突厥汗国(突厥语:,türk),又稱突厥第一汗國,是原先在柔然统治下的阿史那氏部族,連合使用古突厥語的各游牧部落,于552年在今蒙古国地区建立了由古突厥民族组成的古代帝国,并一度控制漠北、中亚等柔然故地。581年突厥以阿尔泰山为界分裂成東突厥汗国和西突厥汗国,前者统治着蒙古草原,后者统治着天山草原和哈萨克草原。7世纪时先后为唐朝所灭。而東突厥复国后形成的后突厥汗国亦在8世纪为回纥灭亡。
突厥汗國由使用古突厥語的游牧部落聯合建立,以阿史那氏為其王族。這些古突厥部落聯合的歷史可以往上被追溯到匈奴及鮮卑時代之前。《史記》記載,最早起源於丁零,在貝加爾湖一帶建立國家,後被併入匈奴帝國。在匈奴帝國統治下,丁零往中亞移動,西方康居以北的部落稱西丁零,在原居地貝加爾湖一帶稱北丁零。在匈奴帝國衰弱時,丁零從匈奴帝國中又獨立出來,形成獨立部落聯盟,在漢帝國的支援下,與匈奴帝國發生長期戰爭,最終使匈奴帝國分裂。在東漢時,漢帝國擊敗北匈奴後,鮮卑入主蒙古高原,成為此地霸主[4]。
居住在北方的北丁零,後稱敕勒或鐵勅,先臣伏於鮮卑之下,在鮮卑時代後期,蒙古高原由柔然汗國控制,但柔然亦因與拓跋鮮卑及鐵勒的戰爭而衰落。其中心氏族阿史那部于6世紀初年遊牧於金山一代(今阿爾泰山),546年阿史那部首領土門建立新的部落聯盟,脫離柔然帝國獨立,于550年擊敗鐵勒,552年又打败柔然,建立了此政權,自称伊利可汗;同时期的中国将其音译为“突厥”。553年木杆可汗在都斤山(又作“郁都军山”、“乌德鞬山”,今蒙古国杭爱山)建立王庭。
有人认为阿史那部最先是生活在咸海边的塞種,后东走至叶尼塞河南方,受铁勒同化[谁?]。
全盛时,其疆域東至大兴安岭,西抵西海(鹹海),北越貝加爾湖,南接阿姆河南,建立了官制,有立法,有文字。583年,隋将長孫晟用离间之计,使突厥汗国分裂為東西兩部,后在屡次与隋朝的战争中战败而走向衰落(参见隋与突厥之战)。唐太宗貞觀四年(630年)与薛延陀攻滅東突厥,唐高宗顯慶四年(658年)唐又滅西突厥,餘部西遷中亞(参见唐滅东、西突厥之戰)。在唐高宗末年(682年),再度建立後突厥汗國,最後在745年,後突厥帝国亡於回纥。
581年,佗缽可汗去世,突厥汗国发生了诸小可汗争夺大可汗之位的战争,最终,尔伏(尔拔)胜出,称沙钵略可汗(581—587年在位)。新兴的隋朝不再采用北齐和北周王朝厚输财物,以博突厥人欢心的对外政策,因此,沙钵略可汗认为隋朝“待之甚薄”,心生怨恨,与隋朝为敌。另外,嫁给沙钵略可汗的北周千金公主,因为不甘心北周被隋高祖杨坚篡位,屡次劝沙钵略可汗出兵,为周室复仇。
582年,沙缽略可汗征发突厥各部兵40万向隋朝发起进攻。在突厥人的强大攻势面前,隋文帝采纳了长孙晟“远交近攻,离强合弱”的策略,分化离间突厥各部,使他们相互攻杀。583年,隋军分八路出塞反击。在此关键时刻,突厥部分裂,甚至有部落撤出战斗,最终导致沙钵略战败。战败以后,沙钵略迁怒于撤出抵抗隋军的小可汗阿波,突袭其部,杀害其母。阿波可汗逃向西方,与西部的突厥人结盟,与大可汗沙钵略对峙,突厥汗国内战爆发。在内战中,突厥汗国分裂成几支割据势力,这些势力兼并的结果,最终形成了东、西两个突厥汗国。
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