1968年7月,巴解的巴勒斯坦國民會議(英语:Palestine National Council)(Palestine National Council)修改了《巴勒斯坦國民憲章》(Palestine National Charter),定義「巴勒斯坦人」是指「迄1947年以前,居住於巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯人,且不論是被驅逐還是繼續留下。」而在1947年後出生的人們,「只要父親是巴勒斯坦人,則不論是在海外還是境內誕生,即是巴勒斯坦人[57]」。
歷史學家拉希德·卡里迪在他於1997年出版的書《Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness》中提到,考古證據顯示巴勒斯坦曾歷經聖經時代、羅馬、拜占庭帝國、阿拉伯帝國倭馬亞王朝、法蒂瑪王朝、十字軍、阿尤布王朝、埃及馬木留克王朝和鄂圖曼土耳其帝國等時期,造成巴勒斯坦人時常無法認清自己的族群。直到20世紀,巴勒斯坦人才漸漸接觸他們的現今的身分[36]。卡里迪注意到,巴勒斯坦人的民族認同,同時受到「阿拉伯文化、伊斯蘭信仰和原鄉認同」等多個元素所影響。因此,他建議一些巴勒斯坦民族主義者「不合時宜地」釐清和閱讀與巴勒斯坦民族主義相關的歷史,才是真正「相對進步」的行動[60][61]。
詹姆士·L.蓋爾文(英语:James L. Gelvin)(James L. Gelvin)認為,巴勒斯坦的民族主義,是為了對抗猶太人的錫安主義。在他的書《The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War》中提到:「巴勒斯坦人的民族主義從戰間期開始產生,是為了對抗錫安主義者的移入和定居。」[65]蓋爾文表示這個事實並不會影響到巴勒斯坦的國族認同的正當性:
國際聯盟第22號決議文中表示巴勒斯坦不再由鄂圖曼土耳其帝國統治,並終止巴勒斯坦以鄂圖曼帝國作為其「文明的神聖寄託」(a sacred trust of civilization)。在第7號決議文中表示託管第必須為巴勒斯坦居民建立一個嶄新且獨立的國家。[81]這表示巴勒斯坦不應該併入英國,且居住於此地的人民不應該自動成為英國的公民。
1935年,巴勒斯坦領導人伊茲·阿德-定·阿爾-卡賽姆,被英國殺害後,他的追隨者領導了一場起義。一開始,巴勒斯坦人先在雅法發動大罷工,並攻擊納布盧斯的猶太人及英國人的機構[76]。阿拉伯高等委員會(英语:Arab High Committee)呼籲全國大罷工,停止向英國人繳稅,並且封鎖了自治區政府,要求限制猶太人移民和禁止出售土地給猶太人。到了1936年年底,已經演變為全國大起義。英國宣布戒嚴,解散阿拉伯高級委員會,並逮捕穆斯林最高委員會支持起義者。到1939年,5,000名巴勒斯坦人在英國處決,超過15,000人在起義中受傷。[76]
卡拉麥戰役(英语:Battle of Karameh)以及約旦黑色九月使更多巴勒斯坦人更團結特別是在大流亡時期。在同時,在加薩和西岸的巴勒斯坦人中興起了一種代表巴勒斯坦人的政治策略,稱為「薩穆德(英语:sumud)」(sumud),這種新的意識形態略在1967年之後被人民廣泛接受。薩穆德是一種與土地、農業和當地土著建立深刻感情的意識形態。這個觀念被當時許多巴勒斯坦農民奉行,他們堅守在自己的土地上,拒絕離開。對於巴勒斯坦敢死隊,「薩穆德」的體現方式是以比較被動的方式呈現。敢死隊員必須「在象徵對於土地的牽掛和連結,在農民及鄉村的生活之下」默誦一些文字[93]。
由於缺乏巴勒斯坦人大離散總人口數的資料,以及在英國託管時期的確切總人口數,巴勒斯坦人的人數一直沒有一個定論。巴勒斯坦中央統計局(Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics,PCBS)在2004年10月20日為聲稱,截止2003年底為止,全球的巴勒斯坦人數約有960萬人,比2001年多了80萬人[147]。
2005年,美國-以色列人口結構研究小組(American-Israel Demographic Research Group,AIDRG)重新審視了PCBS的數據及統計辦法[148]。在他們的報告中[149],他們宣布PCBS在統計方法上出現了一些錯誤,且他們自行增加了130萬人的假設值。經過詳細的比對(與巴勒斯坦衛生部比對生育率、與巴勒斯坦教育部比對六年來的註冊人數等等),調查中的被算錯的人數有:
在巴勒斯坦,伊斯蘭教和基督教之間的文化交流相當頻繁,也使這兩個宗教的宗教圖像和象徵相互影響[105]。有些節慶,像是「死者之日(英语:Thursday of the Dead)」(Thursday of the Dead),就同時是穆斯林和基督徒的節慶。他們有時也崇拜同樣的人物,像是哈霍(英语:Halhul)(Halhul)地區崇拜的先知約拿,還有聖喬治(阿拉伯語稱之為「el Khader」)。巴勒斯坦的居民會在一個叫做「馬卡姆」(maqaam)的小屋中供奉這些聖人,馬卡姆通常設置於老角豆樹或老橡樹下[105]。雖然崇拜偶像在正統伊斯蘭教教義中是被禁止的。然而,巴勒斯坦的人民還是將聖人視為與阿拉接觸的媒介,聖人的祠堂仍然隨處可見。[105]巴勒斯坦人類學家阿里·克列伯認為這證巴勒斯坦穆斯林和基督徒都相當程度上繼承了閃米特信仰[105]。
1922年,英國當局對於巴勒斯坦地區進行了一次人口普查(英语:1922 census of Palestine),統計的結果有752,048居民。其中有660,641名巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人(87%,包含基督徒和穆斯林)、83,790名巴勒斯坦猶太教徒(11%),以及7,617其他人種。貝都因人沒有包含在這次的統計中,但在1930年英國的研究中指出,他們的人口約有70,860人[171]。
陶菲克·迦南(英语:Tawfiq Canaan)(Tawfiq Canaan)和一些巴勒斯坦作家寫了「本土」民族誌,並發表在《巴勒斯坦東方學會雜誌》(The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society,1920年–1948年),並著重在「巴勒斯坦本土文化」和農業社會上,憂心現代化對於這些文化的破壞[111]。Salim Tamari相信在巴勒斯坦的農民的生活模式中,可以看見許多遠古時期所遺留下來的文化資產,例如說像迦南人、非利士人、希伯來人、亞拉米人和阿拉伯人的文化[111]。
^「巴勒斯坦人是原生於歷史上巴勒斯坦地區的人們。雖然穆斯林保障居民的安全,並允許宗教自由,但大多數的巴勒斯坦人信仰了伊斯蘭教,並接受阿拉伯文化。」1918年英国占领了全境,正式称为巴勒斯坦,也包括现在的约旦。这个时期的巴勒斯坦人包括阿拉伯人、犹太人、奥斯曼人和古老的撒玛利亚人等多个民族。因此如今的巴勒斯坦人,即阿拉伯人从血缘上并不等于历史上巴勒斯坦的居民。
Bassam Abu-Libdeh, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi, ‘Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians,’ in Dhavendra Kuma (ed.) Genomics and Health in the Developing World, OUP 2012 pp.700-711, p.700.
^戴維·本-古里安和伊扎克·本-茲維聲稱在阿拉伯征服之前,巴勒斯坦大多數的人民信仰起源於猶太宗教的基督教,巴勒斯坦人改信伊斯蘭教是為了減免賦稅:「在阿拉伯人征服巴勒斯坦時,此區大多數的人民是信仰基督教的;但四百年後,十字軍再征服這個地方時,這裡的人已經改信伊斯蘭教了。拜占庭帝國和穆斯林們都未曾對於此地區的居民作出大規模的遷移,前述的基督徒是在拜占庭時期開始信奉基督的,他們是猶太和撒馬力亞農民的後裔;而此區的穆斯林農民則大多是這些猶太基督徒的後裔,並在十字軍東征前改信奉伊斯蘭教。」Moshe Gil(英语:Moshe Gil),A History of Palestine,634-1099,劍橋大學出版社(1983)1997 pp.222-3
^「阿拉伯化(Arabization)和伊斯蘭化(Islamization)的過程在此區推行的尤其積極。因為巴勒斯坦是倭馬雅王朝的權力中心,且是支持其在伊拉克和阿拉伯半島勢力的重要據點...為了方便和信念改信伊斯蘭教的人越來越多,這些改宗的人,和其他從沙漠地區進入巴勒斯坦的部族,改變了巴勒斯坦人民的信仰。就這樣,原先大多數信仰基督教的區域,逐漸變成以穆斯林為主,且操阿拉伯語的地區了。在同時,在穆斯林控制巴勒斯坦初期,一小群的猶太人在經過500年的流離之後,再次回到耶路撒冷。」,大英百科全書,Palestine,'From the Arab Conquest to 1900,' (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
^「雖然經歷了亞述、巴比倫,和波斯帝國的統治,大多數生長在巴勒斯坦的人還是留在原鄉,即使歷經西元70年時耶路撒冷被摧毀,以及135年的巴爾科赫巴起義,大多數人還是不願離開家鄉,也沒有被驅趕,並在拜占庭帝國時期信奉了伊斯蘭教。到了7世紀,阿拉伯人征服時,除了一小群人被驅逐以外,大多數的人還是像以前一樣沒有離開,且改信奉伊斯蘭教。從聖經的敘述中,我們就可以發現到,巴勒斯坦文化的濫觴,是起源於多文化和多民族的熔爐。許多猶太教徒成了基督徒,日後有成了穆斯林。然而,很諷刺地,許多巴勒斯坦阿拉伯難民的祖先,很有可能就是猶太人。」Michael Prior(英语:Michael Prior (theologian)),Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry, Psychology Press 1999 p.201
^「『阿拉伯人』一詞必須謹慎使用。這個名詞可以應用於貝督因人,也可以用以稱呼巴勒斯坦的都市和上流階級。但不適合拿來描述鄉村的巴勒斯坦農民。他們都使用阿拉伯語,而他們的阿拉伯語都被其他民族的口音所影響而產生不同的方言。但上述民族只有被督因人認為他們自己是阿拉伯人。16世紀時,來自西方的旅行者也發現了這種差異:「『阿拉伯人』一詞在巴勒斯坦通常都指特定的族群...我逐漸發現那些社會底層的人 -就是以前是以色列農民的人們,他們知道他們生活中最傳統的部分並不屬於阿拉伯人,他們知道自己在7世紀的征服者來到之前就已在這裡。」James Parkes(英语:James Parkes (clergyman)), Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine,(1949) rev.ed.Penguin, 1970 pp.209-210.
^Gibbons, Ann. Jews and Arabs Share Recent Ancestry. ScienceNOW. American Academy for the Advancement of Science. 2000年10月30日October 30, 2000 [2023年10月25日]. (原始内容存档于2023年12月8日).请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助). Studies cited are:Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, ET; Bonner, MR; Jarjanazi, H; Karafet, T; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S; Oppenheim, A; Jobling, MA. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000, 97 (12): 6769–6774. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. and Almut Nebel; Filon, D; Weiss, DA; Weale, M; Faerman, M; Oppenheim, A; Thomas, MG. High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews. Human Genetics. 2000, 107 (6): 630–641. PMID 11153918. doi:10.1007/s004390000426.另一項研究指出:「根據我們高解析度微衛星單倍型的研究,猶太人(70%)和巴勒斯坦穆斯林(82%)Y染色體的大部分是屬於同一個基因池。」[1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
^David Asheri, A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1-4, Oxford University Press,2007 p.402:"'the Syrians called Palestinians', at the time of Herodotus were a mixture of Phoenicians, Philistines, Arabs, Egyptians, and perhaps also other peoples. . . Perhaps the circumcized 'Syrians called Palestinians' are the Arabs and Egyptians of the Sinai coast; at the time of Herodotus there were few Jews in the coastal area."
^pwlɜsɜtj.John Strange, Caphtor/Keftiu: a new investigation,Brill, 1980 p. 159.
^Thomas L.Thompson, 'Introduction:Can a History of Ancient Jerusalem and Palestine be written?,' in T.L. Thompson (ed.) Jerusalem In Ancient History And Tradition, Continuum Publishing, 2003, pp. 1-15, pp. 3-4.
^Yehoshua Porath(英语:Yehoshua Porath). Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion: 1929–1939, vol. 2. Frank Cass and Co., Ltd. 1977: 81–82.
^在當代國際法中,只有「種族」有權自決(參見Self-determination and National Minorities, Oxford Monographs in International Law, Thomas D. Musgrave, Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-829898-6, p. 170)。2004年,國際法院表示以色列已承認「巴勒斯坦人民」的存在,在國際協議中數次提及「巴勒斯坦人民」以及其「合法權益」。這些權益包含其自決權(參見Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 存档副本(PDF). [2010-07-06]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2010-07-06).,第118段)。法官科羅馬(Koroma)說「法院同時還認為,根據既定且公認的國際法,自決權同樣也適用於巴勒斯坦人民及其疆界。因此,該權利賦予巴勒斯坦人建國的權利,並在第181號決議(II)被提及且確認。」法官希金斯(Higgins)也說:「巴勒斯坦人有權擁有其領土,行使其自決權,以及擁有其國家。」(參見科羅馬法官的個別意見存档副本(PDF). [2010-02-07]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2011-06-04).第5段,以及希金斯法官的個別意見存档副本(PDF). [2010-02-07]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2011-01-12).第18段)。保羅·迪華特(Paul De Waart)表示國際法院在2004年的諮詢意見「確定聯合國目前有責任保護巴勒斯坦的國家地位。並肯定了禁止以色列收購巴勒斯坦領土的適用性,以及以色列在巴勒斯坦被佔領土上設立定居處是不合法的。此外,巴勒斯坦人民的存在,以及其索討被佔領的巴勒斯坦領土的合法權利不再是個懸案(參見De Waart, Paul J. I. M., "International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process", Leiden Journal of International Law, 18 (2005), pp. 467–487)
^Weldon Matthews, Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation,I.B. Tauris, 2006, p. 33. Weldon Matthews和Prasenjit Duara兩人都將託管系統詮釋為是一套為帝國主義列強所量身訂做的一個體系,因為他們發現這樣做殖民地比較可以消弭民族認同:「這樣的看法從印度和埃及,被應用於巴勒斯坦。英國當局不僅試圖讓居民懷疑國族認同的存在,還對於不同群體建立不一樣的制度來阻礙國族認同的發展。」
^Efraim Karsh(英语:Efraim Karsh). Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest. New York: Grove Press, 2003. p. 43. 「當約旦在1948年戰爭期間佔領西岸時,阿卜杜拉國王試圖儘快抹滅掉巴勒斯坦的國族認同。」
^Nebel. High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews 107. Human Genetics: 630–641. 2000.「,根據歷史紀錄,這個國家中有部分(或是大多數)的阿拉伯穆斯林是早期當地居民的後裔,他們大多數是基督徒或是猶太人,後來在7世紀阿拉伯擴張時改宗伊斯蘭教(Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981)。這些當地居民,這些當地的居民是數世紀以來居住於核心區的族群,有些從史前時代及定居於此(Gil 1992)... 因此,我們的發現與歷史紀錄有相當好的一致性。...」
^原文:"Throughout history a great diversity of peoples has moved into the region and made Palestine their homeland: Canaanites, Jebusites, Philistines from Crete,Anatolian and Lydian Greeks, Hebrews, Amorites, Edomites, Nabataeans, Arameans, Romans, Arabs, and Western European Crusaders, to name a few. Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land. Others, such as Ancient Egyptians, Hittites, Persians, Babylonians, and the Mongol raids of the late 1200s, were historical 'events' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes ... Like shooting stars, the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine. The people, however, survive. In their customs and manners, fossils of these ancient civilizations
survived until modernity—albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and Arabic culture."
^原文:"The Arabs' connection with Palestine goes back uninterruptedly to the earliest historic times, for the term 'Arab' [in Palestine] denotes nowadays not merely the incomers from the Arabian Peninsula who occupied the country in the seventh century, but also the older populations who intermarried with their conquerors, acquired their speech, customs and ways of thought and became permanently arabised."
^原文:"Clearly, in Palestine as elsewhere in the Middle East, the modern inhabitants include among their ancestors those who lived in the country in antiquity. Equally obviously, the demographic mix was greatly modified over the centuries by migration, deportation, immigration, and settlement. This was particularly true in Palestine..."
^Eric M. Meyers, "Revisionist History and the Quest for History in the Middle East Today", in Seymour Gitin, J. Edward Wright, J. P. Dessel (eds), Confronting the Past: Archeological and Historical Essays in Honor of William G. Dever, Eisenbrauns, 2006, pp. 255-263; p. 260.
^Ana Teresa Fernandes; Rita Gonçalves; Sara Gomes; Dvora Filon; Almut Nebel; Marina Faerman; António Brehm. Y-chromosomal STRs in two populations from Israel and the Palestinian Authority Area: Christian and Muslim Arabs. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2011年11月.
^Rita Gonçalves; Freitas, Ana; Branco, Marta; Rosa, Alexandra; Fernandes, Ana T.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Kivisild, Toomas; Brehm, Antonio. Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry. Annals of Human Genetics. 2005年7月, 69 (4): 443–54. PMID 15996172. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x.
^E. Levy- Coffman. A Mosaic of People. Journal of Genetic Genealogy: 12–33. 2005 [2014-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-31). "J1 is the only haplogroup that researchers consider "Semitic" in origin"
^Oleg Balanovsky; Khadizhat Dibirova; Anna Dybo; Oleg Mudrak; Svetlana Frolova; Elvira Pocheshkhova; Marc Haber; Daniel Platt; Theodore Schurr; Wolfgang Haak; Marina Kuznetsova; Magomed Radzhabov; Olga Balaganskaya; Alexey Romanov; Tatiana Zakharova; David F. Soria Hernanz; Pierre Zalloua; Sergey Koshel; Merritt Ruhlen; Colin Renfrew; R. Spencer Wells; Chris Tyler-Smith; Elena Balanovska; The Genographic Consortium. Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region(PDF). Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. 2011-08-27 [2014-01-21]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2014-01-11).
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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Кингисепп (значения). Запрос «Ямбург» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. ГородКингисепп Флаг Герб 59°22′41″ с. ш. 28°36′04″ в. д.HGЯO Страна Россия Субъект Федерации Ленинградская область Муниципа�...
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Joseph WardArtistBruno BeghéYear1963 (1963)MediumMarble sculptureSubjectJoseph WardLocationWashington, D.C., United States Joseph Ward is a marble sculpture depicting the American educator of the same name by Bruno Beghé, installed United States Capitol Visitor Center's Emancipation Hall, in Washington, D.C., as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. The statue was donated by the U.S. state of South Dakota in 1963.[1] References ^ Joseph Ward. Architect of the Capitol. ...
American singer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Tony Orlando – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Tony ...
Taça de Ouro 1982 Competizione Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Sport Calcio Edizione 12ª Organizzatore CBF Date dal 16 gennaio 1982al 25 aprile 1982 Luogo Brasile Partecipanti 44 Risultati Vincitore Flamengo(2º titolo) Secondo Grêmio Statistiche Miglior marcatore Zico(Flamengo), 21 gol Incontri disputati 291 Gol segnati 803 (2,76 per incontro) Pubblico 5 764 128 (19 808 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 1981 1983 Manuale La Taça de Ouro 19...
Class of enzymes Cytoplasmic dynein on a microtubule Dyneins are a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells. They convert the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work. Dynein transports various cellular cargos, provides forces and displacements important in mitosis, and drives the beat of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. All of these functions rely on dynein's ability to move towards the minus-end of the microtubules, known as retrograde transport; thu...
Campionato Primavera 2015-2016Campionato Primavera TIM 2015-2016 Competizione Campionato Primavera Sport Calcio Edizione 54ª Organizzatore Lega Serie A Date dal 12 settembre 2015al 4 giugno 2016 Luogo Italia Partecipanti 42 Risultati Vincitore Roma (Serie A-B)(8º titolo) Secondo Juventus (Serie A-B) Semi-finalisti Inter (Serie A-B) Torino (Serie A-B) Cronologia della competizione 2014-2015 2016-2017 Manuale Il Campionato Primavera TIM - Trofeo Giacinto ...
Officer rank of the United States Navy and Coast Guard Future ADM Michelle Howard when she was a U.S. Navy RDML on the USS Wasp (LHD-1) in 2009. A rear admiral in the uniformed services of the United States is either of two different ranks of commissioned officers: one-star flag officers and two-star flag officers. By contrast, in most other countries, the term rear admiral refers only to an officer of two-star rank. Rear admiral (lower half) For the Navy's previous one-star rank, see Commodo...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Zarechnaya Nizhny Novgorod Metro – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nizhny Novgorod Metro Station ZarechnayaЗаречнаяNizhny Novgorod Metro stationGeneral informationLocationLeninsky...
В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Воробьёв; Воробьёв, Максим. Максим Никифорович Воробьёв А. Г. Горавский. Портрет М. Н. Воробьёва. 1854Кремовая бумага, итальянский и графитный карандаши, растушка, белила. 37,7 × 29 смТретьяковская галерея, Москва[1] ...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapi...
30th Governor of Oregon Not to be confused with Tom McCall (Georgia politician). Tom McCall30th Governor of OregonIn officeJanuary 9, 1967 – January 13, 1975Preceded byMark HatfieldSucceeded byRobert W. Straub18th Secretary of State of OregonIn officeJanuary 4, 1965 – January 9, 1967GovernorMark HatfieldPreceded byHowell ApplingSucceeded byClay Myers Personal detailsBornThomas Lawson McCall(1913-03-22)March 22, 1913Scituate, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedJanuary 8, 1983(1983-01...
British politician and lawyer (born 1970) Natalie ElphickeOfficial portrait, 2019Member of Parliamentfor DoverIn office12 December 2019 – 30 May 2024Preceded byCharlie ElphickeSucceeded byTBC Personal detailsBornNatalie Cecilia Ross (1970-11-05) 5 November 1970 (age 53)Welwyn Garden City, EnglandPolitical partyLabour (since 2024)Other politicalaffiliationsConservative (until 2024)Spouse Charlie Elphicke (m. 1995; div. 2021)Ch...
Men's national association football team representing Belgium This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Belgium women's national football team. BelgiumNickname(s) De Rode Duivels Les Diables rouges Die Roten Teufel (The Red Devils) AssociationRoyal Belgian Football Association (RBFA)ConfederationUEFA (Europe)Head coachDomenico TedescoCaptainKevin De BruyneMost capsJan Vertonghen (154)[a]Top scorerRomelu Lukaku (85)[a]Home stadiumKing Baudouin StadiumFIFA ...
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Karakol. Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang situs arkeologi Maya di Belize. Untuk manuver militer, lihat Caracole. Untuk penggunaan lain, lihat Caracol (disambiguasi). Untuk penyanyi Québécoise, lihat Carole Facal. CaracolPemandangan dari atas CaracolLokasi di MesoamerikaLokasiCayo District, BelizeWilayahCayo DistrictKoordinat16°45′50″N 89°7′3″W / 16.76389°N 89.11750°W / 16.76389; -89.11750Koordinat: 16°45′50″N 89°7�...
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Para otros usos de este término, véase Graffiti. Artículo principal: Hip hop (cultura) Graffiti de Elvis Presley Grafiti en Vigo, España. Grafiti sencillo en una pared en Penco, Chile (2020). Se llama grafiti,[1] grafito[2] o pintada (las dos primeras, del italiano graffiti, graffire, y esta a su vez, del latín scariphare, «incidir con el scariphus» —estilete o punzón, con el que los antiguos escribían sobre tablas—)[3] a una modalidad de pintura libre,...
Former railway station in England FalstoneStation building in 2009.General informationLocationFalstone, NorthumberlandEnglandGrid referenceNY726874Platforms1Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyBorder Counties RailwayPre-groupingNorth British RailwayPost-groupingLondon and North Eastern RailwayNorth Eastern Region of British RailwaysKey dates2 September 1861Station opened15 October 1956Station closed to passengers1 September 1958Station closed to freight Border Counties Railwa...
South Korean singer and actor (born 1982) In this Korean name, the family name is Song. Song Won-geunBorn (1982-12-17) December 17, 1982 (age 41)Seoul, South KoreaOther namesRUNOccupation(s)Singer, actorYears active2000–presentAgentJ & EnterpriseKorean nameHangul송원근Hanja宋元根Revised RomanizationSong Won-geunMcCune–ReischauerSong Wŏn-kŭn Song Won-geun (Korean: 송원근; born December 17, 1982) is a South Korean singer and actor. Song made his entert...