For the story of the binding of Isaac, see Binding of Isaac. For East African administrators, see Akida.
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic. (July 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Arabic article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at [[:ar:عقيدة إسلامية]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|ar|عقيدة إسلامية}} to the talk page.
Aqidah goes beyond concise statements of faith and may not be part of an ordinary Muslim's religious instruction.[4] It has been distinguished from iman in "taking the aspects of Iman and extending it to a detail level" often using "human interpretation or sources".[5] Also, in contrast with iman, the word aqidah is not explicitly mentioned in the Quran.
Many schools of Islamic theology expressing different aqidah exist. However, this term has taken a significant technical usage in the Islamic theology, and is a branch of Islamic studies describing the beliefs of Islam.
Etymology
Aqidah comes from the Semitic rootʿ-q-d, which means "to tie; knot".[6] ("Aqidah" used not only as an expression of a school of Islamic theology or belief system, but as another word for "theology" in Islam, as in: "Theology (Aqidah) covers all beliefs and belief systems of Muslims, including sectarian differences and points of contention".)[7]
Introduction
According to Muslim scholar Cyril Glasse, "systematic statements of belief became necessary, from early [on in the history of] Islam, initially to refute heresies, and later to distinguish points of view and to present them, as the divergences of schools of theology or opinion increased."[8]
The "first" creed written as "a short answer to the pressing heresies of the time" is known as Fiqh Akbar and ascribed to Abu Hanifa.[8][9] Two creeds were the Fiqh Akbar II[citation needed] "representative" of the Ash'ari, and Fiqh Akbar III, "representative" of the Shafi'i.[8]Al-Ghazali also had an aqidah.[8] These creeds were more detailed than those described below.
According to Malcolm Clark, while Islam "is not a creedal religion", it has produced some detailed creeds, "some containing 100 or more belief statements" that summarized "the theological position of a particular scholar or school."[10]
Six articles of belief
The six articles of faith or belief (Arkan al-Iman) derived from the Quran and Sunnah,[11] are accepted by all Muslims. While there are differences between Shia and Sunni Islam and other different schools or sects concerning issues such as the attributes of God or about the purpose of angels, the six articles are not disputed.
The first five are based on several Qurʾanic beliefs:
...righteous is he who believeth in God and the Last Day and the angels and the scripture and the prophets (2:177)
...believer believe in God and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers (2:285)
Whoever disbelieveth in God and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers and the Last Day, he verily wandered far stray (4:136)
Who is an enemy of God, His Angels, His Messengers, Gabriel and Michael! Then, lo! God is an enemy to the disbelievers (2:98)
The sixth point made it into the creed because of the first theological controversy in Islam. Although not connected with the Sunni-Shiʿi controversy about the succession, the majority of Twelver Shiʿites do not stress God's limitless power (qadar), but rather His boundless justice (ʿadl) as the sixth point of belief – this does not mean that Sunnis deny His justice, or Shiʿites negate His power, just that the emphasis is different.[citation needed]
In Sunni and Shia view, having Iman literally means having belief in the six articles. [citation needed]
Tawhid ("doctrine of Oneness") is the religion's most fundamental concept and holds that Allah (the Arabic word for God) is one (aḥad), unique (wāḥid), and the only being worthy of worship. The Quran teaches the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world—a unique, independent and indivisible being who is independent of the entire creation.[13] God, according to Islam, is a universal God, rather than a local, tribal, or parochial one, and is an absolute who integrates all affirmative values.[14][15]
Iman
Iman, in Islamic theology denotes a believer's faith in the metaphysical aspects of Islam.[16][17] Its most simple definition is the belief in the six articles of faith, known as arkān al-īmān.
Salat is an act of worship. Salat means to call to the Lord Who created and gives life to the worshipper in Islam. This call realizes one to surrender caller's will, obeying his God. It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Islam gives concession conditionally if it is difficult to pray Salat in formal ways. People who find it physically difficult can perform Salat in a way suitable to them. To perform valid Salat, Muslims must be in a state of ritual purity, which is mainly achieved by ritual wash ups, (wuḍūʾ), as per prescribed procedures. Salat consists of "standing" (Qiyam) intending to call God, bow at knees (Ruku) meaning to ready to obey, prostrate (Sajda) willing to surrender worshipper's will to God's, then to sit (Tashhud) asserting evidence of the oneness of God and the finality of God's apostle (Nabi).
In the terminology of Islamic law, sawm means to abstain from eating, drinking (including water) and sexual intercourse from dawn until dusk. The observance of sawm during the holy month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, but is not confined to that month.
Zakat
Zakat is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on accumulated wealth and is obligatory for all who are able to do so. It is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to ease economic hardship for others and eliminate inequality.
Hajj
A 16th century illustration of Islam's holiest shrine, the Ka'aba
The Hajj is an Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca and the largest gathering of Muslims in the world every year. It is one of the five pillars of Islam, and a religious duty which must be carried out by every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so at least once in his or her lifetime.
In addition, some Muslims include Jihad and Dawah as part of aqidah.
Jihad
Jihad (to struggle) and literally means to endeavor, strive, labor to apply oneself, to concentrate, to work hard, to accomplish. It could be used to refer to those who physically, mentally or economically serve in the way of God.[18]
In the religious context, it is the struggle against disbelief and injustice using any means possible to establish, propagate and defend the faith and its principles on individualistic and societal levels.
Da‘wah ("invitation") means the preaching of Islam. Da‘wah literally means "issuing a summon" or "making an invitation", being an active participle of a verb meaning variously "to summon" or "to invite." A Muslim who practices da‘wah, either as a religious worker or in a volunteer community effort, is called a dā‘ī (داعي plural du‘āh, gen: du‘āt دعاة).
A dā‘ī is thus a person who invites people to understand Islam through dialogue, not unlike the Islamic equivalent of a missionary inviting people to the faith, prayer and manner of Islamic life.
Eschatology is literally understood as the last things or ultimate things and in Muslim theology, eschatology refers to the end of this world and what will happen in the next world or hereafter. Eschatology covers the death of human beings, their souls after their bodily death, the total destruction of this world, the resurrection of humans, the Last Judgment of human deeds by God after the resurrection, and the rewards and punishments for the believers and non-believers respectively. The places for the believers in the hereafter are known as Paradise and for the non-believers as Hell.
Main schools of thought within Sunni Islam, and other prominent streams.
Sunni Muslim theology is the theology and interpretation of creed (aqidah) that derived from the Qur'an and Hadith. The contents of Muslim theology can be divided into theology proper such as theodicy, eschatology, anthropology, apophatic theology, and comparative religion. In the history of Sunni Muslim theology, there have been theological schools among Muslims displaying both similarities and differences with each other in regard to beliefs. [19]
Kalām is an "Islamic scholastic theology" of seeking theological principles through dialectic. In Arabic, the word literally means "speech/words." A scholar of kalām is referred to as a mutakallim (Muslim theologian; plural mutakallimūn). There are many schools of Kalam, the main ones being the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools in Sunni Islam, and the Mu'tazilis (who are not Sunni).[20][21] Traditionalist theology rejects the use of kalam, regarding human reason as sinful in unseen matters.[22]
Mu'tazilis
In terms of the relationship between human beings and their creator, the Muʿtazila emphasize human free will over predestination. They also reduced the divine attributes to the divine essence. The Mu'tazilites are considered heretics by all the traditional Sunni Islamic schools of theology.[23]
The eponymous founder of this school is Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, one of the first to study under but then quit the Mu'tazilis. He then towards the end of his life became an Ashari.[24][25] It was the historic foe of the Mu'tazili school, the "rationalists" in terms of speculative theology.[26]
Ash'arism accepts reason over evidence in regard of exegetical matters and traditionalistic ideas.[27] What God does or commands—as revealed in the Quran and ahadith—is by definition just. What He prohibits is by definition unjust. Right and wrong are objective realities.[28] The Quran is the uncreated word of God in essence, however, it is created when it takes on a form in letters or sound.[29]
Maturidism is a Sunni theological school founded by Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, holding many positions in common with the Ash'aris but differing from them on others.[30][31][32][33] Much like the Ash'arite approach to Qur'anic verses that could yield an anthropomorphic concept of God, they affirmed His transcendence while understanding these expressions by the conventional figurative meanings they had garnered in Arabic.
Maturidism holds, that humans are creatures endowed with reason, that differentiates them from animals. Further, the relationship between people and God differs from that of nature and God; humans are endowed with free will, but due to God's sovereignty, God creates the acts the humans choose, so humans can perform them. Ethics can be understood just by reason and do not need prophetic guidances. Maturidi also considered hadiths as unreliable, when they are in odd with reason.[34] However, the human mind alone could not grasp the entire truth, thus it is in need of revelation in regard of mysterious affairs. Further, Maturidism opposes anthropomorphism and similitude, while simultaneously does not deny the divine attributes. They must be either interpreted in the light of Tawhid or be left out.[35]
For the Athari theology, the apparent meaning of the Qur'an and especially the prophetic traditions have ultimate precedence in matters of belief, as well as law, and to engage in rational disputation, without textual evidence, is absolutely forbidden.[36] Atharis engage in an amodal reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in Ta'wil (metaphorical interpretation). They do not attempt to rationally conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an and believe that the real meanings should be consigned to God alone (tafwid).[37] This theology was taken from exegesis of the Qur'an and statements of the early Muslims and later codified by a number of scholars including Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Ibn Qudamah.[38][39]
Shiʿi Muslims are different as they hold that there are five articles of belief. Similar to the Sunnis, the Shiʿis do not believe in complete predestination, or complete free will. They believe that in human life there is both free will and predestination.
Nubuwwah (Prophethood): God has appointed perfect and infallible prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion (i.e. a perfect system on how to live in "peace.")
Imamate: (Leadership): God has appointed specific leaders to lead and guide mankind— a prophet appoints a custodian of the religion before his demise.
Sharh as Sunnah or the Explanation of the Sunna by al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari. Lists approximately 170 points pertaining to the fundamentals of aqidah.
Khalq Afʿāl al-ʿIbād ("The Creation of the Acts of Servants") by Muhammad al-Bukhari. It shows the opinion of early scholars (Salaf) but it does not cover all topics.
Lum'at al-Itiqād by ibn Qudamah. Details the creed of the early Imams of the Sunni Muslims and one of the key works in the Athari creed.
al-ʿUluww by al-Dhahabī. Details the opinions of early scholars on matters of creed.
Shi'ism Doctrines, Thought and Spirituality by Hossein Nasr
Gallery
Bosniak "Book of the Science of Conduct" lists 54 religious duties that each Muslim must know about, believe in, and fulfill. Published in 1831, the handbook is by the Bosnian author and poet Abdulwahāb Žepčewī.
^Hadi Enayat Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies Springer, 30.06.2017 ISBN9783319526119 p.48
^Nader El-Bizri, ‘God: essence and attributes’, in The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic theology, ed. Tim Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 121-140
^Ed. Esposito The Oxford History of Islam Oxford University Press 1999 ISBN9780195107999 p. 280
^Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2014) Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications ISBN978-1780744209 p. 53
^Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith The New Encyclopedia of Islam Rowman Altamira 2003 ISBN978-0-759-10190-6 page 62-3
^Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi (1971). Mohiuddin Ahmad (ed.). Saviours of Islamic Spirit, Volume 1. Translated by Mohiuddin Ahmad. Lucknow, India: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications. p. 98. The differences between the Ash'arites and the Maturidites were simply marginal and limited to 30 to 40 issues of comparatively lesser importance.
^Fitzroy Morrissey (2021). A Short History of Islamic Thought. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN9780197522011. There, in a city noted for its religious diversity, he continued the old tradition of kalam as reasoned polemic: his writings contain refutations of Jews, Christians, and the dualist Manichaeans and Zoroastrians, as well as the Mu'tazila, the Shi'a, and other misguided Islamic sects. Against these various opponents, al-Maturidi argued for doctrines that were essentially close to those of al-Ash'ari.
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Méménil. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiMéménil merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle Allarmont Ambacourt Ame...
Marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia Not to be confused with Bering Sea. Barents SeaLocation of the Barents SeaLocationArctic OceanCoordinates75°N 40°E / 75°N 40°E / 75; 40 (Barents Sea)TypeSeaPrimary inflowsNorwegian Sea, Arctic OceanBasin countriesNorway and RussiaSurface area1,400,000 km2 (540,000 sq mi)Average depth230 m (750 ft)ReferencesInstitute of Marine Research, Norway The Bar...
قصر لينة التاريخيمعلومات عامةنوع المبنى قصرالمكان قرية لينة-رفحاءالبلد السعوديةتعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات قصر لينة التاريخي هو قصر سعودي قديم بُني بأمر من الملك المؤسس عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود في بداية سنوات توحيده لبلاده عام 1354ــ 1355هـ ؛ ليكون مقرا ...
صاحب السمو الشيخ نوّاف الأحمد الجابر الصباح نواف الأحمد عام 2018 أمير دولة الكويت في المنصب29 سبتمبر 2020 – 16 ديسمبر 2023 صباح الأحمد الجابر الصباح مشعل الأحمد الجابر الصباح ولي عهد دولة الكويت في المنصب20 فبراير 2006 – 29 سبتمبر 2020 الأمير صباح الأحمد الجابر الصباح سعد العبدالله ال�...
Caisse de garantie du logement locatif socialHistoireFondation 1er janvier 2001CadreSigle CGLLSType Établissement publicForme juridique Établissement public national à caractère administratifDomaine d'activité Autres intermédiations monétairesSiège ParisPays FranceOrganisationSite web cglls.frIdentifiantsSIREN 180092272TVA européenne FR20180092272OpenCorporates fr/180092272modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata La Caisse de garantie du logement locatif social (CGLLS) e...
Démographie de la Serbie Dynamique Population 7 078 110 hab.(2018)[1] Évolution de la population −0,47 % (2018)[2],[3] Indice de fécondité 1,44 enfant par ♀[4](2018)[5] Taux de natalité 8,9 ‰ (2018)[6],[7] Taux de mortalité 13,6 ‰ (2018)[8],[9] Taux de mortalité infantile 5,7 ‰ (2018)[10] Âges Espérance de vie à la naissance 75,9 ans (2018)[11]Hommes : 73 ansFemmes : 79 ans Âge méd...
Questa voce sugli argomenti cestisti statunitensi e allenatori di pallacanestro statunitensi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Jody Conradt Nazionalità Stati Uniti Pallacanestro Ruolo Allenatrice Termine carriera 1963 - giocatrice2007 - allenatrice Hall of fame Naismith Hall of Fame (1998)Women's Basketball Hall of Fame (1999) Carriera Giovanili 1959-1963 [[Bayl...
Indian politician Chandrakant Batesingh RaghuwanshiMember of Legislative Council of MaharashtraIn officeApril 2014 – October 2019 Personal detailsBorn12 November 1959Nationality IndianPolitical partyShiv Sena Shinde 2018-. INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS PARTY 2001-2018RelationsRam Chandrakant Raghuwanshi (son), Ratna Chandrakant Raghuwanshi (wife) Chandrakant Raghuwanshi is an Indian politician and leader of Shiv Sena from Nandurbar district.[1] He was a member of Maharashtr...
ABC affiliate in Orlando, Florida This article is about the television station in Orlando, Florida. For the defunct television station in Duluth, Minnesota, see WFTV (Duluth). For the radio station currently using the WLOF call letters, see WLOF. For other uses, see FTV. WFTVOrlando, FloridaUnited StatesChannelsDigital: 35 (UHF)Virtual: 9BrandingWFTV Channel 9; Channel 9 Eyewitness NewsProgrammingAffiliations9.1: ABCfor others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerCox Media Group(WFTV, LLC)S...
Cancelled 1983 U.S. mission to Venus Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar (VOIR) illustration Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar (VOIR; also called Venus Orbital Imaging Radar) was a planned 1983 U.S. spacecraft mission to Venus that was primarily intended to use a microwave imaging radar to perform mapping of the Venusian surface. The goal was to map up to 50% of the planet's surface down to a resolution of 2 km with the eventual goal of targeting landers and atmospheric probes.[1] A 1978 stu...
Baseball award AwardBig Ten Conference Player of the YearAwarded forthe most outstanding baseball player in the Big Ten ConferenceCountryUnited StatesFirst awarded1982Currently held byMatt Shaw, Maryland The Big Ten Conference Player of the Year is a baseball award given to the Big Ten Conference's most outstanding player. The award was first given following the 1982 season, with both pitchers and position players eligible. After the 1994 season, the Big Ten Conference Baseball Pitcher of the...
Dieser Artikel oder nachfolgende Abschnitt ist nicht hinreichend mit Belegen (beispielsweise Einzelnachweisen) ausgestattet. Angaben ohne ausreichenden Beleg könnten demnächst entfernt werden. Bitte hilf Wikipedia, indem du die Angaben recherchierst und gute Belege einfügst. Die École normale supérieure (ENS; deutsch „Höhere Normalschule“) ist ein Hochschultyp in Frankreich und anderen frankophonen Ländern. Dort zählen die wissenschaftlichen Grandes écoles traditionell zu den El...
Latin Catholic jurisdiction in Mexico Diocese of TacámbaroDioecesis TacambarensisDiócesis de TacámbaroLocationCountryMexicoEcclesiastical provinceProvince of MoreliaStatisticsArea5,648 sq mi (14,630 km2)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2006)362,000346,000 (95.6%)Parishes41InformationDenominationCatholic ChurchSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished26 July 1913 (110 years ago)CathedralCathedral of St. JeromeCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopSed...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2022) حقوق المرأة في المسجد حسب الشريعة الإسلاميّة هي قائمة أعدتها الكاتبة المسلمة والناشطة النسوية إسراء نعماني. أحدث القانون، برئاسة بنات هاجر، تطورات في الولا...
Logo dell'Encyclopædia Universalis Volumi dell'Encyclopaedia Universalis L'Encyclopædia Universalis è un'enciclopedia generalista scritta in lingua francese pubblicata dalla Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. L'enciclopedia è stata pubblicata in sette edizioni, di cui l'ultima composta da 30 volumi cartacei fino al 2012, per poi essere disponibile solo sul proprio sito internet. L'enciclopedia conta circa 34 500 voci, caratterizzati da 30 000 fra illustrazioni, disegni, tabelle e fotografie. V...
2017 South Korean TV series This article is about the 2017 South Korean TV series. For the 2011 TV series of the same title, see While You Were Sleeping (2011 TV series). While You Were SleepingPromotional posterGenreRomanceFantasyThrillerComedyLegal dramaWritten byPark Hye-ryunDirected byOh Chung-hwanStarringLee Jong-sukBae SuzyLee Sang-yeobJung Hae-inCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes16ProductionProducersTeddy Hoon-tak JungHwang Ki-yongProduction locationsAns...
Etymology of the names of Korea This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Names of Korea – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) There are various names of Korea in use today that are all derived from those of ancient Koreanic kingdoms an...
Scottish new wave/post-punk band Tony McDaid redirects here. For the victim of a fatal police shooting, see Tony McDade. Altered ImagesBackground informationOriginGlasgow, ScotlandGenresNew wavepost-punkYears active1979–198320122021–presentLabelsEpicDiabloPortraitSpinoffsHipswayOne DoveTexasThe WakeMembers Clare Grogan Steve Lironi Past members Johnny McElhone Tony McDaid Michael Anderson Gerard McInulty Jim McKinven David Bone Altered Images are a Scottish new wave/post-punk band who fou...
