约瑟夫·雷蒙德·“乔”·麦卡锡(英語:Joseph Raymond "Joe" McCarthy,1908年11月14日—1957年5月2日)是一位美国共和党政治人物,从1947年到1957年任期内去世为止任威斯康星州参议员。1950年开始,冷战的紧张局势引发公众对共产主义颠覆的普遍担忧,麦卡锡在此时成为最耀眼的公众人物。[1]他声称有大量的共产党员、苏联间谍和共产主义同情者渗透进了美国联邦政府、大学、制片业和其他地方。他亦因其莫须有的指控受到美国参议院方面的谴责。
韦尔奇在听证会上质问麦卡锡道:“参议员先生,你还有没有良知?难道你到最后连一点起码的良知也没有保留下来吗?”,在此之前由爱德华·默罗主持的电视记录节目《See It Now》是对麦卡锡最著名的攻击之一。这个节目在1954年3月9日播出,专题为《对麦卡锡参议员的报道》,实际上是对麦卡锡全方位的攻击。在这些镜头里,麦卡锡指责民主党“背叛美国二十年”;指责美国公民自由联盟“为共产党服务,做共产党的工作”;[102]以及指责各种证人的画面。并大放各种厥词,胡编各种证人,包括茨维克将军。[來源請求]
接下来的一期《对麦卡锡参议院的报道》专题中,默罗把五角大楼密码室雇员,非裔美国人安妮·李·摩斯描绘成麦卡锡调查的无辜受害者。默罗节目,以及同年的军队对峙麦卡锡听证会都导致全美民意反对麦卡锡,其中的一部分原因是他的陈述被名人反驳。为了挽回其负面形象,麦卡锡在1954年4月6日出现在《See It Now》节目,解释默罗在节目中造成的误解。麦卡锡指出默罗的左派背景,以及勾结 “俄罗斯间谍和宣传组织”。[104]这一举动并没有起到很好的效果,反之,麦卡锡的受欢迎度继续下降。默罗的报道与同一年电视转播的“陆军-麦卡锡听证会”,是导致麦卡锡的全国民意下降的主要原因。[來源請求]
^The American Heritage Dictionary (2000) defines "McCarthyism" as "the practice of publicizing accusations of political disloyalty or subversion with insufficient regard to evidence" and "the use of unfair investigatory or accusatory methods in order to suppress opposition". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged (1961) defines it as "characterized chiefly by opposition to elements held to be subversive and by the use of tactics involving personal attacks on individuals by means of widely publicized indiscriminate allegations especially on the basis of unsubstantiated charges".
^In A Conspiracy So Immense, Oshinsky states that McCarthy chose Marquette University rather than the University of Wisconsin–Madison partially because Marquette was under Catholic control and partially because he enrolled during the Great Depression, when few working-class or farm-bred students had the money to go out of state for college. See Oshinsky, David M. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. New York: Free Press. 2005: 11 [1983]. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
^The Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library. The Wisconsin Blue Book 1940. Wisconsin Blue Books (Madison, WI: State of Wisconsin). 1940 [2015-03-06]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-28).
^Oshinsky explains this (p. 17) as resulting partially from the financial pressures of the Great Depression. He also notes (p. 28) that even during his judgeship, McCarthy was known to have gambled heavily after hours. Oshinsky, David M. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. New York: Free Press. 2005: 17, 28 [1983]. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
^ 23.023.123.2
Herman, Arthur. Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press. 1999: 30. ISBN 0-684-83625-4.
^Oshinsky describes the nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe" as the result of McCarthy's wish to break the record for most live ammunition discharged in a single mission.
Oshinsky, David M. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy. Oxford University Press. 2005: 32 [1983]. ISBN 0-19-515424-X.
^Phillips, Steve. 5. Martin Collier, Erica Lewis (编). The Cold War. Heinemann Advanced History. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. 2001: 65 [2008-12-01]. ISBN 0-435-32736-4.
^David M. Barrett, CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 65.
^Congressional Record, 81st Congress, 2nd session, pp 2062–2068; quoted in:
Reeves, Thomas C. The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography. Madison Books. 1982: 243. ISBN 1-56833-101-0.
^ 50.050.1David M. Barrett, CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 67.
^William N. Eskridge, "Privacy Jurisprudence and the Apartheid of the Closet, 1946-1961," Florida State University Law Review 23, no. 4 (Summer 1997); quoted in David M. Barrett, CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 70.
^David M. Barrett, CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 70.
^Hillenkoetter Testimony, 7-14-50, CIS UnpublishedU.S. Senate Committee Hearings on Microfiche (Washington D.C.: Congressional Information Service); quoted in David M. Barrett, CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 79.
^David M. Barrett, CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 80.
^
The Official United States Congressional Daily Digest Records,. Government Publishing Office, Thomas Library, Official Repository Library, Local, Bakersfield California, CSUB. 2009: 8', 79th Congress, 3rd Session, Date August 2, 1946, Congressional Records — House, page 10749 [1946].
^
The United States Constitution. Government Publishing Office, Thomas Library, Official Repository Library, Local, Bakersfield California, CSUB. 2009: 10 [1782].
^ 63.063.163.2
McCarthy, Joseph. Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950–1951. Gordon Press. 1951: 264, 307, 215. ISBN 0-87968-308-2.
^See "Transcripts, Executive Sessions..." under Primary sources, below.
^Collins, Susan and Levin, Carl. Preface(PDF). Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2003 [2006-12-19]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2020-05-17).
^"Joe Must Go: the Movement to Recall Senator Joseph R. McCarthy" by David P. Thelen and Esther S. Thelen, Wisconsin Magazine of History, spring 1966, pp. 185-209.
^Polsby, Nelson W. Towards an Explanation of McCarthyism. Political Studies. October 1962, 8: 252.
^Oshinsky [1983] (2005), pp. 33, 490; Michael O'Brien, John F. Kennedy: A Biography (2005), pp. 250–54, 274–79, 396–400; Reeves (1982), pp. 442–43; Thomas Maier, The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings (2003), pp. 270–80; Crosby, God, Church, and Flag, 138-60.
^John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009; pp. 109-111, 179, 181–183, 193, 244-247, 312.
^John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009; pp. 191, 345 and 581, footnote 89.
^Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—The Stalin Era (New York: Modern Library, 2000) ISBN 978-0-375-75536-1), pp. 48, 158, 162, 169, 229
^Johnson, Paul. Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties. HarperCollins e-books. 2010: 457. ISBN 978-006-093550-4.
^See "The Venona Secrets, Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors," by Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel and Blacklisted by History, by Stan Evans.
Crosby, Donald F. "The Jesuits and Joe McCarthy". Church History 1977 46(3): 374–388. Issn: 0009-6407 Fulltext: in Jstor
Daynes, Gary. Making Villains, Making Heroes: Joseph R. McCarthy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Politics of American Memory. Taylor & Francis. 1997. ISBN 0-8153-2992-X.
Gauger, Michael. "Flickering Images: Live Television Coverage and Viewership of the Army-McCarthy Hearings". Historian 2005 67(4): 678–693. Issn: 0018-2370 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco. Audience ratings show that few people watched the hearings.
Strout, Lawrence N. Covering McCarthyism: How the Christian Science Monitor Handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950–1954. Greenwood Press. 1999. ISBN 0-313-31091-2.
Edward R. Murrow & Fred W. Friendly (Producers). Edward R. Murrow: The McCarthy Years (DVD (from 'See it Now' TV News show)). USA: CBS News/Docurama. 1991.
Tanenhaus, Sam. Un-American Activities. New York Review of Books. [2015-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-03). A lengthy review of Arthur Herman's Joseph McCarthy
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