agustus 1953PresidenDwight D. Eisenhower PendahuluW. Averell HarrimanPenggantiPosition abolishedPresiden Universitas Pennsylvania ke-3Masa jabatan1948–1953 PendahuluGeorge William McClellandPenggantiWilliam Hagan DuBa...
Election for Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election, 1910 ← 1908 November 8, 1910 1912 → Nominee Samuel Y. Gordon Merrill C. Tifft Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 155,994 86,503 Percentage 56.39% 31.27% Nominee Lewis M. Ayer J. D. Engle Party Public Ownership Prohibition Popular vote 18,363 15,788 Percentage 6.64% 5.71% Lieutenant Governor before election Edward Everett Smith Republican Elected Lieute...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Beliau adalah Aus bin Abdullah bin Hujr[1] Al-Aslamiy Al-'Arajiy (Bahasa Arab : أوس بن عبد الله بن حُجر الأسلمي العرجي), penambahan al-Aslamiy di belakang namanya menyiratkan beliau adalah keturunan Bani Asla...
1953 studio album by Jo StaffordBroadway's BestStudio album by Jo StaffordReleased1953Genretraditional popLabelColumbiaJo Stafford chronology As You Desire Me(1952) Broadway's Best(1953) Starring Jo Stafford(1953) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[1] Broadway's Best is an album by Jo Stafford, released in 1953 by Columbia Records. Stafford sings songs from famous Broadway shows backed by Paul Weston and his Orchestra. This album by Columbia was never re-rel...
Henri de Saint-SimonLahirClaude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon(1760-10-17)17 Oktober 1760Paris, PrancisMeninggal19 Mei 1825(1825-05-19) (umur 64)Paris, PrancisEraFilsafat abad ke-19KawasanFilsafat BaratAliranSaint-SimonianismeSosialismeSosialisme utopisMinat utamaFilsafat politikGagasan pentingPerbedaan kelas industri/kelas pemalas Dipengaruhi Francis Bacon,[1] René Descartes,[1] John Locke,[1] Isaac Newton,[1] David Hume, Edward Gibbon...
Monumento ai cadutiAutoreLuigi Venzano Data1927 Materialebronzo UbicazionePiazza Goffredo Mameli, Savona Coordinate44°18′30.19″N 8°28′44.98″E / 44.308386°N 8.479162°E44.308386; 8.479162Coordinate: 44°18′30.19″N 8°28′44.98″E / 44.308386°N 8.479162°E44.308386; 8.479162 Il Monumento ai Caduti della città di Savona si trova in Piazza Goffredo Mameli, piazza centrale della città.[1] Indice 1 Descrizione 2 Storia 3 Note 4 Altri proge...
Mal CinereCinere MallKoordinat6°19′26″S 106°47′03″E / 6.323965°S 106.784241°E / -6.323965; 106.784241AlamatJalan Cinere Raya Nomor 38, Cinere, Cinere, Depok, Jawa Barat 16514Tanggal dibuka3 Juli 1993; 30 tahun lalu (1993-07-03)PengembangMegapolitan DevelopmentsPemilikMegapolitan GroupJumlah lantai4Situs webSitus web resmi Mal Cinere (Inggris: Cinere Mall, akronim: CM) adalah pusat perbelanjaan di Depok, Jawa Barat yang dibangun 1991 dan selesai pad...
Untuk politikus Kanada, lihat Pierre-Joseph-Arthur Cardin. Pierre CardinCardin pada 1978LahirPietro Costante Cardin(1922-07-02)2 Juli 1922San Biagio di Callalta, ItaliaMeninggal29 Desember 2020(2020-12-29) (umur 98)Neuilly-sur-Seine, PrancisKebangsaanItalia dan PrancisPekerjaangrand couturierPenghargaanGrande Ufficiale Ordine al merito della Repubblica ItalianaCommandeur Légion d'honneurCommandeur Ordre national du MériteChevalier Ordre des Arts et des LettresTanda tangan Pierre Cardin...
ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Раннее христианство Гностическое христианство Вселенские соборы Н...
Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti doppiatori italiani e giornalisti italiani non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Teo Bellia al Festival delle Radio Universitarie 2012 Teo Romano Bellia (Roma, 17 gennaio 1960[1]) è un doppiatore, direttore del doppiaggio, giornalista, dialoghista e...
Skyscraper in Chicago IBM Plaza redirects here. For the IBM Plaza in Kansas City, see 2345 Grand. United States historic placeIBM BuildingU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesChicago Landmark Show map of Chicago metropolitan areaShow map of IllinoisShow map of the United StatesLocation330 North Wabash, Chicago, IllinoisCoordinates41°53′19″N 87°37′39.3″W / 41.88861°N 87.627583°W / 41.88861; -87.627583Built1973; 51 years ago (1973)Archit...
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